Re: [OFFTOPIC] Mass storage prices and form factor

[Stefan Monnier]

> One cloud storage provider, Backblaze, regularly publishes reports on
> harddisk reliability (they obviously have a lot of data on that :-)

All of them seem to be 3½" as well.
Interesting.

It actually looks like the 2½" HDD market has been abandoned: 5 years
ago, the largest HDD were 5TB for 2½" and 10TB for 3½".

Since then, it seems like nothing new happened in the 2½" space, whereas
the 3½" drives kept growing (tho only about 15% per year).

Based on what I've heard, I suspect that to be competitive in the
datacenter, 2½" drives would need to offer about half the capacity of
3½" drives (of course, that also presumes manufacturers going through
the trouble of producing CMR drives in 2½" form factor).

OTOH for an end user who doesn't need more than 8TB of disk space, 2½"
drives can often be a better option (assuming you have enough SATA
ports).


Stefan

Re: Help! Thunderbird lost my passwords

[Jude DaShiell]

All passwords need to be written and secured.  First by being part of a
book or being in a specific place in a hard copy file.  Second, encrypted
before written down.  For anyone to be able to use any of those passwords
even if found they'd have to know the encryption system you used.

Re: Help! Thunderbird lost my passwords

[Keith Bainbridge]

On 4/8/21 10:03, Douglas McGarrett wrote:

a Master Password. What is it, and where is it, and should I need it?



go: edit|preferences|privacy& Security

and on my screen 'Passwords' is close to the bottom before you start
scrolling

--
All the best

Keith Bainbridge

keith.bainbridge.3...@gmail.com
0447 667 468

Re: Help! Thunderbird lost my passwords

[Douglas McGarrett]

On 7/19/21 1:15 AM, Alexander V. Makartsev wrote:

On 19.07.2021 05:13, w...@mgssub.com wrote:

I installed tbird 78.12.0 (64-bit)
 and it can't find my email passwords. I have browsed signons.sqlite
 and the passwords seem to be there in the middle of the db. I have 
tried to install a prior version of tbird but dpkg has thwarted those 
efforts so far! Any other ideas suggestions would be appreciated!


Many TIA!
Dennis
If you didn't setup "Master Password" in ThunderBird, you can try 
"Mail PassView" utility from NirSoft. [1]

It works with WINE.
If password database files were not corrupted somehow, it will show 
stored accounts and passwords from TB profile.



[1] https://www.nirsoft.net/utils/mailpv.html
I recently downloaded and installed T/B after having lost the use of it 
a couple of months ago when it refused
to recognize my password or any new one. Now it is working, and I hope 
it continues. At any rate, I did not see
anything about a Master Password. What is it, and where is it, and 
should I need it?

--doug

Re: timedatectl DHCP NTP Server

[Charles Curley]

On Thu, 4 Feb 2021 22:16:12 +0100
basti  wrote:

> As I can see now timedatectl seems *not*
> using the NTP Server provide by DHCP. I have configure a NTP server
> in  LAN.

Are you using NetworkManager? Out of the box, it does not pick up the
relevant information from the dhcp client. There are scripts out there
to handle that for ntp. If you are using systemd-timesyncd, you will
want this:

https://charlescurley.com/blog/posts/2021/Feb/14/networkmanager.time/


-- 
Does anybody read signatures any more?

https://charlescurley.com
https://charlescurley.com/blog/

Re: why 1G memory is missing?

[Jeremy Hendricks]

Yup. That too.

On Tue, Aug 3, 2021 at 7:42 PM IL Ka  wrote:

>
>> That cpu was normally paired with the Intel 945 chipset that can’t
>> support more than about 3.25GB whether or not it’s 32/64 OS
>>
>
> Yes, and even worse: this CPU doesn't support 64bit OS
>
>> model name   : Intel(R) Atom(TM) CPU N280   @ 1.66GHz
>>> address sizes   : 32 bits physical, 32 bits virtual
>>>
>>>
> https://ark.intel.com/content/www/us/en/ark/products/41411/intel-atom-processor-n280-512k-cache-1-66-ghz-667-mhz-fsb.html
>  Instruction Set: 32-bit
>
>

Re: why 1G memory is missing?

[IL Ka]

>
>
> That cpu was normally paired with the Intel 945 chipset that can’t support
> more than about 3.25GB whether or not it’s 32/64 OS
>

Yes, and even worse: this CPU doesn't support 64bit OS

> model name: Intel(R) Atom(TM) CPU N280   @ 1.66GHz
>> address sizes: 32 bits physical, 32 bits virtual
>>
>>
https://ark.intel.com/content/www/us/en/ark/products/41411/intel-atom-processor-n280-512k-cache-1-66-ghz-667-mhz-fsb.html
 Instruction Set: 32-bit

Re: why 1G memory is missing?

[Jeremy Hendricks]

That cpu was normally paired with the Intel 945 chipset that can’t support
more than about 3.25GB whether or not it’s 32/64 OS

On Tue, Aug 3, 2021 at 7:24 PM  wrote:

> Thank Andy! my cpu is 32bit
> i have thought pae can support more than 4G memory
> but in fact it can't use full 4G memory hardware
>
> $ cat /proc/cpuinfo
> processor : 0
> vendor_id : GenuineIntel
> cpu family: 6
> model : 28
> model name: Intel(R) Atom(TM) CPU N280   @ 1.66GHz
> stepping  : 2
> microcode : 0x218
> cpu MHz   : 1000.000
> cache size: 512 KB
> physical id   : 0
> siblings  : 2
> core id   : 0
> cpu cores : 1
> apicid: 0
> initial apicid: 0
> fdiv_bug  : no
> f00f_bug  : no
> coma_bug  : no
> fpu   : yes
> fpu_exception : yes
> cpuid level   : 10
> wp: yes
> flags : fpu vme de pse tsc msr pae mce cx8 apic sep mtrr pge mca cmov 
> pat clflush dts acpi mmx fxsr sse sse2 ss ht tm pbe nx constant_tsc 
> arch_perfmon pebs bts aperfmperf pni dtes64 monitor ds_cpl est tm2 ssse3 xtpr 
> pdcm movbe lahf_lm dtherm
> bugs  :
> bogomips  : 3325.02
> clflush size  : 64
> cache_alignment   : 64
> address sizes : 32 bits physical, 32 bits virtual
> power management:
>
> processor : 1
> vendor_id : GenuineIntel
> cpu family: 6
> model : 28
> model name: Intel(R) Atom(TM) CPU N280   @ 1.66GHz
> stepping  : 2
> microcode : 0x218
> cpu MHz   : 1667.000
> cache size: 512 KB
> physical id   : 0
> siblings  : 2
> core id   : 0
> cpu cores : 1
> apicid: 1
> initial apicid: 1
> fdiv_bug  : no
> f00f_bug  : no
> coma_bug  : no
> fpu   : yes
> fpu_exception : yes
> cpuid level   : 10
> wp: yes
> flags : fpu vme de pse tsc msr pae mce cx8 apic sep mtrr pge mca cmov 
> pat clflush dts acpi mmx fxsr sse sse2 ss ht tm pbe nx constant_tsc 
> arch_perfmon pebs bts aperfmperf pni dtes64 monitor ds_cpl est tm2 ssse3 xtpr 
> pdcm movbe lahf_lm dtherm
> bugs  :
> bogomips  : 3325.02
> clflush size  : 64
> cache_alignment   : 64
> address sizes : 32 bits physical, 32 bits virtual
> power management:
>
>
>
>

Re: why 1G memory is missing?

[loushanguan2015]

Thank Andy! my cpu is 32bit 
i have thought pae can support more than 4G memorybut in fact it can't use full 
4G memory hardware

$ cat /proc/cpuinfo
processor   : 0
vendor_id   : GenuineIntel
cpu family  : 6
model   : 28
model name  : Intel(R) Atom(TM) CPU N280   @ 1.66GHz
stepping: 2
microcode   : 0x218
cpu MHz : 1000.000
cache size  : 512 KB
physical id : 0
siblings: 2
core id : 0
cpu cores   : 1
apicid  : 0
initial apicid  : 0
fdiv_bug: no
f00f_bug: no
coma_bug: no
fpu : yes
fpu_exception   : yes
cpuid level : 10
wp  : yes
flags   : fpu vme de pse tsc msr pae mce cx8 apic sep mtrr pge mca cmov 
pat clflush dts acpi mmx fxsr sse sse2 ss ht tm pbe nx constant_tsc 
arch_perfmon pebs bts aperfmperf pni dtes64 monitor ds_cpl est tm2 ssse3 xtpr 
pdcm movbe lahf_lm dtherm
bugs:
bogomips: 3325.02
clflush size: 64
cache_alignment : 64
address sizes   : 32 bits physical, 32 bits virtual
power management:

processor   : 1
vendor_id   : GenuineIntel
cpu family  : 6
model   : 28
model name  : Intel(R) Atom(TM) CPU N280   @ 1.66GHz
stepping: 2
microcode   : 0x218
cpu MHz : 1667.000
cache size  : 512 KB
physical id : 0
siblings: 2
core id : 0
cpu cores   : 1
apicid  : 1
initial apicid  : 1
fdiv_bug: no
f00f_bug: no
coma_bug: no
fpu : yes
fpu_exception   : yes
cpuid level : 10
wp  : yes
flags   : fpu vme de pse tsc msr pae mce cx8 apic sep mtrr pge mca cmov 
pat clflush dts acpi mmx fxsr sse sse2 ss ht tm pbe nx constant_tsc 
arch_perfmon pebs bts aperfmperf pni dtes64 monitor ds_cpl est tm2 ssse3 xtpr 
pdcm movbe lahf_lm dtherm
bugs:
bogomips: 3325.02
clflush size: 64
cache_alignment : 64
address sizes   : 32 bits physical, 32 bits virtual
power management:

Re: Updating kernels impossible when /boot is getting full

[David Wright]

On Sun 01 Aug 2021 at 21:55:15 (+0200), Kamil Jońca wrote:
> David Christensen  writes:
> 
> [...]
> >
> > A 500 GB boot partition would be enough for several kernels, etc., on
> > Debian 10 amd64.
> 
> OP wrote about 500 _M_ bytes (0.5G), and I can confirm, this is rather
> little, when trying updating kernels.

Ah, good—you're a regular here, and more likely to respond.
Some of us are perplexed as to why 500MB is rather little,
or IOW, why are some initrd.img files so huge. The OP's are
bigger than 150MB, and their lsinitramfs listing could make
interesting here, but seems unlikely to be posted. Could you
elaborate on your experience?

Cheers,
David.

Re: gnome-shell freezing

[Sylvain Archenault]

Any idea where i can look? top doesn't show anything and I dont know
which process i should trace.

Attached the last few lines of /var/log/messages before the freeze.


On 7/31/21 8:53 AM, Sylvain Archenault wrote:
> Hi
> 
> Recently, my gnome session has been freezing a bit randomly - but it
> seems to happen quite often when i open a link in thunderbird or use the
> app "grisbi"
> 
> I'm running SID with the last kernel: 5.10.46-3 and recent nvidia
> driver: 460.91.03-1 or 470.57.02-1
> 
> I'm struggling to find something interesting in any log file though.
> When the freeze happens, the mouse is still moving, I can go to a tty
> and sometimes I'm able to recover by restarting gdm.
> 
> Do you have any idea what I could do / look at to get more information
> about the "freeze"?
> 
> Thank you
> Sylvain
> 
> 
> 
Aug  3 17:58:04 nautilus[44632]: Error on getting connection: Failed to load 
SPARQL backend: GDBus.Error:org.freedesktop.systemd1.UnitMasked: Unit 
tracker-store.service is masked.
Aug  3 17:58:04 gnome-shell[43780]: Couldn't find child [0x55811b3f3490 
Gjs_ui_windowPreview_WindowPreview ("Home")] in window slots
Aug  3 17:58:04 gnome-shell[43780]: Couldn't find child [0x55811b3f3490 
Gjs_ui_windowPreview_WindowPreview:first-child last-child ("Home")] in window 
slots
Aug  3 17:58:08 kernel: [ 6210.771991] audit: type=1400 
audit(1628027888.374:92): apparmor="ALLOWED" operation="open" 
profile="libreoffice-oopslash" 
name="/usr/local/lib/AppProtection/libAppProtection.so.1.6.7.10" pid=44696 
comm="oosplash" requested_mask="r" denied_mask="r" fsuid=1000 ouid=0
Aug  3 17:58:08 kernel: [ 6210.771998] audit: type=1400 
audit(1628027888.374:93): apparmor="ALLOWED" operation="file_mmap" 
profile="libreoffice-oopslash" 
name="/usr/local/lib/AppProtection/libAppProtection.so.1.6.7.10" pid=44696 
comm="oosplash" requested_mask="rm" denied_mask="rm" fsuid=1000 ouid=0
Aug  3 17:58:08 kernel: [ 6210.864357] audit: type=1400 
audit(1628027888.466:94): apparmor="ALLOWED" operation="open" 
profile="libreoffice-soffice" 
name="/usr/local/lib/AppProtection/libAppProtection.so.1.6.7.10" pid=44731 
comm="soffice.bin" requested_mask="r" denied_mask="r" fsuid=1000 ouid=0
Aug  3 17:58:08 kernel: [ 6210.864367] audit: type=1400 
audit(1628027888.466:95): apparmor="ALLOWED" operation="file_mmap" 
profile="libreoffice-soffice" 
name="/usr/local/lib/AppProtection/libAppProtection.so.1.6.7.10" pid=44731 
comm="soffice.bin" requested_mask="rm" denied_mask="rm" fsuid=1000 ouid=0
Aug  3 17:58:08 kernel: [ 6210.911173] audit: type=1400 
audit(1628027888.510:96): apparmor="ALLOWED" operation="open" 
profile="libreoffice-soffice" name="/proc/44732/comm" pid=44732 
comm="soffice.bin" requested_mask="r" denied_mask="r" fsuid=1000 ouid=1000
Aug  3 17:58:08 kernel: [ 6210.912939] audit: type=1400 
audit(1628027888.514:97): apparmor="ALLOWED" operation="open" 
profile="libreoffice-soffice" 
name="/usr/local/lib/AppProtection/libAppProtection.so.1.6.7.10" pid=44732 
comm="soffice.bin" requested_mask="r" denied_mask="r" fsuid=1000 ouid=0
Aug  3 17:58:08 kernel: [ 6210.928698] audit: type=1400 
audit(1628027888.530:98): apparmor="ALLOWED" operation="open" 
profile="libreoffice-soffice" 
name="/usr/local/lib/AppProtection/libAppProtection.so.1.6.7.10" pid=44732 
comm="soffice.bin" requested_mask="r" denied_mask="r" fsuid=1000 ouid=0
Aug  3 17:58:08 kernel: [ 6211.094696] audit: type=1400 
audit(1628027888.694:99): apparmor="ALLOWED" operation="open" 
profile="libreoffice-soffice" 
name="/usr/local/lib/AppProtection/.XInputEventIDs" pid=44731 
comm="soffice.bin" requested_mask="r" denied_mask="r" fsuid=1000 ouid=0
Aug  3 17:58:10 tracker-miner-f[43344]: Error while sending AddMatch() message: 
The connection is closed
Aug  3 17:58:10 tracker-miner-f[43344]: Error while sending AddMatch() message: 
The connection is closed
Aug  3 17:58:10 tracker-miner-f[43344]: Error while sending AddMatch() message: 
The connection is closed
Aug  3 17:58:11 gnome-shell[43780]: ../../../gobject/gsignal.c:2732: instance 
'0x558114bbb8e0' has no handler with id '35437'
Aug  3 17:58:12 kernel: [ 6214.410572] audit: type=1400 
audit(1628027892.010:100): apparmor="ALLOWED" operation="open" 
profile="libreoffice-soffice" 
name="/usr/local/lib/AppProtection/libAppProtection.so.1.6.7.10" pid=44775 
comm="sh" requested_mask="r" denied_mask="r" fsuid=1000 ouid=0
Aug  3 17:58:12 kernel: [ 6214.410581] audit: type=1400 
audit(1628027892.010:101): apparmor="ALLOWED" operation="file_mmap" 
profile="libreoffice-soffice" 
name="/usr/local/lib/AppProtection/libAppProtection.so.1.6.7.10" pid=44775 
comm="sh" requested_mask="rm" denied_mask="rm" fsuid=1000 ouid=0
Aug  3 17:58:43 geoclue[43516]: Service not used for 60 seconds. Shutting down..

Re: ISO to external SSD

[Stefan Monnier]

> Second, the price of spinning disks is such that it makes no
> sense to buy anything smaller than 4TB, which will fit all this,
> and 6-8 TB are often a reasonable idea even for single users.

You seem to assume a 3½" form factor which either requires a "large"
desktop or an external enclosure.
Personally I consider this form factor dead every since I bought my
first 2TB 2½" disk.
[ For reference, the last 3½" disk I bought was a 1TB WD Green, which
  I fitted into my ASUS WL-700gE.  ]


Stefan

Re: [OFFTOPIC] Mass storage prices and form factor (was: ISO to external SSD)

[tomas]

On Tue, Aug 03, 2021 at 01:11:16PM -0400, Stefan Monnier wrote:

[...]

Nice line up.

> I wonder what kind of drives are used nowadays in big datacenters (and
> whether the prices they pay for them looks anything like the ones
> above).

One cloud storage provider, Backblaze, regularly publishes reports on
harddisk reliability (they obviously have a lot of data on that :-)

AFAICR, they make a point on using "consumer" hardware.

Here [1] is their 2020 report, for the pathologically curious :)

(Note: I neither work for them nor am I their customer),

Cheers

[1] https://www.backblaze.com/blog/backblaze-hard-drive-stats-for-2020/

 - t


signature.asc
Description: Digital signature

Re: [OFFTOPIC] Mass storage prices and form factor (was: ISO to external SSD)

[Linux-Fan]

Stefan Monnier writes:


Peter Ehlert [2021-08-03 08:27:26] wrote:
> On August 3, 2021 8:17:58 AM Stefan Monnier   
wrote:

>>> Second, the price of spinning disks is such that it makes no
>>> sense to buy anything smaller than 4TB, which will fit all this,
>>> and 6-8 TB are often a reasonable idea even for single users.
>> You seem to assume a 3½" form factor which either requires a "large"
>> desktop or an external enclosure.
> Not really. My HP z620 work station ain't huge.


[...]


>> Personally I consider this form factor dead every since I bought my
>> first 2TB 2½" disk.
> If you use Lots of drives (4tb), and are on a limited budget, like me...  
> The 3.5 form factor is more cost effective.


That's why I wrote "personally".  AFAIK the proportion of computer users
which "use lots of drives" is quite small.  Maybe it's higher among


Four internal drives here (2x3.5" HDD, 2x2.5" SSD), not sure if that counts  
as a lot.



Debian users, admittedly, but still your original statement above lacks
a qualification like "AFAIC" or "IMO" ;-)

OK, to add actual info to this message, here's a quick look at today's
lowest prices in my "usual" store:

   2TB $ 64 3½  HDD 32 $/TB
   3TB $ 65 3½" HDD 22 $/TB
   4TB $104 3½" HDD 26 $/TB
   6TB $139 3½" HDD (external)  23 $/TB
   8TB $199 3½" HDD 25 $/TB
  10TB $323 3½" HDD (external)  32 $/TB
  12TB $339 3½" HDD (external)  28 $/TB

I'm surprised at how stable the price per TB is over the 2-12 range.
It used to be the case that HDD price's curve was not nearly as linear
(which reflected the fact that production costs aren't (weren't?)
proportional to the drive's capacity).
I suspect that the profit margin varies widely over this spectrum.


Thank you for putting the numbers together. It is always nice to see some  
current statistics about it. From memory, 6-8T used to be the sweet spot.



   2TB $ 60 2½" HDD (external)  30 $/TB
   3TB $125 2½" HDD (external)  42 $/TB  (only "recertified" available)
   4TB $114 2½" HDD (external)  29 $/TB
   5TB $139 2½" HDD (external)  28 $/TB

It's also interesting to see that the price per TB is about the same for
2½" HDD as for 3½" HDD, whereas it used to be significantly higher.
[ And also that in the 2½" space, your best bet in $/GB is to buy
  a drive+enclosure, which implies you don't really know what you're
  getting other than the capacity of the drive.  :-(  ]

That makes 3½" form factor even more dead than I thought (two 4TB 2½"
drives should offer better performance than one 8GB 3½" drive and use
less space, not sure about power consumption).


[...]

I still use and like the 3.5" drives mostly due to the following  
considerations:


* It is easier to get 3.5" at 7200 rpm than 2.5".
  Faster rotation means faster access and this is usually where HDDs
  are very slow hence I do not want them to be even slower.

* 3.5" drives are available with CMR even at high capacities like
  6T oder 8T. With 2.5" a limited and expensive selection of
  server drives offer 2T or 4T with CMR, whereas AFAIK all
  consumer-grade 2.5" hard drives above 1T are SMR drives. I am not
  sure if there are any 2.5" CMR hard drives (server or not) above 4T?

This means in terms of performance, it is quite possible for a single 3.5"  
drive to outperform two 2.5" ones (unless you are only doing sequential  
reads from two drives in parallel).


YMMV
Linux-Fan

--
öö


pgpRk8_IwJMav.pgp
Description: PGP signature

Re: Updating kernels impossible when /boot is getting full

[David Christensen]

On 8/1/21 12:55 PM, Kamil Jońca wrote:

David Christensen  writes:

[...]


A 500 GB boot partition would be enough for several kernels, etc., on
Debian 10 amd64.


OP wrote about 500 _M_ bytes (0.5G), 



Please see:

> On 8/1/21 3:29 PM, David Christensen wrote:
>> I see a typo in my post -- that should be 500 MB.



and I can confirm, this is rather little, when trying updating kernels.



We need the OP to run lsinitrd.sh and/or lsinitramfs on their computer 
and post the (compressed) output to see why the initrd.img files are 
~150 MB on their (Ubuntu) computer.




David

Re: [OFFTOPIC] Mass storage prices and form factor (was: ISO to external SSD)

[Dan Ritter]

Stefan Monnier wrote: 
> 
> That makes 3½" form factor even more dead than I thought (two 4TB 2½"
> drives should offer better performance than one 8GB 3½" drive and use
> less space, not sure about power consumption).

Erm. You just doubled your failure rate. There are times when
that's worthwhile, but if you want performance, SSDs are a
better way of getting to it.

> I wonder what kind of drives are used nowadays in big datacenters (and
> whether the prices they pay for them looks anything like the ones
> above).

I think my company is in the medium-sized datacenter group. We
use 8-14TB 3.5" spinning disks at prices pretty similar to what
you've got above, and 0.5-8TB SSDs at prices... above what
you've got below, but not breathtakingly more expensive.

ext4 on MD RAID1 and 10, ZFS in equivalents.

> For completeness, here's the list for SSDs:
> 
>½TB $ 60 2½" SSD120 $/TB
>1TB $100 2½" SSD100 $/TB
>2TB $244 2½" SSD122 $/TB
>4TB $540 2½" SSD135 $/TB
> 
> so about 4x the price per TB (and here the linear price curve makes
> a lot more sense).

-dsr-

[OFFTOPIC] Mass storage prices and form factor (was: ISO to external SSD)

[Stefan Monnier]

Peter Ehlert [2021-08-03 08:27:26] wrote:
> On August 3, 2021 8:17:58 AM Stefan Monnier  wrote:
>>> Second, the price of spinning disks is such that it makes no
>>> sense to buy anything smaller than 4TB, which will fit all this,
>>> and 6-8 TB are often a reasonable idea even for single users.
>> You seem to assume a 3½" form factor which either requires a "large"
>> desktop or an external enclosure.
> Not really. My HP z620 work station ain't huge.

Clearly "large" is smaller than "huge", so we don't disagree.  FWIW of
my three desktops only one can accommodate 3½" disks (a Streacom F8
case) [ the other two are a 2006 Mac mini and a Librem mini.  ]

>> Personally I consider this form factor dead every since I bought my
>> first 2TB 2½" disk.
> If you use Lots of drives (4tb), and are on a limited budget, like me... The
> 3.5 form factor is more cost effective.

That's why I wrote "personally".  AFAIK the proportion of computer users
which "use lots of drives" is quite small.  Maybe it's higher among
Debian users, admittedly, but still your original statement above lacks
a qualification like "AFAIC" or "IMO" ;-)

OK, to add actual info to this message, here's a quick look at today's
lowest prices in my "usual" store:

   2TB $ 64 3½  HDD 32 $/TB
   3TB $ 65 3½" HDD 22 $/TB
   4TB $104 3½" HDD 26 $/TB
   6TB $139 3½" HDD (external)  23 $/TB
   8TB $199 3½" HDD 25 $/TB
  10TB $323 3½" HDD (external)  32 $/TB
  12TB $339 3½" HDD (external)  28 $/TB

I'm surprised at how stable the price per TB is over the 2-12 range.
It used to be the case that HDD price's curve was not nearly as linear
(which reflected the fact that production costs aren't (weren't?)
proportional to the drive's capacity).
I suspect that the profit margin varies widely over this spectrum.

   2TB $ 60 2½" HDD (external)  30 $/TB
   3TB $125 2½" HDD (external)  42 $/TB  (only "recertified" available)
   4TB $114 2½" HDD (external)  29 $/TB
   5TB $139 2½" HDD (external)  28 $/TB

It's also interesting to see that the price per TB is about the same for
2½" HDD as for 3½" HDD, whereas it used to be significantly higher.
[ And also that in the 2½" space, your best bet in $/GB is to buy
  a drive+enclosure, which implies you don't really know what you're
  getting other than the capacity of the drive.  :-(  ]

That makes 3½" form factor even more dead than I thought (two 4TB 2½"
drives should offer better performance than one 8GB 3½" drive and use
less space, not sure about power consumption).

I wonder what kind of drives are used nowadays in big datacenters (and
whether the prices they pay for them looks anything like the ones
above).

For completeness, here's the list for SSDs:

   ½TB $ 60 2½" SSD120 $/TB
   1TB $100 2½" SSD100 $/TB
   2TB $244 2½" SSD122 $/TB
   4TB $540 2½" SSD135 $/TB

so about 4x the price per TB (and here the linear price curve makes
a lot more sense).


Stefan

Re: 32b upgrade to 64 b; Boot.plist

[Polyna-Maude Racicot-Summerside]

Hi,

On 2021-08-03 12:55 p.m., Gunnar Gervin wrote:
> I read a bit of my "questions" put before. WOW, what a MESS!!?!! Is it
> possible to understand 5%?
> Hardly. Sorry & trying to improve
> Gunnar
> 
I've been explaining you this from the beginning and it didn't change much.

Maybe saving your messages, waiting 24 hours, reading back and then
sending would be a good start.

I ain't the only one here saying so.

You are the one not getting help by acting this way.
-- 
Polyna-Maude R.-Summerside
-Be smart, Be wise, Support opensource development



OpenPGP_signature
Description: OpenPGP digital signature

Re: Updating kernels impossible when /boot is getting full

[Kamil Jońca]

David Christensen  writes:

[...]
>
> A 500 GB boot partition would be enough for several kernels, etc., on
> Debian 10 amd64.

OP wrote about 500 _M_ bytes (0.5G), and I can confirm, this is rather
little, when trying updating kernels.
KJ

-- 
http://stopstopnop.pl/stop_stopnop.pl_o_nas.html

Re: 32b upgrade to 64 b; Boot.plist

[Gunnar Gervin]

I read a bit of my "questions" put before. WOW, what a MESS!!?!! Is it
possible to understand 5%?
Hardly. Sorry & trying to improve
Gunnar

On Fri, 30 Jul 2021, 07:53 Gunnar Gervin,  wrote:

> Hi beautiful ideals!
> Decided to install Virtual Machine & Docker in this 14 year old ex-Macbook.
> In which I installed Debian "Buster" i386 32 bits. As some of you know, I
> did some failures during installation, the dvd player "hung" a bit several
> times, so I saw it installing at least 3 times. I made a puzzling
> observation: 64 came up a lot of times, but the machine seemed to handle
> it. ("Is it 64 bits anyway?" I wondered.)
> Now I found the following information in Wikipedia:
> " Mac OS X 10.6  is
> the first version of macOS  that
> supports a 64-bit kernel
> .  "
> n Snow Leopard, most built-in applications have been rebuilt to use the
> 64-bit x86-64  architecture
>  (excluding
> iTunes , Front Row
> , Grapher
>  and DVD Player
>  applications).[43]
>  They
> will run in 32-bit  mode on
> machines with 32-bit processors, and in 64-bit mode on machines with 64-bit
> processors.
> A change to the com.apple.Boot.plist will also enable users with
> compatible computers to permanently boot into 64-bit for those wishing to
> do so.
> After upgrading the kernel from 32b to 64b, if advisable & possible.
> How to do that? Clean reinstall I guess optional, but will that suffice?
> Geg
>

Re: 32b upgrade to 64 b; Boot.plist

[Gunnar Gervin]

Dan,
 thx for the best laugh of... me.
Bullseye! I'll try my very best.
Gunnar
PS.
The machine seems to recover.
DS.

On Mon, 2 Aug 2021, 15:58 Dan Ritter,  wrote:

> Gunnar Gervin wrote:
> > I meant
> > "& run it all;
> > VM, Docker containers, websites in/via a 24/7 Cloud service storage &
> > website hotel provider".
>
> Let's talk about the XY problem.
>
> https://xyproblem.info/
>
> Go read that, understand it, and then please come back and ask
> questions.
>
> -dsr-
>
>

Re: ISO to external SSD

[Gunnar Gervin]

For me, testing distros in an old Mac is way more than enough; I'll burn
ISO Images; netinstalls.
I agree that it's better to learn fewer things thorough than many quite
shallow, good advice
Gunnar
.

On Tue, 3 Aug 2021, 18:18 Stefan Monnier,  wrote:

> > Second, the price of spinning disks is such that it makes no
> > sense to buy anything smaller than 4TB, which will fit all this,
> > and 6-8 TB are often a reasonable idea even for single users.
>
> You seem to assume a 3½" form factor which either requires a "large"
> desktop or an external enclosure.
> Personally I consider this form factor dead every since I bought my
> first 2TB 2½" disk.
> [ For reference, the last 3½" disk I bought was a 1TB WD Green, which
>   I fitted into my ASUS WL-700gE.  ]
>
>
> Stefan
>
>

Re: why 1G memory is missing?

[IL Ka]

>
> inxi shows that only 3 GB are available as the TOTAL, although it finds
> the 4 GB to be physically installed:
> $ sudo inxi -m -x
> Memory:RAM: total: 2.88 GiB used: 2.11 GiB (73.2%)
> Array-1: capacity: 4 GiB slots: 2 EC: None max module size: 2 GiB note:
> est.
> Device-1: M1 size: 2 GiB speed: 667 MT/s type: DDR2
> Device-2: M2 size: 2 GiB speed: 667 MT/s type: DDR2
>
>
It could be a different problem (Windows may calculate RAM differently in
different places, where did you check it?).
I'd start with a memory map (see Sven Hartge's comment in this thread),
also see https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E820
A similar tool for Windows is "Rammap".

With 32bit system you would never be able to use 4GB (because part of
address space is used for MMIO by PCI-(express) devices).
With 64bit address space is much larger, but some ram is used by kernel.
Some tools exclude such ram.

Correction: Re: Persistent names for audio devices.

[peter]

The Subject of my preceding message was a blunder. 

System board and PCI sound hardware

From: pe...@easthope.ca
Date: Thu, 29 Jul 2021 20:20:16 -0700
> Got sound from the Intel device on the system board.  Oddly enough 
> there was a plastic cover over the sockets on the chassis back.  Pried 
> it off to plug the speaker jack.

Also disconnected the front panel socket cable from the PCI sound card 
and connected it to the connector marked "FP AUD" on the system board.

Now
set AUDIODEV=plughw:CARD=ICH5,DEV=0 ; play /usr/share/sounds/alsa/Noise.wav
and
set AUDIODEV=plughw:CARD=ICH5,DEV=0 ; play /home/peter/m08.WAV
deliver sound to the green sockets, one on the back of the chassis and 
one on the front.

No success getting sound from the PCI sound card.  Ie.
set AUDIODEV=default:CARD=Live ; play /usr/share/sounds/alsa/Noise.wav
set AUDIODEV=sysdefault:CARD=Live ; play /usr/share/sounds/alsa/Noise.wav
set AUDIODEV=rear:CARD=Live,DEV=0 ; play /usr/share/sounds/alsa/Noise.wav
give silence.

USB sound adapters

No sound from commands such as these.
set AUDIODEV=default:CARD=Set ; aplay /usr/share/sounds/alsa/Noise.wav
set AUDIODEV=default:CARD=Set ; play /usr/share/sounds/alsa/Noise.wav
set AUDIODEV=sysdefault:CARD=Set ; play /usr/share/sounds/alsa/Noise.wav
set AUDIODEV=surround71:CARD=Set,DEV=0 ; play /usr/share/sounds/alsa/Noise.wav
set AUDIODEV=dmix:CARD=Set,DEV=0 ; play /usr/share/sounds/alsa/Noise.wav
set AUDIODEV=usbstream:CARD=U0x46d0x807 ; play /usr/share/sounds/alsa/Noise.wav

Nevertheless the USB adapter delivers the linphone ring.  The USB 
hardware works. No clue why aplay and play commands don't work for the 
USB hardware.

Conclusions

Receive audio messages via the sound hardware on the system board.
Ignore the PCI sound card. 
USB is a question.

Regards,   ... P.


-- 
48.7693 N 123.3053 W
tel: +1 604 670 0140

Re: why 1G memory is missing?

[Marco Möller]

On 03.08.21 00:42, IL Ka wrote:


i have 2 memory slots
memtest86+ shows each has 2G, but total is 3G
after booting linux, top shows total is 3G

why 1 G is missing? Thanks!



You probably have 32bit OS
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3_GB_barrier 





Not as easy. I have this same problem on two hardware systems.
Using a 64bit Debian OS, installed to an USB-Stick and then booted on 
different hardware fully uses the 8 GB in one equipment physically 
providing 8 GB RAM, but in two other systems only 3 GB out of physically 
present 4 GB RAM are used by DEBIAN. MS Windows is using all the 4 GB, 
and doing this without any changes in the BIOS.


uname shows that a 64 bit OS is in use:
Linux XX 5.10.0-8-amd64 #1 SMP Debian 5.10.46-3 (2021-07-28) x86_64 
GNU/Linux


inxi shows that only 3 GB are available as the TOTAL, although it finds 
the 4 GB to be physically installed:

$ sudo inxi -m -x
Memory:RAM: total: 2.88 GiB used: 2.11 GiB (73.2%)
Array-1: capacity: 4 GiB slots: 2 EC: None max module size: 2 GiB note: est.
Device-1: M1 size: 2 GiB speed: 667 MT/s type: DDR2
Device-2: M2 size: 2 GiB speed: 667 MT/s type: DDR2

So, like for the original post, also on my system, only 3 GB out of the 
present 4 GB can be used. This problem seems to be a Debian (Linux in 
general?) problem, because MS Win makes full use of the 4 GB RAM as 
physically present.

Re: ISO to external SSD

[Peter Ehlert]

On August 3, 2021 8:17:58 AM Stefan Monnier  wrote:


Second, the price of spinning disks is such that it makes no
sense to buy anything smaller than 4TB, which will fit all this,
and 6-8 TB are often a reasonable idea even for single users.


You seem to assume a 3½" form factor which either requires a "large"
desktop or an external enclosure.

Not really. My HP z620 work station ain't huge.

Personally I consider this form factor dead every since I bought my
first 2TB 2½" disk.
If you use Lots of drives (4tb), and are on a limited budget, like me... 
The 3.5 form factor is more cost effective.

[ For reference, the last 3½" disk I bought was a 1TB WD Green, which
 I fitted into my ASUS WL-700gE.  ]


   Stefan

Re: ISO to external SSD

[Polyna-Maude Racicot-Summerside]

Hi,

On 2021-08-03 8:18 a.m., Gunnar Gervin wrote:
> Dan,
> 40-50% of my ssd, is that correct
> For i386 or amd64? If I take both
> I'll still have 149gb. Interesting. I can do it, because the original
> need of the ssd evaporated. Thus it's possible to try both into the old
> mac(hine). But in that list you linked to, are a lot more than those two
> ISO images. Would I need a virtual Pile of 1TB SSD's?
> Geg
> 
I've sent you the instruction on how to get the mirror on your disk.
You already have the links to the space needed.
Modify the command so you choose your architectures (i386,x64) and
distribution (buster/bullseye/backports, etc). Plus if you want sources.

Maybe go one thing at a time.
Trying to learn everything may give result but won't master much.
> On Mon, 2 Aug 2021, 22:43 Dan Ritter,  > wrote:
> 
> Gunnar Gervin wrote:
> > Hi again.
> > This is an unusual question &/or project, maybe utterly stupid, maybe
> > temporary:
> > I bought a 1 TB external SSD (Intenso) for later commercial use -in my
> > company.
> > Meanwhile I want to use it for something else: To burn an entire
> Debian
> > distro on it.
> > I guess it`ll be more than enough space to let it stay afterwards.
> Points
> > of doing it:
> > 1. After the Big job is done, less time to lose each time a program is
> > needed.
> > 2. More security that necessary software is available, even if
> software is
> > off internet
> >
> > Any advice, suggestions, or thoughts in this matter? Is it not new
> at all,
> > just trivial?
> 
> By distro, do you mean the complete package repository?
> 
> https://www.debian.org/mirror/size 
> 
> -dsr-
> 

-- 
Polyna-Maude R.-Summerside
-Be smart, Be wise, Support opensource development



OpenPGP_signature
Description: OpenPGP digital signature

Re: ISO to external SSD

[Dan Ritter]

Gunnar Gervin wrote: 
> Dan,
> 40-50% of my ssd, is that correct
> For i386 or amd64? If I take both
> I'll still have 149gb. Interesting. I can do it, because the original need
> of the ssd evaporated. Thus it's possible to try both into the old
> mac(hine). But in that list you linked to, are a lot more than those two
> ISO images. Would I need a virtual Pile of 1TB SSD's?

First off, most people don't want every version in the archive,
nor every architecture.

Second, the price of spinning disks is such that it makes no
sense to buy anything smaller than 4TB, which will fit all this,
and 6-8 TB are often a reasonable idea even for single users.
Package installs are generally dominated by random write speeds,
not bulk read speeds on the source media.

-dsr-

Re: why 1G memory is missing?

[Andy Smith]

Hello,

On Tue, Aug 03, 2021 at 07:14:32AM +0800, loushanguan2...@sina.com wrote:
> Linux debian 4.9.0-13-686-pae #1 SMP Debian 4.9.228-1 (2020-07-05) i686 
> GNU/Linux

So you are running 32-bit kernel. Will the hardware do 64-bit? What
does

$ cat /proc/cpuinfo

say?

You may be able to install an amd64 kernel and see all memory even
though userland is still 32-bit.

Thanks,
Andy

Re: burn iso to usb

[Gunnar Gervin]

Guys and girls:
Thx a lot for crash course/s!
I have to let it go a bit;  pretty extreme learning portions here.
My head gets all wired up. But I have to go this track; for me it's all in
the terminal; it's more accurate, always works,& faster.
And I remember it way better.
Geg


On Mon, 2 Aug 2021, 22:44 Greg Wooledge,  wrote:

> On Mon, Aug 02, 2021 at 10:02:18PM +0300, Gunnar Gervin wrote:
> > pv -parle /dev/sdX
> > would rather be:
> > sudo pv -parle /dev/sdb
>
> No, that won't work.
>
> https://mywiki.wooledge.org/BashPitfalls#pf53
>
> If you want to use redirections with sudo, you either need to wrap
> things in "sh -c" a lot, or else get a full interactive shell first
> (sudo -s), and *then* run your commands with redirections.
>
>

Re: burn iso to usb

[Gunnar Gervin]

Nicolas.
Will it work if I su into Root ?
BR, geg.

On Mon, 2 Aug 2021, 22:52 Nicolas George,  wrote:

> Greg Wooledge (12021-08-02):
> > No, that won't work.
> >
> > https://mywiki.wooledge.org/BashPitfalls#pf53
> >
> > If you want to use redirections with sudo, you either need to wrap
> > things in "sh -c" a lot, or else get a full interactive shell first
> > (sudo -s), and *then* run your commands with redirections.
>
> That! And sudo was addressed in the very first mail:
>
> "I advise it over using root privileges for the cp: you could wipe your
> install if you get the device wrong."
>
> Regards,
>
> --
>   Nicolas George
>

Re: ISO to external SSD

[Gunnar Gervin]

Dan,
40-50% of my ssd, is that correct
For i386 or amd64? If I take both
I'll still have 149gb. Interesting. I can do it, because the original need
of the ssd evaporated. Thus it's possible to try both into the old
mac(hine). But in that list you linked to, are a lot more than those two
ISO images. Would I need a virtual Pile of 1TB SSD's?
Geg

On Mon, 2 Aug 2021, 22:43 Dan Ritter,  wrote:

> Gunnar Gervin wrote:
> > Hi again.
> > This is an unusual question &/or project, maybe utterly stupid, maybe
> > temporary:
> > I bought a 1 TB external SSD (Intenso) for later commercial use -in my
> > company.
> > Meanwhile I want to use it for something else: To burn an entire Debian
> > distro on it.
> > I guess it`ll be more than enough space to let it stay afterwards. Points
> > of doing it:
> > 1. After the Big job is done, less time to lose each time a program is
> > needed.
> > 2. More security that necessary software is available, even if software
> is
> > off internet
> >
> > Any advice, suggestions, or thoughts in this matter? Is it not new at
> all,
> > just trivial?
>
> By distro, do you mean the complete package repository?
>
> https://www.debian.org/mirror/size
>
> -dsr-
>

Re: Being concise [Re: Iso to Usb]

[Gunnar Gervin]

Andy,
THX A LOT! To the point;
Booting in 32b, running 64.
Seen a lot i686, &/or 64b software in it that confused me.
Now I may have a solution.
If this old (definitely a Mac 2,1):
Ever revives from this malstrom.
It matters a bit, cos my macbook Pro won't come back in week/s.
I have a Debian admin book to read, though, while waiting. Will do better
with VM e.g Virtualbox and Debian now I know it better than most Linux
distros I tried. Stable & free r good arguments to take the pain. A strange
adm book, though, that jumps over how to use Bash and Busybox in Debian
Rescue Mode/s (Yes, there seems to be two; 1 deeper into Rescue mode >
Crisis mode (Busybox) via f12 in startup, the other at 'shallow', first
level, via choosing Rescue mode(Bash) in installer,  Maybe both are outside
Debian? Challenge to write Exactly correct /sbin etc text in Bash to be
recognised.
Now I'll get slashed, but virtual slashes can't bleed me out much
Geg

On Tue, 3 Aug 2021, 01:46 Andrew M.A. Cater,  wrote:

> On Mon, Aug 02, 2021 at 05:30:30PM -0400, Polyna-Maude Racicot-Summerside
> wrote:
> > Hi,
> > What are you asking for here ? Or trying to achieve ?
> >
> > On 2021-08-02 4:48 p.m., Gunnar Gervin wrote:
> > > I cowarded out of Terminal, or not really, cos Gnome Multiwriter did it
> > > in 5 minutes.
> > > But later I`ll try it, if 64 bit doesn`t work in this old computer that
> > > only Looks like a Mac. But is it, really? Not in my point of view; no
> > Your point of view is irrelevant unless you are having a conversation
> > with yourself.
> >
> > What make a computer a "Mac" or not a "Mac" is totally unrelated to the
> > software you run on it. No one asked you "Do you run MacOS".
> >
> > What make your computer a Mac and still a Mac, and will be a Mac, was a
> > Mac, continue to be a Mac is the plain fact that it's got produced on
> > Apple's production line and is running all the software in ROM required
> > to boot that make it a Mac. If it's not a Mac, then it's a PC and you
> > either have BIOS or UEFI, which is not the case.
> >
> > > Mac software, except some hotkey functions, a pretty good keyboard,
> > > so-and-so dvd player, & a Toshiba SSD (original or not; did SSD exist
> in
> > > 2007? Who cares? Philosophy, history, or both? What's "both"?
> > Yes SSD existed in 2007 and what's the point ?
> >
> > What's the link between SSD and what you are writing here ?
> >
> > You seem to be part of a one-man show...
> >
> > I've tried to give you a helping hand but don't seem much to get it.
> >
> > And as I've seen other have tried too.
> >
> > Linux is supported by dozen of architectures, does they all become PCs
> > because they ain't running their original operating system. No they
> > don't
> >
> > > Psychology, haha; narrative philosophical walkthroughs PC pasts?)
> > Only you seem to be making so deep heard philosophical problem with
> > plain easy question
> > > BR,
> > > geg
> >
> > --
> > Polyna-Maude R.-Summerside
> > -Be smart, Be wise, Support opensource development
> >
>
> Gunnar,
>
> You have Mac hardware from almost exactly the right vintage to use a
> specific for early Mac image. It boots in 32 bit EFI and then runs 64 bit.
>
> https://wiki.debian.org/MacMiniIntel#Macmini_2.2C1
>
> and the up to date Debian 10.10 image you need is at:
>
>
> https://cdimage.debian.org/debian-cd/current/amd64/iso-cd/debian-mac-10.10.0-amd64-netinst.iso
>
> This may solve your problems for installing on Mac hardware of that
> vintage.
> It may not solve other problems but it should, at least, get you something
> consistent. [If this image works for you, you will be one of a very few
> people running this on that particular model - an installation report
> would be very valuable.]
>
> As Polyna says - you have Apple Mac hardware. That has its own
> peculiarities.
>
> On 3G of memory in total, you may find problems in running anything
> intensive.
>
> I can only recommend Dan Ritter's advice to go away and read and to tackle
> one
> problem at a time. Allow yourself time to get one stable Debian system
> running on that hardware. 14 year old hardware is pushing the boundaries
> on reliability but, as you've seen, it is a learning experience.
>
> All best, as ever,
>
> Andy Cater
>
>

Re: Missing some RAM?

[local10]

Aug 3, 2021, 10:56 by s...@svenhartge.de:

> So in the end, we have 2812MB + 4846MB = 7658MB (approx) usable for the
> system as a whole. The Kernel and it data structures also take some of
> this, so to have ~7400MB as usable memory is not unreasonable.
>


Thanks for the explanation. 

Re: Missing some RAM?

[Sven Hartge]

local10  wrote:

>  BIOS-e820: [mem 0x-0x0009c7ff] usable
>  BIOS-e820: [mem 0x0009f800-0x0009] reserved
>  BIOS-e820: [mem 0x000f-0x000f] reserved
>  BIOS-e820: [mem 0x0010-0xafde] usable
>  BIOS-e820: [mem 0xafdf-0xafdf2fff] ACPI NVS
>  BIOS-e820: [mem 0xafdf3000-0xafdf] ACPI data
>  BIOS-e820: [mem 0xafe0-0xafef] reserved
>  BIOS-e820: [mem 0xe000-0xefff] reserved
>  BIOS-e820: [mem 0xfec0-0x] reserved
>  BIOS-e820: [mem 0x0001-0x00022fff] usable
>  e820: update [mem 0x-0x0fff] usable ==> reserved
>  e820: remove [mem 0x000a-0x000f] usable
>  e820: update [mem 0xafe0-0x] usable ==> reserved
>  e820: reserve RAM buffer [mem 0x0009c800-0x0009]
>  e820: reserve RAM buffer [mem 0xafdf-0xafff]

Let's start from the back:

>  BIOS-e820: [mem 0x0001-0x00022fff] usable

This is the memory region from 4GB to 8GB and a bit of remapped memory
(or it would have ended at 0x0001).

So we have 4GB plus 805306368 Bytes (768MN) or 4846MB beyond the 4GB
32bit area.

Then we have this big reserved area:

>  BIOS-e820: [mem 0xafdf-0xafdf2fff] ACPI NVS
>  BIOS-e820: [mem 0xafdf3000-0xafdf] ACPI data
>  BIOS-e820: [mem 0xafe0-0xafef] reserved
>  BIOS-e820: [mem 0xe000-0xefff] reserved
>  BIOS-e820: [mem 0xfec0-0x] reserved

1344339968 Bytes or (roughly) 1282MB. The PCI memory area, ACPI tables,
DMA stuff, etc. are located here. 

Some of the physical memory shadowed by this will be in the 768MB of
memory from above.

Then we have a bit of usable memory again:

>  BIOS-e820: [mem 0x0010-0xafde] usable

2949578752 Bytes or roughly 2812MB.

And the rest is reserved or will be reserved, for example the lower 1MB
for security reasons:

>  BIOS-e820: [mem 0x-0x0009c7ff] usable
>  BIOS-e820: [mem 0x0009f800-0x0009] reserved
>  BIOS-e820: [mem 0x000f-0x000f] reserved
>  e820: update [mem 0x-0x0fff] usable ==> reserved
>  e820: remove [mem 0x000a-0x000f] usable
>  e820: update [mem 0xafe0-0x] usable ==> reserved

So in the end, we have 2812MB + 4846MB = 7658MB (approx) usable for the
system as a whole. The Kernel and it data structures also take some of
this, so to have ~7400MB as usable memory is not unreasonable.

S°

-- 
Sigmentation fault. Core dumped.

Re: Missing some RAM?

[local10]

Aug 3, 2021, 10:05 by s...@svenhartge.de:

> The PCI memory area is probably to blame here. Also the kernel needs
> some memory for itself.
>
> Please reboot your system and then, as root do:
>
>  dmesg | grep "e820"
>
> and post the output. That will tell us the memory map of your system and
> which regions are used or reserved.
>


#  dmesg | grep "e820"
[    0.00] BIOS-e820: [mem 0x-0x0009c7ff] usable
[    0.00] BIOS-e820: [mem 0x0009f800-0x0009] reserved
[    0.00] BIOS-e820: [mem 0x000f-0x000f] reserved
[    0.00] BIOS-e820: [mem 0x0010-0xafde] usable
[    0.00] BIOS-e820: [mem 0xafdf-0xafdf2fff] ACPI NVS
[    0.00] BIOS-e820: [mem 0xafdf3000-0xafdf] ACPI data
[    0.00] BIOS-e820: [mem 0xafe0-0xafef] reserved
[    0.00] BIOS-e820: [mem 0xe000-0xefff] reserved
[    0.00] BIOS-e820: [mem 0xfec0-0x] reserved
[    0.00] BIOS-e820: [mem 0x0001-0x00022fff] usable
[    0.005949] e820: update [mem 0x-0x0fff] usable ==> reserved
[    0.005951] e820: remove [mem 0x000a-0x000f] usable
[    0.014336] e820: update [mem 0xafe0-0x] usable ==> reserved
[    0.221537] Aperture pointing to e820 RAM. Ignoring.
[    0.438742] e820: reserve RAM buffer [mem 0x0009c800-0x0009]
[    0.438743] e820: reserve RAM buffer [mem 0xafdf-0xafff]

Thanks,

Re: Missing some RAM?

[Sven Hartge]

local10  wrote:

> The "why 1G memory is missing?" thread got me thinking. My PC also
> seems to be missing hundreds MB of RAM and that's how it's been for
> years. I have 4*2GB RAM boards so, in theory, I should've had 8GB of
> RAM but top shows only 7472.2MiB. Even after the MiB to MB conversion
> there's still some RAM missing: 7472.2 MiB = 7835.169 MB.

> Any ideas? Any way to get it back? Thanks

The PCI memory area is probably to blame here. Also the kernel needs
some memory for itself.

Please reboot your system and then, as root do:

  dmesg | grep "e820"

and post the output. That will tell us the memory map of your system and
which regions are used or reserved.

S°

-- 
Sigmentation fault. Core dumped.

Re: listing initrd content

[David]

On Tue, 3 Aug 2021 at 02:03, David  wrote:
> On Tue, 3 Aug 2021 at 01:45, David Wright  wrote:

> As the warning says, it and /usr/bin/cryptroot-unlock will go away
> if you uninstall 'cryptsetup-initramfs', which is pulled in by 'cryptsetup',
> which describes itself as a transitional dummy package that
> can be removed. You probably only need 'cryptsetup-run' and
> 'cryptsetup-bin'. I learned this by running
>   apt show 'cryptsetup*'
> and tried it and it works fine where appropriate.

The above applies to buster. Today I see that bullseye is different.
In bullseye, the useful packages are cryptsetup, cryptsetup-bin,
and cryptsetup-initramfs. And cryptsetup-run is a dummy
package that can be removed.

Missing some RAM?

[local10]

Hi,

The "why 1G memory is missing?" thread got me thinking. My PC also seems to be 
missing hundreds MB of RAM and that's how it's been for years. I have 4*2GB RAM 
boards so, in theory, I should've had 8GB of RAM but top shows only 7472.2MiB. 
Even after the MiB to MB conversion there's still some RAM missing: 7472.2 MiB 
= 7835.169 MB.

Any ideas? Any way to get it back? Thanks


# top
...
MiB Mem :   7472.2 total,   1284.6 free,   2085.0 used,   4102.5 buff/cache
...

# echo "This is a Debian 10 Buster PC"; uname -a
This is a Debian 10 Buster PC
Linux rsvd 4.19.0-17-amd64 #1 SMP Debian 4.19.194-1 (2021-06-10) x86_64 
GNU/Linux

Re: (deb-cat) Servidor de Caliu fora de linia?

[Aniol Martí]

Hola Narcís,

On 3/8/21 10:44, Narcis Garcia wrote:

Bones, no sé si en aquest grup hi ha algú de Caliu.cat , doncs és per
avisar que el servidor on tenen allotjat el web no respon en aquest moment.

Salut.



Avui i demà el servidor estarà fora de servei per manteniment de les 
estacions transformadores del Campus Nord. Vam notificar-ho pels mitjans 
habituals (Twitter, llista de caliu-info i status.caliu.cat).


Salut!
Aniol

(deb-cat) Servidor de Caliu fora de linia?

[Narcis Garcia]

Bones, no sé si en aquest grup hi ha algú de Caliu.cat , doncs és per
avisar que el servidor on tenen allotjat el web no respon en aquest moment.

Salut.
-- 


__
I'm using this express-made address because personal addresses aren't
masked enough at this mail public archive. Public archive administrator
should fix this against automated addresses collectors.

Re: Updating kernels impossible when /boot is getting full

[Marc Shapiro]

Sorry, Stefan.  This was supposed to go to the list.


On 8/2/21 11:02 PM, Marc Shapiro wrote:

On 8/1/21 9:33 PM, Stefan Monnier wrote:

So really think hard before splitting off a filesystem outside of
volume management. I believe it is more likely to cause problems
than it is to avoid problems.

All my machines have a separate /boot partition (and everything
else in LVM).  These are all "historical accidents", because at the time
I set them up, the respective boot loader (LILO, Grub, U-Boot) didn't
know how to read LVM volumes, and I just never bothered to change.

But I fully agree with you: if your bootloader can read from LVM
(as is the case with Grub2), then you're better off without a separate
/boot partition.


 Stefan "not sure if U-Boot can read from LVM yet"



I am primarily running Devuan, these days, but I also still have 
root/boot partitions (boot is not separate from root) for Stretch and 
Buster.  My /boot directory contains 4 kernels and their associated 
files and the whole lot only takes up about 140MB. Since I use Lilo as 
my boot loader (and it can read LVM), and I don't use encryption, I 
can put everything (including root/boot) into a single LVM physical 
volume.  No hassles if I need to resize any partition, since they are 
all logical volumes in a single volume group on a single physical 
volume.  If I ever need more total space, which I find unlikely, I can 
add additional disks to the PV and then add space to any LVs as needed.


Marc