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Today's Topics:
1. Re: Learning Sanskrit by a fresh approach - Lesson 8
(Revised) (Vimala Sarma)
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Message: 1
Date: Fri, 4 Jun 2010 13:26:54 +1000
From: "Vimala Sarma" <vsa...@bigpond.com>
Subject: Re: [Sanskrit] Learning Sanskrit by a fresh approach - Lesson
8 (Revised)
To: "'Sanskrit Mailing List'" <sanskrit@cs.utah.edu>
Message-ID:
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I was not referring to jahAra. I was referring to the sentence with the
locatives, Naresh-Ji
Vimala
From: sanskrit-boun...@cs.utah.edu [mailto:sanskrit-boun...@cs.utah.edu] On
Behalf Of Naresh Cuntoor
Sent: Friday, 4 June 2010 12:29 PM
To: Sanskrit Mailing List
Subject: Re: [Sanskrit] Learning Sanskrit by a fresh approach - Lesson 8
(Revised)
jahAra is in liT lakAra. liT does not have the sense of "when something
happens, something else happens".
Typical usage of liT is in parokSha-bhUta-kaala.
E.g., arjuna uvAcha.
Naresh
vaak.wordpress.com
On Thu, Jun 3, 2010 at 9:45 PM, Vimala Sarma <vsa...@bigpond.com> wrote:
Dear Abhyankar ?Ji
Again an excellent lesson.
I am adding further thoughts.
jahAra = in Western grammar is the reduplicative perfect tense, 3rd person,
sing. Root means ?take? or ?carry away?. Ha is reduplicated with palatal ja.
The sentence construction with the locatives, is called locative absolutive
construction and is usually translated as ?When something happens, something
else happens?.
Vimala
From: sanskrit-boun...@cs.utah.edu [mailto:sanskrit-boun...@cs.utah.edu] On
Behalf Of Krishnanand Mankikar
Sent: Friday, 4 June 2010 12:59 AM
To: Sanskrit Mailing List
Subject: Re: [Sanskrit] Learning Sanskrit by a fresh approach - Lesson 8
(Revised)
Dear Shri Abhyankar Ji,
Really a great explanation.
I may add that the usage ????? ???????? falls in the pattern of ??? ??????.
Pl check
Mankikar
On 3 June 2010 19:15, S. L. Abhyankar <sl.abhyan...@gmail.com> wrote:
Thanks to Mr. P. G. Kulkarni and Mr. Krishnanand Mankikar for their great
inputs, their explanations of "????????" in particular and also other comments.
Accordingly, I have now revised Lesson 8 adding also examples of declensions of
third person singular for verb ?? in different tenses and moods.
Learning Sanskrit by a fresh approach - Lesson 8 (Revised)
Here is an interesting ????????? very onomatopoetically composed. Also it
displays the flight of imagination of the poet. He leaves it to the reader to
draw the moral.
???????????????? ???????? ?????????? ?
??????????????? ???????? ????????? ?
????? ???????? ?????? ???????? ?
?? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ??????? ?
Let us start with our study - phrase by phrase, word by word.
???????????????? = ??????: ????????
??????: = Night
???????? = will pass
???????? ??????????
???????? = will be or will become
?????????? = good morning
??????????????? = ???????? ????????
???????? = one who has splendour; sun ??? + ???
??? = splendour
??? A Suffix which helps to make a derived noun, meaning "having". Here ??? +
??? becomes a derived noun, with meaning "having splendour" One common place
example is the word ??????
???????? = will rise
???????? ?????????
???????? = will smile
?????????
???? = ???? ????? ??? ??????
??? = mud
???? = in mud
? = ????? = is born; grows
? is a sufffix which is used to render a meaning "born of" or "born at" or "is
born"
?????? = that which grows in mud = lotus
????? = glory
????????? = ??????? ?????, ????? ???????? ???? glory of lotus
????? ???????? ?????? ????????
????? = thus
???????? = thinking; ???????? is masculine, seventh case singular of ???????? a
present active participle, derived from the causative of the verb ?? + ???
??????
?????: = ???? ??:, ?????? ???????? ????
???? = into the treasure, into the bosom
??: = gone This is masculine first case singular of the past passive participle
of root verb ???
?????? = having gone into the treasure
????????
???????: = ???? ???? ???? ??, ????????? ???? One who has two wings
???? = two
???? = I struggled with the meaning of ??? One would not find it in a
dictionary. It was very kind of Mr. P. G. Kulkarni and Mr. Krishnanad Mankikar
to explain that ??????? means a black bee. Sanskrit word which can be found in
a dictionary is ?????? As can be seen, this word has two '?'-s in it. ??? means
this '?'-??? ! So, ??????? means "one, who has two '?'-???-s n its name ! Ooph
! Poetry even in coining a new word !
This phrase ????? ???????? ?????? ???????? merits special attention. Three
words ???????? ?????? ???????? are all in seventh case ??????. This style of
composition makes the phrase, a sub-clause. The meaning of these words is not
to be taken by the meaning in seventh case.
As a phrase, the meaning becomes, "(as) the black bee had gone into the bosom
and was thinking.." or "(as) the bee, which had gone into the bosom, was
thinking.."
?? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ???????
?? ???? ???? = interjection, mostly to express sadness, or meaning "alas !"
?????? = ??????? Second case singular of ????? meaning "lotus", rather "a
full-grown lotus"
?? ??????? = ??: ???????
??: = elephant
??????? = uprooted, This is declension in past tense, third person, singular of
root verb ??? + ?? meaning "to uproot"
The overall meaning becomes -
As the bee, which had gone into the bosom (of a lotus), was thinking...
"..night will pass and good morning will dawn,
sun will rise and glory of (this) lotus will smile.."
Oh God ! an elephant uprooted the lotus !!
Moral ?
Never think that things will work out the way you would like. The bee possibly
thought that it will have all the time of passing of night until sunrise and
opening of the petals of the lotus, all that time, to enjoy the nectar at the
bosom of the lotus to its heart's content. But alas, an elephant came along and
uprooted the lotus itself !!
Man proposes, God disposes !!
Never do over-indulgence; always take risk-factors also into account.
Thanks again to Mr. Kulkarni for adding also an explanation, that "the bee
could have bored its way out. But it was more thoughtful not to hurt the lotus.
Behaviour of the elephant was rough, not so considerate as of the bee."
However, I also read a comment, that the elephant uprooted the lotus to offer
it to Goddess LakShmee !
Uhmmm ...! The poet sets people to start thinking further, right ?
I had another idea also in mind, in taking up this ?????????. In these four
lines we have ????????, ????????, ????????, ????????, ????????, ???, ???????
all verb-forms - either declensions or participles. Even the suffix ? in ????
has a derivation from a verb.
Of these ????????, ????????, ????????, ???????? are all declensions in future
tense, third person, singular of different root verbs ???, ??, ??? + ???, ???
???????? is masculine, seventh case singular of ???????? a present active
participle, derived from the causative of the verb ?? + ???
??? is masculine, seventh case, singular of past passive participle ?? of root
verb ???
??????? is declension in past tense, third person, singular of root verb ??? +
??
Verbs in Sanskrit become a subject of interesting, but very comprehensive
study. It is possibly no exaggeration to say that Sanskrit owes much of its
charm for how one can play around with verbs ! Prominently,
1. A root verb is called as ????
2. Verbs in Sanskrit are of ten classes called as ??
3. Some verbs may belong to more than one ??-s
4. The patterns of declension are of two types, called as ????????? and
?????????
5. When a ???? has declension of both patterns ????????? and ????????? it is
called as ??????
6. Declensions of verbs are influenced by tense or mood, person and number
7. There are ten tenses and moods -
(For ease of understanding given below for each type is third person singular
form of the verb ??)
the tenses are seven
Present Tense ???????? ???
Three types of Past Tense ????
???? called as "Aorist" by grammarians. This is not in common use. Example is
?????
??? (???????? ???????) e.g. ?????
???? (?????????????) e.g. ????
Three types of Future Tense ????????
???? e.g. ????????
???? e.g. ?????
???? e.g. ?????????
and the moods are three
Imperative Mood ???? ???? Imperative mood is for giving an order, e.g. ????
Mood typically indicated by "should" in English ???? ???? e.g. ?????
Mood of benedictions, benevolent wishes and blessings as indicated by "May God
bless you" in English ????? ???? e.g. ??????
8. There are three persons - first person (I, we) second person (you), third
person (he-she-it, they)
9. Numbers are three - singular, dual, plural
In the dictionary, one will usually find a verb identified as follows -
????:
??:
????
????. ??. ??. ??.
?. ??. ??. ??.
1
???
1
?.
??????
??
2
??
1
?.
????
???
3
??? + ???
1
?.
??????-??
??????
4
???
1
?.
????
????
5
?? + ??? (???????)
1
?.
????????
???????
6
??? + ??
1
?.
???????-??
??????
In the above table
?. = ?????????
?. = ??????
????. ??. ??. ??. = ???????? ?????-????????? ???????
?. ??. ??. ??. = ??????-???????????? ??????????? ????????
There are many adjectival and adverbial derivatives obtained from verbs.
1. Past passive participles such as ??
2. Present active participles such as ????????
3. Adjectives obtained from verbs ????????? ?????? by using suffixes ? ???? ????
4. Infinitive obtained by using suffix ????
5. Adverbial derivatives obtained by using suffix ???? e.g. ????? means "upon
going"
In Sanskrit, words are formed
1. by declension of nouns, pronouns and adjectives influenced by gender, case
and number
2. by declension of verbal roots influenced by tense or mood. voice, causative,
person and number
3. by declension of adjectival derivatives obtained from verbs
And there are of course the
4. indeclinables - among them adverbs, conjunctions and interjections
5. adverbial derivatives obtained from verbs, which also are indeclinables.
For doing word-by-word study we can use five structures to present a study of
words of these five types.
For example we can see a presentation of words in this ????????? in the
following manner.
????:
??????? ????:
???????:
??????
???????:
?????
????????:
??????:
??????????
??????
??????.
??????
??.
night
????:
??????? ????:
???????:
??:
????
????????? ?
??????:
???: ?? ????: ??
?????:
?????
????????:
????????
??????????
???
1
?.
?
??????
'????'-?????????:
?????:
??.
will go, will pass
????:
??????? ????:
????????:
??????
???????
In this manner, thus
????:
??????? ????:
???????:
???????:
??:
????
????????? ?
??????:
???: ?? ????: ??
??????
???????:
?????
????????:
????????
?. ?. ??. ??.
????????
?? + ???
1
?.
??? = Yes
??????
???????
??.
??????
??.
when thinking
In the table for ???????? please note ?. ?. ??. ??. = ?????? ????????????????
??????????? ????????
Wow! We already have structures for four of the five types of words in Sanskrit
!
And what a study !
Do not these structures give a very satisfactory and confidant feeling that
"well, the ????????? is really thoroughly understood !" ?
As an exercise, you can compile a study of all the other words !
???????? |
-o-O-o-
???????? ,
?????????????????? ???????? |
???????? ?????? ????????? ?
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