Hindu Philosophical Concepts (2)
Ahamkara
>From Wikipedia
Ahamkara is a Sanskrit term that refers to egoism, that is the ego
of one's self, the identification of one's own ego. It is the belief
of self-consciousness or "I-ness" and the tendency to identify
oneself with external phenomena, "The I-maker." Even though it is
not discussed in great detail in the Bhagavad Gita, Lord Krishna
says to Arjun that it must be removed.
Indian philosophy
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Ahimsa
>From Wikipedia
Hinduism
Ahimsa is a religious concept which advocates non-violence and a
respect for all life. Ahimsa (अहिंसा
ahiṁsâ) is Sanskrit for avoidance
of himsa, or injury. It is most often interpreted as meaning peace
and reverence toward all sentient beings. Ahimsa is an important
doctrine of Hinduism, Jainism, and Buddhism. Its first mention in
Indian philosophy is found in the Hindu scriptures called the
Upanishads, the oldest of which date to about 800 BCE.[citation
needed]
Ahimsa was introduced to the West by the Mahatma Gandhi.(dubious
assertionsee talk page) Inspired by his actions, Western civil
rights movements, led by such people as Martin Luther King Jr.,
engaged in non-violent protests. The more recent popularity of yoga
and meditation in the West has also served to introduce many
westerners to ahimsa and other Indian philosophical concepts.
Nonviolent Communication, developed by Dr. Marshall Rosenberg and
practiced and taught around the world, is inspired by Gandhi's
example.
Jainism
Compassion for all life, human and non-human, is central to Jainism.
Human life is valued as a unique, rare opportunity to reach
enlightenment; to kill any person, no matter what crime he may have
committed, is considered unimaginably abhorrent. It is the only
religion that requires monks and laity, from all its sects and
traditions, to be vegetarian. Some Indian regions have been strongly
influenced by Jains and often the majority of the local non-Jain
population has also become vegetarian. History suggests that various
strains of Hinduism became vegetarian due to strong Jain influences.
[citation needed]
Gandhi
Mahatma Gandhi drew many of his concepts of truth, nobility and
ethics from the Bhagavad Gita and his personal love of Lord Rama, an
avatara of God in the Hindu faith. Gandhi's concept of life and
ahimsa, which led to his concept of satyagraha, or peaceful protest,
primarily stem from his association with Hindu and Jain philosophy.
[citation needed]
Quotations from Gandhi on the subject:
Nonviolence is the greatest force at the disposal of mankind. It is
mightier than the mightiest weapon of destruction devised by the
ingenuity of man.[citation needed]
Literally speaking, ahimsa means non-violence towards life but it
has much higher meaning. It means that you may not offend anybody;
you may not harbor uncharitable thought, even in connection with
those whom you consider your enemies. To one who follows this
doctrine, there are no enemies. A man who believes in the efficacy
of this doctrine finds in the ultimate stage, when he is about to
reach the goal, the whole world at his feet. If you express your
loveahimsain such a manner that it impresses itself indelibly upon
your so-called enemy, he must return that love.
This doctrine tells us that we may guard the honor of those under
our charge by delivering our own lives into the hands of the man who
would commit the sacrilege. And that requires far greater courage
than delivering of blows.[citation needed]
Ahimsa or non-injury, of course, implies non-killing. But, non-
injury is not merely non-killing. In its comprehensive meaning,
ahimsa or non-injury means entire abstinence from causing any pain
or harm whatsoever to any living creature, either by thought, word,
or deed. Non-injury requires a harmless mind, mouth, and hand.
See also
Satyagraha
Nonresistance
Pacificism
Yamas
Pancasila
Karuna
Ajivika
>From Wikipedia
Ajivika is an anti-caste philosophy, which literally translates
to "following an ascetic way of life". The Ajivikas were
contemporaries of the early Buddhists and historical Jains; the
Ajivika movement may have preceded both of these groups, but may
have been a more loosely organized group of wandering ascetics. Very
little concrete information is known about the Ajivikas. Their
scriptures and history were not preserved directly instead,
fragments of Ajivika doctrine were preserved in Buddhist and Jain
sources, and they are mentioned in several inscriptions from the
Mauryan empire. As a result, it is unknown to what degree the
available sources reflect the actual beliefs and practices of the
Ajivikas; because most of what is known about them was recorded in
the literature of rival groups, it is quite possible that accidental
distortions or intentional criticism was introduced into the
records. Even the name 'Ajivika' may have only been used by
observers from outside the tradition
Some regard Goshala Maskariputra (c. 484 B.C.) as the founder of the
Ajivika faith; other sources state that Goshala was a leader of a
large Ajivia congregation, but not himself the founder of the
movement. Goshala is believed to have been a friend of Mahavira, the
founder of Jainism. The Ajivikas believed that transmigration of the
human soul was determined by a precise and non-personal cosmic
principle called Niyati (destiny) and was completely independent of
the person's actions. They are believed to have been strict
fatalists, who did not believe in karma or the possibility of free
will. The emperor Ashoka's father, Bindusara, was a believer of this
philosophy, that reached its peak of popularity during Asoka's
lifetime, and then declined into obscurity. The Ajivikasa are
thought to have existed in India in the 14th Century, but the exact
dates and extent of their influence is unclear. Inscriptions from
southern India make reference to the Ajivikas as late as the 13th
Century, but by this point in history the term Ajivika may have been
used to refer to Jain monks or ascetics from other traditions.
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