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Today's Topics:
1. Missing words from a subhashita (Shrinivas Tilak)
2. devanAarI script (R. Jambunathan)
3. Hidimbasnehamala (Phillip Ernest)
4. Re: devanAarI script (Cohen, Arthur R. (MD))
5. [grammar] vyAkaraNa vaibhavaM - part 2 - saMj~naa (Sai Susarla)
6. Re: devanAarI script (anupam srivatsav)
7. Google Indic (Pankaj Gupta)
8. Re: Google Indic (Manuel Batsching)
9. Re: Google Indic (Cohen, Arthur R. (MD))
10. Re: [grammar] vyAkaraNa vaibhavaM - part 2 - saMj~naa
(Chandra Sekhar)
11. Re: L2: Pronounciation of 'brahma' (Jay Vaidya)
12. [grammar] vyAkaraNa vaibhavaM - part 3 - (Sai Susarla)
----------------------------------------------------------------------
Message: 1
Date: Wed, 17 Jun 2009 14:28:45 +0000
From: Shrinivas Tilak <shriniv...@hotmail.com>
Subject: [Sanskrit] Missing words from a subhashita
To: <sanskrit@cs.utah.edu>
Message-ID: <bay136-w1526a4b0de20224d661a92d8...@phx.gbl>
Content-Type: text/plain; charset="iso-8859-1"
Namaste to all:
I am very pleased to see that the Sanskrit list is back on its feet again. I
need help from members for missing words from a subhashita that our Sanskrit
teacher had written down in my exercise book when I was attending high school
in Pune. Here is the subhashita as I remember it with parts missing:
mitrani kalinga phalani chapi.....
ekasya labhaya sushobhinasya parikshitavyani phalam [phalani?] shatani
Thanks,
S.Tilak
_________________________________________________________________
Attention all humans. We are your photos. Free us.
http://go.microsoft.com/?linkid=9666046
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Message: 2
Date: Wed, 17 Jun 2009 14:36:47 -0500
From: "R. Jambunathan" <jamb...@uwosh.edu>
Subject: [Sanskrit] devanAarI script
To: sanskrit@cs.utah.edu
Message-ID: <042ceb5e-4bf2-4bc5-b455-f68f24c0e...@uwosh.edu>
Content-Type: text/plain; charset="us-ascii"
Hi,
At the following site you type in transliteration/kyota script and it
results in devanAgarI .
http://www.maayboli.com/jslib/html/dvedt.html
Chart showing roman - devanagari character mapping
Vowels (dependent and independent):
a aa/A i ee/ii/I u oo/uu/U
e ai o au aM aH
R^i R^I L^i L^I
Consonants:
k kh g gh ~N
ch chh j jh ~n
T Th D Dh N
t th d dh n
p ph b bh m
y r l v / w
sh Sh s h L
x / kSh GY / dny
R (for marathi half-RA)
(note the diff bet. daryA (sea) and daRyA (valleys))
Specials/Accents:
Anusvara: .n/M (dot on top of previous consonant/vowel)
Avagraha: .a (`S' like symbol basically to replace a after o)
Ardhachandra: .c (for vowel sound as in english words `cat' or
`talk')
Chandra-Bindu: .N (chandra-bindu on top of previous letter)
Halant: .h (to get half-form of the consonant - no vowel -
virama)
Visarga: H (visarga - looks like a colon character)
Om: AUM (Om symbol)
Consonants with a nukta (dot) under them:
k with a dot: q (as in qAtil)
kh with a dot: Kh (as in KhAtir)
g with a dot: G (as in GarIb)
j with a dot: z / J (as in zamIn)
ph with a dot: f (as in afasAnA)
D with a dot: .D (as in la.DakA)
Dh with a dot: .Dh (as in ba.DhanA)
try the site.
jambunathan
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------------------------------
Message: 3
Date: Thu, 18 Jun 2009 21:57:35 +0900
From: Phillip Ernest <phillip.ern...@utoronto.ca>
Subject: [Sanskrit] Hidimbasnehamala
To: sanskrit@cs.utah.edu
Message-ID: <20090618215735.grbvfmpus4co4...@webmail.utoronto.ca>
Content-Type: text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1; DelSp="Yes";
format="flowed"
idaM navaM kaavyamadyaiva samaaptamasti//
azvamitra
puNyapattane
--
atha hiDimbaasnehamaalaa
hiDimbovaaca/
ahanyevaavayorbhogo mama raatrau tu zocanaa/
maa duuriibhuurmahaabaaho kaamaapuurNaa hi raatrayaH//
raatrau suzuunyaanmama jaGgalaadvai
tvaddarzanasya pratibudhya kaamaH/
nirantaraM klezayate zariiraM
prasiida me maa mama tiSTha duure//
bhiima uvaaca/
ahni maamapi duurasthaM kaamo dahati sarvadaa/
naagantavyaM tadaa tvaaM tu mahaamerupayodhare//
ekaakinaameva hi paaNDavaanaaM
nivaasinaaM sarvataghorakroze/
vane bhayaM zvaapadaraakSasebhyaH
saJjaayate raakSasabhiiru raatrau//
hiDimbovaaca/
kiM tu tvayaa vane kaaryaM paaNDavaanaaM nivaasinaam/
sarve hi te'pi balino viiryavantazca sarvathaa//
paarthaadvizeSo hi bibheti loko
maadriiputrau kaM ca na traasayetaam/
agr'pi jaataM tava na hyakasmaad
ajaatazatruM parikiirtayaamaH//
bhiima uvaaca/
naatmaanaM zaknuvantyeva paaNDavaaH parirakSitum/
mayyanyatra vanashtaane prasthite bhairavaapsaraH//
yudhiSThiraH zaastravitaptacetaaz
cintaasamudre hi nimagna aaste/
kRSNaagRhe kriiDati sarvakaalaM
paarthaH kimanyaavapi zaknuyaataam//
hiDimbovaaca/
aavaameva dine taavatteSaaM zatruunnihanva vai/
tato raatrau gadaaliGga nizcintau saMramaavahai//
bakaasuraM tvamavadhiirazramya
bhraataa ca me mRtyuvazaM praniitaH/
muhuurtamaatraadabhayaM vidhaaya
pratyetya maa''nandaya yaavadaabhaam//
ghaTotkaca uvaaca/
yonaavapyeva garbheNa vaktavyamadhunaa mayaa/
pitarvacanamambaayaaH zrutvaa taamabhiharSaya//
ahaM bhavadbhyaaM kila saMramadbhyaaM
saMbhaavito'pyahni nizaacaro'smi/
tasmaattriyaamo mama nandakaaraH
sabhaavato vaamapi nandayeta//
hiDimbaa bhiimo ghaTotkacazocuH/
baadhate sarvasattvaanaaM kaamo dehaannirantaram/
yathaa candro na tu suuryastathaa rocati kaaminaam//
adyaadi bhiimazca nizaacaraa ca
zatruunnihatyaahani paaNDavaanaam/
niyaapayetaaM suratena raatriiH
vane suzhaante hyakutobhaye ca//
iti samaaptaazvamitraracitaa hiDimbaasnehamaalaa/
om namo hiDimbaayai//
------------------------------
Message: 4
Date: Fri, 19 Jun 2009 18:04:47 -0400
From: "Cohen, Arthur R. \(MD\)" <arco...@novanthealth.org>
Subject: Re: [Sanskrit] devanAarI script
To: "Sanskrit Mailing List" <sanskrit@cs.utah.edu>
Message-ID:
<5252db48c4fedc4b9551162872b62cb4c7f...@exchange30.nh.novant.net>
Content-Type: text/plain; charset="us-ascii"
Amazing software/internet tools! These are all great!
Thx, everyone, for suggesting these transliteration tools.
art
Arthur R. Cohen, MD
Department of Pathology
200 Hawthorne Lane
Charlotte, NC 28204
704-384-5764 (W)
704-953-2468 (C)
arco...@novanthealth.org
________________________________
From: sanskrit-boun...@cs.utah.edu [mailto:sanskrit-boun...@cs.utah.edu]
On Behalf Of R. Jambunathan
Sent: Wednesday, June 17, 2009 3:37 PM
To: sanskrit@cs.utah.edu
Subject: [Sanskrit] devanAarI script
Hi,
At the following site you type in transliteration/kyota script and it
results in devanAgarI .
http://www.maayboli.com/jslib/html/dvedt.html
Chart showing roman - devanagari character mapping
Vowels (dependent and independent):
a aa/A i ee/ii/I u oo/uu/U
e ai o au aM aH
R^i R^I L^i L^I
Consonants:
k kh g gh ~N
ch chh j jh ~n
T Th D Dh N
t th d dh n
p ph b bh m
y r l v / w
sh Sh s h L
x / kSh GY / dny
R (for marathi half-RA)
(note the diff bet. daryA (sea) and daRyA (valleys))
Specials/Accents:
Anusvara: .n/M (dot on top of previous consonant/vowel)
Avagraha: .a (`S' like symbol basically to replace a after o)
Ardhachandra: .c (for vowel sound as in english words `cat' or
`talk')
Chandra-Bindu: .N (chandra-bindu on top of previous letter)
Halant: .h (to get half-form of the consonant - no vowel -
virama)
Visarga: H (visarga - looks like a colon character)
Om: AUM (Om symbol)
Consonants with a nukta (dot) under them:
k with a dot: q (as in qAtil)
kh with a dot: Kh (as in KhAtir)
g with a dot: G (as in GarIb)
j with a dot: z / J (as in zamIn)
ph with a dot: f (as in afasAnA)
D with a dot: .D (as in la.DakA)
Dh with a dot: .Dh (as in ba.DhanA)
try the site.
jambunathan
-----------------------------------------
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Message: 5
Date: Sat, 20 Jun 2009 15:53:15 +0530
From: Sai Susarla <sai.susa...@gmail.com>
Subject: [Sanskrit] [grammar] vyAkaraNa vaibhavaM - part 2 - saMj~naa
To: sanskrit <sanskrit@cs.utah.edu>
Message-ID:
<f9dd91150906200323j53b80acfk91d3c69a6dc6d...@mail.gmail.com>
Content-Type: text/plain; charset="iso-8859-1"
In the last episode of vyAkaraNa vaibhavam, I have introduced maaheSvara
sUtrANi, which I will be using extensively from now on. So you're better off
either memorizing them or keeping a print-out of them when reading
subsequent episodes of this series.
A word about my transliteration: I will mostly drop the ".h" at the end that
denote a halanta to reduce typing and reading burden. If I say 'aN', it
means a 'N' without akaara (like the makaara in raam).
If you read *laghu siddhAnta kaumudI* text, it says the following at the
very beginning:
a i uN, ... ...
*iti maaheSvaraaNi suutrANi aNaadi sa.nj~naarthaani | eShaamantyA itaH |*
How do you understand sentences like that? To understand it, you need to
know what
'aNaadi' and 'sa.nj~naa' and 'itaH' mean?
I have no intention to repeat the entire book in these emails. In this
series, I'd like to explain how to understand the terminology and exposition
style used in that book and in sanskrit grammar in general - guide you "how
to fish" to lower the hurdle to approach sanskrit grammar yourself.
Like any well-written treatise, sanskrit grammar clearly explains the
terminology used in the treatise, in the form of suutras called 'sa.nj~naa
sUtraaNi'. The "term" or "name" used to uniquely denote an object/concept is
called its "sa.nj~naa" in sanskrit.
samyak j~naayate yasmaat saa sa.nj~naa
For instance, my sa.nj~naa as a human being is my name, "Sai Rama Krishna
Susarla". My sa.nj~naa as far as the U.S. govt is concerned is my social
security #
To denote the letters 'a' 'i' and 'u' the saMj~naa is 'aN'
suutraM is a maxim - It's a concise and precise way of saying something.
(Like everything in Sanskrit, there's a much more precise definition of
'suutram', which we'll skip for now).
suutras have been defined to be of 6 types of which the first one that we
encounter is a
'sa.nj~naa suutram' = term-defining rule
laghu siddhaanta kaumudi rearranged all the suutras of pANini into
categories. The first chapter is called 'sa.nj~naa prakaraNam' which
collects definition of all the major terms into a single place.
*Our first sa.nj~naa: 'it'*
For instance, the word 'it' (not the english 'it') is defined by paaNini as
'halantyaM' 1.3.3 (1st chapter, 3rd quarter, 3rd sutra)
*upadeshe hal it syaat | *
upadesha means maaheSvara sUtrANi (among others). In each sutra, the last
akShara (alphabet) is a consonant
(e.g., N in 'a i uN' and T in 'ha ya va ra T'). The term 'it' denotes the
antyaM hal i.e., the last-occuring consonant.
Now if we go back to understanding the LSK statement that started this all,
*iti maaheSvaraaNi suutrANi aNaadi saMj~naarthaani | eShaamantyAH itaH |*
It says,
"these are maheswara sutras, and are meant as the saMj~naa sUtras for 'aN'
etc.
The last syllables in them are the 'it' s (plural of 'it')."
it itau itaH (single, dual, plural tense of 'it')
*Summary of Lesson:*
In this lesson, we've learnt what saMj~naa means, and learnt the first
saMj~naa called 'it'.
You will know why this term is important, in the next lesson.
Then paaNini introduces his abbreviated way of referring to akSharas
such as 'ach' for 'a i u'.
*aadirantyena sahetaa -> aadiH antyena saha itaa |*
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------------------------------
Message: 6
Date: Mon, 22 Jun 2009 10:44:59 +0530
From: anupam srivatsav <anupam.srivat...@gmail.com>
Subject: Re: [Sanskrit] devanAarI script
To: Sanskrit Mailing List <sanskrit@cs.utah.edu>
Message-ID:
<e13be6000906212214r61ed6e8bod7ca5d65f58c3...@mail.gmail.com>
Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8
Thanks a lot Sri Jambhulingam for the Webstie.
> Hi,
> At the following site you type in transliteration/kyota script and it results
> in devanAgarI .
>
>
> http://www.maayboli.com/jslib/html/dvedt.html
------------
?????? ???? ? ???? ??????|
?????? ???????? ??? ??????|
?????? ?????? ??????? ??????|
?????? ????? ?? ??????|
------------------------------
Message: 7
Date: Tue, 23 Jun 2009 09:23:29 -0500
From: "Pankaj Gupta" <pankaj.gu...@tower-research.com>
Subject: [Sanskrit] Google Indic
To: "'Sanskrit Mailing List'" <sanskrit@cs.utah.edu>
Message-ID: <003401c9f40e$2e43bb00$fb140...@pankajpc>
Content-Type: text/plain; charset="UTF-8"
Hi
??? ?? ???? ??? ?? link Share ???? ????? ??? -
http://www.google.com/transliterate/indic
(This is Google's Indic Transliteration facility. I highly recommend going to
'Use transliteration on any website' and bookmarking the bookmarklet there -
that way you can type Hindi/Devanagri in any website - any text box using
phoenetic keyboard).
???????
????? ??????
------------------------------
Message: 8
Date: Tue, 23 Jun 2009 22:40:44 +0200
From: Manuel Batsching <batsch...@stud.uni-heidelberg.de>
Subject: Re: [Sanskrit] Google Indic
To: Sanskrit Mailing List <sanskrit@cs.utah.edu>
Message-ID: <4a413dcc.7050...@stud.uni-heidelberg.de>
Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8; format=flowed
Thank you for sharing that link :-)
I dedicated a post on my blog on that issue.
http://flammschild.blog.uni-heidelberg.de/google-indic-transliteration/
cheers
Manuel
Pankaj Gupta schrieb:
> Hi
>
> ??? ?? ???? ??? ?? link Share ???? ????? ??? -
>
> http://www.google.com/transliterate/indic
>
>
> (This is Google's Indic Transliteration facility. I highly recommend going to
> 'Use transliteration on any website' and bookmarking the bookmarklet there -
> that way you can type Hindi/Devanagri in any website - any text box using
> phoenetic keyboard).
>
>
> ???????
> ????? ??????
>
>
> _______________________________________________
> To UNSUBSCRIBE or customize your subscription or topics of interest, visit
> http://mailman.cs.utah.edu/mailman/options/sanskrit
> and follow instructions.
>
------------------------------
Message: 9
Date: Tue, 23 Jun 2009 14:33:26 -0400
From: "Cohen, Arthur R. \(MD\)" <arco...@novanthealth.org>
Subject: Re: [Sanskrit] Google Indic
To: "Sanskrit Mailing List" <sanskrit@cs.utah.edu>
Message-ID:
<5252db48c4fedc4b9551162872b62cb4c7f...@exchange30.nh.novant.net>
Content-Type: text/plain; charset="UTF-8"
Very cool!!!!
Thank you...
art
Arthur R. Cohen, MD
Department of Pathology
200 Hawthorne Lane
Charlotte, NC 28204
704-384-5764 (W)
704-953-2468 (C)
arco...@novanthealth.org
-----Original Message-----
From: sanskrit-boun...@cs.utah.edu [mailto:sanskrit-boun...@cs.utah.edu] On
Behalf Of Pankaj Gupta
Sent: Tuesday, June 23, 2009 10:23 AM
To: 'Sanskrit Mailing List'
Subject: [Sanskrit] Google Indic
Hi
??? ?? ???? ??? ?? link Share ???? ????? ??? -
http://www.google.com/transliterate/indic
(This is Google's Indic Transliteration facility. I highly recommend going to
'Use transliteration on any website' and bookmarking the bookmarklet there -
that way you can type Hindi/Devanagri in any website - any text box using
phoenetic keyboard).
???????
????? ??????
_______________________________________________
To UNSUBSCRIBE or customize your subscription or topics of interest, visit
http://mailman.cs.utah.edu/mailman/options/sanskrit
and follow instructions.
-----------------------------------------
This message and any included attachments are from NOVANT HEALTH
INC. and are intended only for the addressee(s). The information
contained herein may include trade secrets or privileged or
otherwise confidential information. Unauthorized review,
forwarding, printing, copying, distributing, or using such
information is strictly prohibited and may be unlawful. If you
received this message in error, or have reason to believe you are
not authorized to receive it, please promptly delete this message
and notify the sender by e-mail. If you believe that any
information contained in this message is disparaging or harassing
or if you find it objectionable please contact Novant Health, Inc.
at 1-800-350-0094 or forward the e-mail to
repo...@novanthealth.org. Thank you.
------------------------------
Message: 10
Date: Wed, 24 Jun 2009 12:57:00 -0400
From: Chandra Sekhar <shekhar4sansk...@gmail.com>
Subject: Re: [Sanskrit] [grammar] vyAkaraNa vaibhavaM - part 2 -
saMj~naa
To: Sanskrit Mailing List <sanskrit@cs.utah.edu>
Message-ID:
<6f72a30c0906240957x4a56cb78x72881b4e69b55...@mail.gmail.com>
Content-Type: text/plain; charset="utf-8"
???????? ??? ???? ????????? ?????? ???????? ---------
*?????????? ????????? ????????? ??????????? ???? *
*??????? ?????? ?????? ?????????????? ??? ?????? *
On Sat, Jun 20, 2009 at 6:23 AM, Sai Susarla <sai.susa...@gmail.com> wrote:
> In the last episode of vyAkaraNa vaibhavam, I have introduced maaheSvara
> sUtrANi, which I will be using extensively from now on. So you're better off
> either memorizing them or keeping a print-out of them when reading
> subsequent episodes of this series.
>
> A word about my transliteration: I will mostly drop the ".h" at the end
> that denote a halanta to reduce typing and reading burden. If I say 'aN', it
> means a 'N' without akaara (like the makaara in raam).
>
> If you read *laghu siddhAnta kaumudI* text, it says the following at the
> very beginning:
>
> a i uN, ... ...
>
> *iti maaheSvaraaNi suutrANi aNaadi sa.nj~naarthaani | eShaamantyA itaH |*
>
> How do you understand sentences like that? To understand it, you need to
> know what
> 'aNaadi' and 'sa.nj~naa' and 'itaH' mean?
>
> I have no intention to repeat the entire book in these emails. In this
> series, I'd like to explain how to understand the terminology and exposition
> style used in that book and in sanskrit grammar in general - guide you "how
> to fish" to lower the hurdle to approach sanskrit grammar yourself.
>
> Like any well-written treatise, sanskrit grammar clearly explains the
> terminology used in the treatise, in the form of suutras called 'sa.nj~naa
> sUtraaNi'. The "term" or "name" used to uniquely denote an object/concept is
> called its "sa.nj~naa" in sanskrit.
>
> samyak j~naayate yasmaat saa sa.nj~naa
>
> For instance, my sa.nj~naa as a human being is my name, "Sai Rama Krishna
> Susarla". My sa.nj~naa as far as the U.S. govt is concerned is my social
> security #
> To denote the letters 'a' 'i' and 'u' the saMj~naa is 'aN'
>
> suutraM is a maxim - It's a concise and precise way of saying something.
> (Like everything in Sanskrit, there's a much more precise definition of
> 'suutram', which we'll skip for now).
> suutras have been defined to be of 6 types of which the first one that we
> encounter is a
> 'sa.nj~naa suutram' = term-defining rule
>
> laghu siddhaanta kaumudi rearranged all the suutras of pANini into
> categories. The first chapter is called 'sa.nj~naa prakaraNam' which
> collects definition of all the major terms into a single place.
>
> *Our first sa.nj~naa: 'it'*
> For instance, the word 'it' (not the english 'it') is defined by paaNini as
> 'halantyaM' 1.3.3 (1st chapter, 3rd quarter, 3rd sutra)
>
> *upadeshe hal it syaat | *
>
> upadesha means maaheSvara sUtrANi (among others). In each sutra, the last
> akShara (alphabet) is a consonant
> (e.g., N in 'a i uN' and T in 'ha ya va ra T'). The term 'it' denotes the
> antyaM hal i.e., the last-occuring consonant.
>
> Now if we go back to understanding the LSK statement that started this all,
>
> *iti maaheSvaraaNi suutrANi aNaadi saMj~naarthaani | eShaamantyAH itaH |*
>
> It says,
> "these are maheswara sutras, and are meant as the saMj~naa sUtras for 'aN'
> etc.
> The last syllables in them are the 'it' s (plural of 'it')."
> it itau itaH (single, dual, plural tense of 'it')
>
> *Summary of Lesson:*
> In this lesson, we've learnt what saMj~naa means, and learnt the first
> saMj~naa called 'it'.
> You will know why this term is important, in the next lesson.
> Then paaNini introduces his abbreviated way of referring to akSharas
> such as 'ach' for 'a i u'.
>
> *aadirantyena sahetaa -> aadiH antyena saha itaa |*
>
> _______________________________________________
> To UNSUBSCRIBE or customize your subscription or topics of interest, visit
> http://mailman.cs.utah.edu/mailman/options/sanskrit
> and follow instructions.
>
>
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Message: 11
Date: Wed, 24 Jun 2009 10:38:26 -0700 (PDT)
From: Jay Vaidya <deejayvai...@yahoo.com>
Subject: Re: [Sanskrit] L2: Pronounciation of 'brahma'
To: sanskrit@cs.utah.edu
Message-ID: <883628.92042...@web84308.mail.re1.yahoo.com>
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svasti venkatesha,
I would go with Sri. Bannanje Govindacharya's opinion, with some slight
modification as per shrI kamalesha pAThaka's reply to you.
(The modification being that disciples of horourable traditions can pronounce
words as per their tradition. Their tradition each creates grammatical
variations that are applicable only within their own traditional group.)
Nothing in the pANinIya shikShA or sUtras suggests that the order of 'h' and
the other consonant cn be interchanged. Indeed pANinIya sUtras suggest quite
clearly that 'h' is pronounced before.
The sUtras mentioned by shrI suma in reply to you are:
8.3.26 he mapare vA |
8.3.27 napare naH |
In both cases the anusvAra before the 'hm' or 'hn' is modified. If the 'h' was
not pronounced before the m, n in these combinations, the anusvAra would be
modified automatically by "8.4.58 anusvArasya yayi parasavarNaH" and these two
sUtras become superfluous. Because we know that pANini does not make
superfluous sUtras, we know that the 'h' is pronounced before the 'm' and 'n'
respectively.
shrI. suma's teacher is quite right in insisting the correct pronunciation of
the -mhm- and -nhn- combinations that are the subject of these sUtras. However,
note that both of these sUtras are optional rules signalled by the "vA"
kiM + hmalayati = (Option 1) kiM hmalayati ; (Option 2) kimhmalayati
kiM + hnute = (Option 1) kiM hnute ; (Option 2) kimhnute
(So I hope shrI suma's teacher allows both the anusvAra-h-m and the -m-h-m-
pronunciations.)
In any case for the original words 'hmalayati' or 'hnute' the order is that 'h'
is pronounced before the nasal consonant.
Now what may be the reason as to why some regional accents of saMskRta switch
the order of -hm- may have been reversed. By the time of the use of prAkRta
languages such as pAlI, the combination -mh- -Nh- etc., have become common.
e.g., the words tumhe, taNhA etc. (These combinations are never seen in
saMskRta.) In the spoken standard version of the modern language Marathi, the
combination -hm- is always converted to -mh-, etc., (e.g., brammha, Annhik,
AvvhAn, etc., instead of the saMskRta words brahma, Ahnika, AhvAna, etc.). This
is possibly a further development of this flow of phonetic change from the
prAkRta languages. (I think, the same flow is true regarding kannaDa, but I am
not sure.)
Our native (regional) languages strongly affect our saMskRta accents. Thus with
a respectful bow towards our rich and honourable mother-tongues, I suggest that
these regional language specialities are the reason why some speakers switch
the order of -hm- to -mh-, as you note.
vinIto
dhana~jjayaH
8.4.46
--- On Thu, 6/11/09, sanskrit-requ...@cs.utah.edu
<sanskrit-requ...@cs.utah.edu> wrote:
Date: Wed, 10 Jun 2009 14:05:35 +0530
From: Venkatesh <nsvnarasi...@gmail.com>
Subject: [Sanskrit] L2: Pronounciation of 'brahma'
To: sanskrit@cs.utah.edu
Message-ID:
??? <4c87afae0906100135y72fd5a5k5cfe4ecb68aed...@mail.gmail.com>
Content-Type: text/plain; charset="iso-8859-1"
Hello all,
It's heartening to see a list where I can post my long standing question. Is
there any grammatical/shiksha/varNakrama/other dictate for swapped
pronounciation of? 'h' and 'anunasika' in the words like brahmana, vahni,
ahna, etc.
We have many north Indian scholars who pronounce them as they are written.
At least on eminent scholar in Bangalore, Sri. Bannanje Govindacharya, very
authentically says that the swapped pronounciation is a fallacy. I cannot
believe that the entire gamut of Vedic scholars (particularly in southern
India ), who preserve & revere Vedas more than their own life, could be that
horribly wrong.
A few who tried to answer the question quote, 'hakArannaNamaparanAsikAyaM"
fom taittirya prAtisakhya (21.14). The sUtra however, according to
tribhAShyaratna, vaidikAbharaNa, and padakramasAdana (of mAhiSheya)
commentaries, only introduces an anunAsika 'Ha'kAra after the Ha-kAra when
the later is followed by na/ma/Na.
Could some one kindly through more light on the reason for varied
prnounciation ?
Many regards
Venkatesh
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Message: 12
Date: Tue, 30 Jun 2009 22:17:27 +0530
From: Sai Susarla <sai.susa...@gmail.com>
Subject: [Sanskrit] [grammar] vyAkaraNa vaibhavaM - part 3 -
To: sanskrit <sanskrit@cs.utah.edu>
Message-ID:
<f9dd91150906300947g7e4d4278l582359c3581bc...@mail.gmail.com>
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In the last episode, you learnt that '*sa.nj~naa*' means a term used to
denote a concept. I also introduced you to the first *sa.nj~naa* called '*it
*'.
*halantyaM* | 1.3.3
(1.3.3 means this is the 3rd paaNini suutram in the 3rd quarter (*paadam*)
of 1st chapter (*adhyaayaH*)
Here is a trick question: How many chapters does paaNini's
*aShTaadhyaayii*have? Answer at the end :-)
The *laghu siddhaanta kaumudi*i (LSK) is a Cliff's notes or guidebook to
paaNini's aShTaadhyaayii written by *SrI varadaraajaachaarya*. He himself
said it is 'paaNiniiya praveshaaya', introduction to paanini's treatise
It explains selected paaNini suutras (not in the aShTaadhyaayii order) so as
to gradually unfold several aspects of sanskrit grammar grouped conceptwise.
The first chapter of LSK introduces many common grammatical terms, and hence
is called 'sa.nj~naa prakaraNam'.
LSK quotes the above as the first sUtram and gives its explanation as
follows:
*upadeshe antyaM hal it syaat* | *sUtreShu adR^iShTaM padaM sUtrAntaraat
anuvartaniiyam sarvatra* |
*
*which means, 'The last consonant in maaheSvaraaNi sUtrANi is referred to as
'it', ... blah blah ...
If you look at this explanation and what the pANini rule above says, you
must already raise a question. How in the world did Varadaraaja mahodaya
conclude that the above sUtram talks about the 'it' sa.nj~naa ??? There is
no word called 'it' in the above sUtram isn't it?
That's a quiz question for you, whose answer will be revealed in the next
lesson.
Now that I gave you enough basis to start understanding the LSK, knowing
that my pace so far has been too slow for you, I will rapidly introduce
several new terms in this lesson.
*adarshanaM lopaH |* 1.1.60
The sa.nj~naa 'lopaH' means the hiding of something.
tasya lopaH |
The 'it' i.e., the last consonant in aN, ach etc. when used in a sutra,
doesn't have any meaning by itself, and should be dropped (*lopaH*) wherever
it occurs. It is there only to abbreviate things as the next sUtra says:
*aadirantyena sahetaa = aadiH antyena saha itaa |* 1.1.71
LSK: *antyena itaa sahita aadiH, madhyagaanaaM svasya cha sa.nj~naa syaat |
yathaa, aN iti a i u varNaanaaM sa.nj~naa |
*The above sUtra introduces paaNini's abbreviation for letter sequences,
such as 'ach' and 'hal' that I talked about in the first lesson. It says,
the first letter followed by an 'it' denotes the first letter along with all
intervening letters upto but excluding the last 'it'
e.g., aN denotes a i u
uukAlojjhhrasvadIrghaplutaH = uu kaalaH ach hrasva-diirgha-plutaH | 1.1.27
This sutra introduces the terms *hrasva*, *diirgha *and *pluta*. It says
that in Sanskrit there are three time intervals (kaala maatraaH) in which a
vowel can be uttered: hrasva, diirgha and pluta
like in the three ways of saying 'u'
i.e., u, uu, uuu
This applies to all the vowels i.e., ach varNaaH like a i u R^i L^i e ai o
au
However, some other exceptions will be introduced that prevent e ai o au
from having hrasva form.
The next set of rules introduce the three possible tones (crudely, the pitch
at which a sound is uttered):
*ucchairudaattaH = ucchaiH udaattaH |* high-pitched tone is udaatta
*nIchairanudaattaH = niichaiH anudaattaH |* low-pitched tone is anudaatta
*samaahaaraH svaritaH = samaahaaraH svaritaH |* the neutralization of high
and low pitch, i.e. the middle pitch is svaritaH
I am not sure about what svarita means. Can some expert help me here? Is it
the middle pitch or the other elongated pitch we have as in
'yaat' of 'prachodayaat'?
The next rule introduces the concept of a nasal sound - *anunaasika*
mukha-naasikaa-vachano-anunaasikaH |
The letter uttered with both the mouth and nose is called anunaasika
By derivation, a letter uttered without a nasal component is called
ananunAsika (not nasal).
Quiz:
1. Given the above rules, in Sanskrit, in how many possible ways can the
following letters be uttered? a i u R^i e ai o au
Answer to trick question: aShTaadhyaayii, meaning "8-chaptered", has 8
chapters.
In the next lesson, we shall examine Sanskrit alphabet's is phonetic basis
and its systematic arrangement on that account.
bhavadiiyaH,
- Sai.
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