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Today's Topics:
1. Re: Bahu shabda stri linga (Shreyas P. Munshi)
2. Learning Sanskrit by a fresh approach - Lesson 9 (S. L. Abhyankar)
3. Learning Sanskrit by a fresh approach - Lesson 8 (Revised)
(S. L. Abhyankar)
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Message: 1
Date: 3 Jun 2010 07:17:24 -0000
From: "Shreyas P. Munshi" <shreyasmun...@rediffmail.com>
Subject: Re: [Sanskrit] Bahu shabda stri linga
To: <sanskrit@cs.utah.edu>
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On Wed, 02 Jun 2010 17:06:50 +0530 wrote
>
Namaste.
To my knowledge , there is no thumb rule to determine the gender of an object.
The linga-jnaanam comes only by practice. Hence the need to study lot of
shlokas, subhashitams and read a lot.
I do agree that this causes lot of difficulty in the pursuit of Sanskrit study.
But this kind of difficulty is there while studying any other language.
For eg. In English:
ship is feminine, the plural form of furniture is the same word, the word
'MINUTE' is pronounced differently as per the context, the logic of pronouncing
-"ough'- differently in the words- rough, cough, slough...and on .....and on
......
The list of such illogical behaviour of words is longer than that of
Hanumanji's tail while in Lanka-:)
In spite of all this illogical ways, we feel English is easy.
Moral:
If we invest the same amount of time as we have invested to study English or
any other language, Sanskrit will be an extremely simple language.....more
logical than most of the other languages -:)
Date: Tue, 1 Jun 2010 08:43:48 -0700
From: vedantham_kris...@yahoo.com
To: sanskrit@cs.utah.edu
Subject: Re: [Sanskrit] Bahu shabda stri linga
Sreeman
Is there any thumb rule to find Linga bheda ie Pum, Stree.Napum.I f there is no
logic to find it
becomes very difficult in persuit of sanskrit studies.
Mr.V.Krishnamachary
Retired Civil Engineer
Samskrutha Abhimaani
Email: vedantham_kris...@yahoo.com
---
>The New Busy is not the too busy. Combine all your e-mail accounts with
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Message: 2
Date: Thu, 3 Jun 2010 08:31:42 -0400
From: "S. L. Abhyankar" <sl.abhyan...@gmail.com>
Subject: [Sanskrit] Learning Sanskrit by a fresh approach - Lesson 9
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Learning Sanskrit by a fresh approach - Lesson 9
To start practising our structures for different types of words, let me take
a simpler ????????? this time.
This style of understanding words by tabulated structures is yet another
style of our learning the ??????????.
So, better to start with a simpler ?????????.
? ???????? ?????? ??? ???? ???? ???????? ?
??? ???? ???????? ???????????? ?????????? ?
We have to of course start with breaking the conjugations.
? ??-???? ??? ?????? ???? ???? ???? ???????? ?
??? ???? ???????? ???????? ???? ?? ??????????
1. ?
????:??????? ????:????????:????????no, not, (does) not, do not
2. ??-???? Here ???? is only a suffix which lends a meaning ".......ever" to
different declensions of the pronoun ???? as detailed below.
????:??????? ????:???????:?????????????:?????????????:????????? ???? ??.
????????.who
With this ??-???? means "who-ever"
3. ???
????:??????? ????:????????:??????????also, even, at all
4. ??????
????:??????? ????:???????:??:????????????? ???????:???: ?? ????: ???????:
?????????????:????????????????????9?.*?????????????????:?????:??.knows
* The verb is actually ?????? Here, the declension ?????? is ?????????
5. ????
????:??????? ????:???????:?????????????:?????????????:??????????? ????
????.????????.what
6. ????
????:??????? ????:???????:?????????????:?????????????:??????????? ???? ??.
???????.whose
7. ????
????:??????? ????:????????:???????????tomorrow
8. ????????
????:??????? ????:???????:??:????????????? ???????:???: ?? ????: ???????:
?????????????:????????????????????1?.??????????????-?????????:?????:??.will
happen
9. ???
????:??????? ????:????????:??????????hence, therefore
10. ???? already detailed at (7)
11. ????????
????:??????? ????:???????:???????:??:????????????? ???????:???: ?? ????: ??
?????????????:?????????????:????????"????"-????????????? ?????????? ????????
?????????8?.?NA ?????????????.?????????.(things) to do
12. ????????
????:??????? ????:???????:??:????????????? ???????:???: ?? ????: ???????:
?????????????:????????????????????8?.*??????? ??????????????:??.should do
* The verb is actually ?????? as noted above for ????????. Here, the
declension ???????? is ?????????
13. ????
????:??????? ????:????????:???????????today
14. ??
????:??????? ????:????????:?????????only
15. ??????????
????:??????? ????:???????:?????????????:?????????????:??????????????????
????????? ??.????????.(the) intelligent (one)
Note, that ????????? is an adjective formed from the noun ??????: by using a
suffix ???. Since ??????: means "intelligence" or "intellect" the suffix ???
lends an adjective meaning "having intellect" or "intelligent"
Let us now put the word-by-word meanings in the same order as they appear in
the ?????????
? ??-???? ??? ?????? ???? ???? ???? ???????? ?
??? ???? ???????? ???????? ???? ?? ??????????
No who-ever at all knows what whose tomorrow will happen.
Hence, tomorrow things to do should do today only (the) intelligent (one).
You must have fairly understood what the meaning of this ????????? is. Yet,
to be able to paraphrase the meaning, we must put the words in proper
syntax. There is a major difference in the rules of syntax in English and in
Sanskrit.
In English, the common syntax is (1) subject (2) verb (3) indirect object
(4)direct object (5) adverbs, etc.
In Sanskrit, the verb comes last. But this is not a very hard and fast rule.
The methodology of using declensions of nouns, pronouns, adjectives and
verbs make every word so self-sufficient and self-standing, that one can
relate all words properly to each other, even without putting them in an
ordained syntax.
It is this flexibility and freedom from rigid rules of syntax, which has
made so much of poetry in Sanskrit possible !
To paraphrase the meaning in English, the meaning becomes -
Nobody at all knows, whose what will happen tomorrow.
Hence the intelligent one should do today only, things to do tomorrow.
One more interesting point !
When detailing the word ??????????, although it is an adjective meaning
"intelligent", here it is used as a noun, in fact the subject. Hence when
giving the meaning of ??????????, I thought it better to add (the) and (one)
in parenthesis, to indicate that the word is used as a noun. This is another
liberty, which in Sanskrit, poets in particular would freely employ !
Similarly, the word ???????? is also adjectival. But here it is used as
noun, the object of the verb ????????
Because Sanskrit is a refined language, every student of Sanskrit would
imbibe such refinements of intelligence too !
A hint is enough to the intelligent one ! That seems to be the basic
presumption of Sanskrit poets !
Isn't this ????????? really simple ?
1. Seven out of 15 words are indeclinables; words #1, 3, 7, 9, 10, 13,
14. So, not much detailing of grammar. There again ???? is repeated.
2. Three words being declensions of one pronoun ????
3. Three verbs ??????, ???????? and ???????? and one verbal derivative
????????
4. Two words ???????? and ???????? from one verb ??
Message or moral of this ????????? is already well-known. There will be a
proverb in almost every language, I guess. In English, "Don't put it off
tomorrow, what you can do today !" How good do we follow it however ?
Anyway, at least do not put off learning this verse by heart !
???????? !
*-o-O-o-*
???????? ,
?????????????????? ???????? |
???????? ?????? ????????? ?
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Message: 3
Date: Thu, 3 Jun 2010 09:45:39 -0400
From: "S. L. Abhyankar" <sl.abhyan...@gmail.com>
Subject: [Sanskrit] Learning Sanskrit by a fresh approach - Lesson 8
(Revised)
To: sanskrit@cs.utah.edu
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<aanlktil8pddghm0apkbhtnyfu8jexlgcsinn2bilm...@mail.gmail.com>
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Thanks to Mr. P. G. Kulkarni and Mr. Krishnanand Mankikar for their great
inputs, their explanations of "????????" in particular and also other
comments.
Accordingly, I have now revised Lesson 8 adding also examples of declensions
of third person singular for verb ?? in different tenses and moods.
Learning Sanskrit by a fresh approach - Lesson 8 (Revised)
Here is an interesting ????????? very onomatopoetically composed. Also it
displays the flight of imagination of the poet. He leaves it to the reader
to draw the moral.
???????????????? ???????? ?????????? ?
??????????????? ???????? ????????? ?
????? ???????? ?????? ???????? ?
?? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ??????? ?
Let us start with our study - phrase by phrase, word by word.
???????????????? = ??????: ????????
??????: = Night
???????? = will pass
???????? ??????????
???????? = will be or will become
?????????? = good morning
??????????????? = ???????? ????????
???????? = one who has splendour; sun ??? + ???
??? = splendour
??? A Suffix which helps to make a derived noun, meaning "having". Here ???
+ ??? becomes a derived noun, with meaning "having splendour" One common
place example is the word ??????
???????? = will rise
???????? ?????????
???????? = will smile
?????????
???? = ???? ????? ??? ??????
??? = mud
???? = in mud
? = ????? = is born; grows
? is a sufffix which is used to render a meaning "born of" or "born at" or
"is born"
?????? = that which grows in mud = lotus
????? = glory
????????? = ??????? ?????, ????? ???????? ???? glory of lotus
????? ???????? ?????? ????????
????? = thus
???????? = thinking; ???????? is masculine, seventh case singular of ??????
?? a present active participle, derived from the causative of the verb ?? +
???
??????
?????: = ???? ??:, ?????? ???????? ????
???? = into the treasure, into the bosom
??: = gone This is masculine first case singular of the past passive
participle of root verb ???
?????? = having gone into the treasure
????????
???????: = ???? ???? ???? ??, ????????? ???? One who has two wings
???? = two
???? = I struggled with the meaning of ??? One would not find it in a
dictionary. It was very kind of Mr. P. G. Kulkarni and Mr. Krishnanad
Mankikar to explain that ??????? means a black bee. Sanskrit word which can
be found in a dictionary is ?????? As can be seen, this word has two '?'-s
in it. ??? means this '?'-??? ! So, ??????? means "one, who has two '?'-???-s
n its name ! Ooph ! Poetry even in coining a new word !
This phrase ????? ???????? ?????? ???????? merits special attention. Three
words ???????? ?????? ???????? are all in seventh case ??????. This style of
composition makes the phrase, a sub-clause. The meaning of these words is
not to be taken by the meaning in seventh case.
As a phrase, the meaning becomes, "(as) the black bee had gone into the
bosom and was thinking.." or "(as) the bee, which had gone into the bosom,
was thinking.."
?? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ???????
?? ???? ???? = interjection, mostly to express sadness, or meaning "alas !"
?????? = ??????? Second case singular of ????? meaning "lotus", rather "a
full-grown lotus"
?? ??????? = ??: ???????
??: = elephant
??????? = uprooted, This is declension in past tense, third person, singular
of root verb ??? + ?? meaning "to uproot"
The overall meaning becomes -
As the bee, which had gone into the bosom (of a lotus), was thinking...
"..night will pass and good morning will dawn,
sun will rise and glory of (this) lotus will smile.."
Oh God ! an elephant uprooted the lotus !!
Moral ?
Never think that things will work out the way you would like. The bee
possibly thought that it will have all the time of passing of night until
sunrise and opening of the petals of the lotus, all that time, to enjoy the
nectar at the bosom of the lotus to its heart's content. But alas, an
elephant came along and uprooted the lotus itself !!
Man proposes, God disposes !!
Never do over-indulgence; always take risk-factors also into account.
Thanks again to Mr. Kulkarni for adding also an explanation, that "the bee
could have bored its way out. But it was more thoughtful not to hurt the
lotus. Behaviour of the elephant was rough, not so considerate as of the
bee."
However, I also read a comment, that the elephant uprooted the lotus to
offer it to Goddess LakShmee !
Uhmmm ...! The poet sets people to start thinking further, right ?
I had another idea also in mind, in taking up this ?????????. In these four
lines we have ????????, ????????, ????????, ????????, ????????, ???, ???????
all verb-forms - either declensions or participles. Even the suffix ? in ????
has a derivation from a verb.
Of these ????????, ????????, ????????, ???????? are all declensions in
future tense, third person, singular of different root verbs ???, ??, ??? +
???, ???
???????? is masculine, seventh case singular of ???????? a present active
participle, derived from the causative of the verb ?? + ???
??? is masculine, seventh case, singular of past passive participle ?? of
root verb ???
??????? is declension in past tense, third person, singular of root verb ???
+ ??
Verbs in Sanskrit become a subject of interesting, but very comprehensive
study. It is possibly no exaggeration to say that Sanskrit owes much of its
charm for how one can play around with verbs ! Prominently,
1. A root verb is called as ????
2. Verbs in Sanskrit are of ten classes called as ??
3. Some verbs may belong to more than one ??-s
4. The patterns of declension are of two types, called as ????????? and
?????????
5. When a ???? has declension of both patterns ????????? and ????????? it
is called as ??????
6. Declensions of verbs are influenced by tense or mood, person and number
7. There are ten tenses and moods -
(For ease of understanding given below for each type is third person
singular form of the verb ??)
the tenses are seven
Present Tense ???????? ???
Three types of Past Tense ????
???? called as "Aorist" by grammarians. This is not in common use. Example
is ?????
??? (???????? ???????) e.g. ?????
???? (?????????????) e.g. ????
Three types of Future Tense ????????
???? e.g. ????????
???? e.g. ?????
???? e.g. ?????????
and the moods are three
Imperative Mood ???? ???? Imperative mood is for giving an order, e.g. ????
Mood typically indicated by "should" in English ???? ???? e.g. ?????
Mood of benedictions, benevolent wishes and blessings as indicated by "May
God bless you" in English ????? ???? e.g. ??????
8. There are three persons - first person (I, we) second person (you), third
person (he-she-it, they)
9. Numbers are three - singular, dual, plural
In the dictionary, one will usually find a verb identified as follows -
????:??:???? ????. ??. ??. ??.?. ??. ??. ??.1???1?.????????2??1?.???????3??? +
???1?.??????-?? ??????4???1?.????????5?? + ??? (???????)1?.???????????????6???
+ ??1?.???????-????????
In the above table
?. = ?????????
?. = ??????
????. ??. ??. ??. = ???????? ?????-????????? ???????
?. ??. ??. ??. = ??????-???????????? ??????????? ????????
There are many adjectival and adverbial derivatives obtained from verbs.
1. Past passive participles such as ??
2. Present active participles such as ????????
3. Adjectives obtained from verbs ????????? ?????? by using suffixes ? ????
????
4. Infinitive obtained by using suffix ????
5. Adverbial derivatives obtained by using suffix ???? e.g. ????? means
"upon going"
In Sanskrit, words are formed
1. by declension of nouns, pronouns and adjectives influenced by gender,
case and number
2. by declension of verbal roots influenced by tense or mood. voice,
causative, person and number
3. by declension of adjectival derivatives obtained from verbs
And there are of course the
4. indeclinables - among them adverbs, conjunctions and interjections
5. adverbial derivatives obtained from verbs, which also are indeclinables.
For doing word-by-word study we can use five structures to present a study
of words of these five types.
For example we can see a presentation of words in this ????????? in the
following manner.
????:??????? ????:???????:?????????????:?????????????:??????:??????????
????????????.????????.night
????:??????? ????:???????:??:????????????? ???????:???: ?? ????: ???????:
?????????????:?????????????????????1?.???????'????'-?????????:?????:??.will
go, will pass
????:??????? ????:????????:?????????????In this manner, thus
????:??????? ????:???????:???????:??:????????????? ???????:???: ?? ????: ??
?????????????:?????????????: ?????????. ?. ??. ??. ?????????? + ???1?.??? =
Yes???????????????.????????.when thinking
In the table for ???????? please note ?. ?. ??. ??. = ?????? ??????????????
?? ??????????? ????????
Wow! We already have structures for four of the five types of words in
Sanskrit !
And what a study !
Do not these structures give a very satisfactory and confidant feeling that
"well, the ????????? is really thoroughly understood !" ?
As an exercise, you can compile a study of all the other words !
???????? |
*-o-O-o-*
???????? ,
?????????????????? ???????? |
???????? ?????? ????????? ?
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