Re: [PATCH v2] ARM/arm64: KVM: test properly for a PTE's uncachedness

[Ard Biesheuvel]

(adding lists)

On 10 November 2015 at 10:45, Ard Biesheuvel  wrote:
> Hi all,
>
> I wonder if this is a better way to address the problem. It looks at
> the nature of the memory rather than the nature of the mapping, which
> is probably a more reliable indicator of whether cache maintenance is
> required when performing the unmap.
>
>
> ---8<
> The open coded tests for checking whether a PTE maps a page as
> uncached use a flawed 'pte_val(xxx) & CONST != CONST' pattern,
> which is not guaranteed to work since the type of a mapping is
> not a set of mutually exclusive bits
>
> For HYP mappings, the type is an index into the MAIR table (i.e, the
> index itself does not contain any information whatsoever about the
> type of the mapping), and for stage-2 mappings it is a bit field where
> normal memory and device types are defined as follows:
>
> #define MT_S2_NORMAL0xf
> #define MT_S2_DEVICE_nGnRE  0x1
>
> I.e., masking *and* comparing with the latter matches on the former,
> and we have been getting lucky merely because the S2 device mappings
> also have the PTE_UXN bit set, or we would misidentify memory mappings
> as device mappings.
>
> Since the unmap_range() code path (which contains one instance of the
> flawed test) is used both for HYP mappings and stage-2 mappings, and
> considering the difference between the two, it is non-trivial to fix
> this by rewriting the tests in place, as it would involve passing
> down the type of mapping through all the functions.
>
> However, since HYP mappings and stage-2 mappings both deal with host
> physical addresses, we can simply check whether the mapping is backed
> by memory that is managed by the host kernel, and only perform the
> D-cache maintenance if this is the case.
>
> Signed-off-by: Ard Biesheuvel 
> ---
>  arch/arm/kvm/mmu.c | 15 +++
>  1 file changed, 7 insertions(+), 8 deletions(-)
>
> diff --git a/arch/arm/kvm/mmu.c b/arch/arm/kvm/mmu.c
> index 6984342da13d..7dace909d5cf 100644
> --- a/arch/arm/kvm/mmu.c
> +++ b/arch/arm/kvm/mmu.c
> @@ -98,6 +98,11 @@ static void kvm_flush_dcache_pud(pud_t pud)
> __kvm_flush_dcache_pud(pud);
>  }
>
> +static bool kvm_is_device_pfn(unsigned long pfn)
> +{
> +   return !pfn_valid(pfn);
> +}
> +
>  /**
>   * stage2_dissolve_pmd() - clear and flush huge PMD entry
>   * @kvm:   pointer to kvm structure.
> @@ -213,7 +218,7 @@ static void unmap_ptes(struct kvm *kvm, pmd_t *pmd,
> kvm_tlb_flush_vmid_ipa(kvm, addr);
>
> /* No need to invalidate the cache for device 
> mappings */
> -   if ((pte_val(old_pte) & PAGE_S2_DEVICE) != 
> PAGE_S2_DEVICE)
> +   if (!kvm_is_device_pfn(__phys_to_pfn(addr)))
> kvm_flush_dcache_pte(old_pte);
>
> put_page(virt_to_page(pte));
> @@ -305,8 +310,7 @@ static void stage2_flush_ptes(struct kvm *kvm, pmd_t *pmd,
>
> pte = pte_offset_kernel(pmd, addr);
> do {
> -   if (!pte_none(*pte) &&
> -   (pte_val(*pte) & PAGE_S2_DEVICE) != PAGE_S2_DEVICE)
> +   if (!pte_none(*pte) && 
> !kvm_is_device_pfn(__phys_to_pfn(addr)))
> kvm_flush_dcache_pte(*pte);
> } while (pte++, addr += PAGE_SIZE, addr != end);
>  }
> @@ -1037,11 +1041,6 @@ static bool kvm_is_write_fault(struct kvm_vcpu *vcpu)
> return kvm_vcpu_dabt_iswrite(vcpu);
>  }
>
> -static bool kvm_is_device_pfn(unsigned long pfn)
> -{
> -   return !pfn_valid(pfn);
> -}
> -
>  /**
>   * stage2_wp_ptes - write protect PMD range
>   * @pmd:   pointer to pmd entry
> --
> 1.9.1
>
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RE: [PATCH v2] ARM/arm64: KVM: test properly for a PTE's uncachedness

[Pavel Fedin]

 Hello!

 Tested-by: Pavel Fedin <p.fe...@samsung.com>

 Personally i have a small concern about this way of testing. I know many ports 
of the kernel to proprietary systems, and they tend to have drivers which just 
deal with hardcoded physical memory regions on their own, without even 
registering them in the kernel.
 OTOH:
 1. KVM is not meant to be hacked this way as far as i can understand.
 2. Maintainers, i believe, would say: "Then all problems are problems of 
authors of those ports".
 3. Actually, this does not invent anything new, but reuses the approach being 
already used in other parts of the code. And this part is what personally i 
like.

Kind regards,
Pavel Fedin
Expert Engineer
Samsung Electronics Research center Russia

> -Original Message-
> From: Ard Biesheuvel [mailto:ard.biesheu...@linaro.org]
> Sent: Tuesday, November 10, 2015 12:48 PM
> To: Christoffer Dall; Marc Zyngier; KVM devel mailing list; 
> kvm...@lists.cs.columbia.edu
> Cc: p.fe...@samsung.com; Ard Biesheuvel
> Subject: Re: [PATCH v2] ARM/arm64: KVM: test properly for a PTE's uncachedness
> 
> (adding lists)
> 
> On 10 November 2015 at 10:45, Ard Biesheuvel <ard.biesheu...@linaro.org> 
> wrote:
> > Hi all,
> >
> > I wonder if this is a better way to address the problem. It looks at
> > the nature of the memory rather than the nature of the mapping, which
> > is probably a more reliable indicator of whether cache maintenance is
> > required when performing the unmap.
> >
> >
> > ---8<
> > The open coded tests for checking whether a PTE maps a page as
> > uncached use a flawed 'pte_val(xxx) & CONST != CONST' pattern,
> > which is not guaranteed to work since the type of a mapping is
> > not a set of mutually exclusive bits
> >
> > For HYP mappings, the type is an index into the MAIR table (i.e, the
> > index itself does not contain any information whatsoever about the
> > type of the mapping), and for stage-2 mappings it is a bit field where
> > normal memory and device types are defined as follows:
> >
> > #define MT_S2_NORMAL0xf
> > #define MT_S2_DEVICE_nGnRE  0x1
> >
> > I.e., masking *and* comparing with the latter matches on the former,
> > and we have been getting lucky merely because the S2 device mappings
> > also have the PTE_UXN bit set, or we would misidentify memory mappings
> > as device mappings.
> >
> > Since the unmap_range() code path (which contains one instance of the
> > flawed test) is used both for HYP mappings and stage-2 mappings, and
> > considering the difference between the two, it is non-trivial to fix
> > this by rewriting the tests in place, as it would involve passing
> > down the type of mapping through all the functions.
> >
> > However, since HYP mappings and stage-2 mappings both deal with host
> > physical addresses, we can simply check whether the mapping is backed
> > by memory that is managed by the host kernel, and only perform the
> > D-cache maintenance if this is the case.
> >
> > Signed-off-by: Ard Biesheuvel <ard.biesheu...@linaro.org>
> > ---
> >  arch/arm/kvm/mmu.c | 15 +++
> >  1 file changed, 7 insertions(+), 8 deletions(-)
> >
> > diff --git a/arch/arm/kvm/mmu.c b/arch/arm/kvm/mmu.c
> > index 6984342da13d..7dace909d5cf 100644
> > --- a/arch/arm/kvm/mmu.c
> > +++ b/arch/arm/kvm/mmu.c
> > @@ -98,6 +98,11 @@ static void kvm_flush_dcache_pud(pud_t pud)
> > __kvm_flush_dcache_pud(pud);
> >  }
> >
> > +static bool kvm_is_device_pfn(unsigned long pfn)
> > +{
> > +   return !pfn_valid(pfn);
> > +}
> > +
> >  /**
> >   * stage2_dissolve_pmd() - clear and flush huge PMD entry
> >   * @kvm:   pointer to kvm structure.
> > @@ -213,7 +218,7 @@ static void unmap_ptes(struct kvm *kvm, pmd_t *pmd,
> > kvm_tlb_flush_vmid_ipa(kvm, addr);
> >
> > /* No need to invalidate the cache for device 
> > mappings */
> > -   if ((pte_val(old_pte) & PAGE_S2_DEVICE) != 
> > PAGE_S2_DEVICE)
> > +   if (!kvm_is_device_pfn(__phys_to_pfn(addr)))
> > kvm_flush_dcache_pte(old_pte);
> >
> > put_page(virt_to_page(pte));
> > @@ -305,8 +310,7 @@ static void stage2_flush_ptes(struct kvm *kvm, pmd_t 
> > *pmd,
> >
> > pte = pte_offset_kernel(pmd, addr);
> > do {
> > -   if (!pte_none(*pte) &&
> > -   (pte_val(

Re: [PATCH v2] ARM/arm64: KVM: test properly for a PTE's uncachedness

[Ard Biesheuvel]

On 10 November 2015 at 13:22, Christoffer Dall
 wrote:
> On Tue, Nov 10, 2015 at 10:45:37AM +0100, Ard Biesheuvel wrote:
>> Hi all,
>>
>> I wonder if this is a better way to address the problem. It looks at
>> the nature of the memory rather than the nature of the mapping, which
>> is probably a more reliable indicator of whether cache maintenance is
>> required when performing the unmap.
>>
>>
>> ---8<
>> The open coded tests for checking whether a PTE maps a page as
>> uncached use a flawed 'pte_val(xxx) & CONST != CONST' pattern,
>> which is not guaranteed to work since the type of a mapping is
>> not a set of mutually exclusive bits
>>
>> For HYP mappings, the type is an index into the MAIR table (i.e, the
>> index itself does not contain any information whatsoever about the
>> type of the mapping), and for stage-2 mappings it is a bit field where
>> normal memory and device types are defined as follows:
>>
>> #define MT_S2_NORMAL0xf
>> #define MT_S2_DEVICE_nGnRE  0x1
>>
>> I.e., masking *and* comparing with the latter matches on the former,
>> and we have been getting lucky merely because the S2 device mappings
>> also have the PTE_UXN bit set, or we would misidentify memory mappings
>> as device mappings.
>>
>> Since the unmap_range() code path (which contains one instance of the
>> flawed test) is used both for HYP mappings and stage-2 mappings, and
>> considering the difference between the two, it is non-trivial to fix
>> this by rewriting the tests in place, as it would involve passing
>> down the type of mapping through all the functions.
>>
>> However, since HYP mappings and stage-2 mappings both deal with host
>> physical addresses, we can simply check whether the mapping is backed
>> by memory that is managed by the host kernel, and only perform the
>> D-cache maintenance if this is the case.
>>
>> Signed-off-by: Ard Biesheuvel 
>> ---
>>  arch/arm/kvm/mmu.c | 15 +++
>>  1 file changed, 7 insertions(+), 8 deletions(-)
>>
>> diff --git a/arch/arm/kvm/mmu.c b/arch/arm/kvm/mmu.c
>> index 6984342da13d..7dace909d5cf 100644
>> --- a/arch/arm/kvm/mmu.c
>> +++ b/arch/arm/kvm/mmu.c
>> @@ -98,6 +98,11 @@ static void kvm_flush_dcache_pud(pud_t pud)
>>   __kvm_flush_dcache_pud(pud);
>>  }
>>
>> +static bool kvm_is_device_pfn(unsigned long pfn)
>> +{
>> + return !pfn_valid(pfn);
>> +}
>> +
>>  /**
>>   * stage2_dissolve_pmd() - clear and flush huge PMD entry
>>   * @kvm: pointer to kvm structure.
>> @@ -213,7 +218,7 @@ static void unmap_ptes(struct kvm *kvm, pmd_t *pmd,
>>   kvm_tlb_flush_vmid_ipa(kvm, addr);
>>
>>   /* No need to invalidate the cache for device mappings 
>> */
>> - if ((pte_val(old_pte) & PAGE_S2_DEVICE) != 
>> PAGE_S2_DEVICE)
>> + if (!kvm_is_device_pfn(__phys_to_pfn(addr)))
>>   kvm_flush_dcache_pte(old_pte);
>>
>>   put_page(virt_to_page(pte));
>> @@ -305,8 +310,7 @@ static void stage2_flush_ptes(struct kvm *kvm, pmd_t 
>> *pmd,
>>
>>   pte = pte_offset_kernel(pmd, addr);
>>   do {
>> - if (!pte_none(*pte) &&
>> - (pte_val(*pte) & PAGE_S2_DEVICE) != PAGE_S2_DEVICE)
>> + if (!pte_none(*pte) && !kvm_is_device_pfn(__phys_to_pfn(addr)))
>>   kvm_flush_dcache_pte(*pte);
>>   } while (pte++, addr += PAGE_SIZE, addr != end);
>>  }
>> @@ -1037,11 +1041,6 @@ static bool kvm_is_write_fault(struct kvm_vcpu *vcpu)
>>   return kvm_vcpu_dabt_iswrite(vcpu);
>>  }
>>
>> -static bool kvm_is_device_pfn(unsigned long pfn)
>> -{
>> - return !pfn_valid(pfn);
>> -}
>> -
>>  /**
>>   * stage2_wp_ptes - write protect PMD range
>>   * @pmd: pointer to pmd entry
>> --
>> 1.9.1
>>
>
> So PAGE_HYP_DEVICE is used only to map the vgic-v2 regions and
> PAGE_S2_DEVICE is used to map the vgic VCPU interface and for all memory
> regions where the vma has (vm_flags & VM_PFNMAP).
>
> Will these, and only these, cases be covered by the pfn_valid check?
>

The pfn_valid() check will ensure that cache maintenance is only
performed on regions that are known to the host as memory, are managed
by the host (i.e., there is a struct page associated with them) and
will be accessed by the host via cacheable mappings (they are covered
by the linear mapping, or [on ARM] will be kmap'ed cacheable if they
are highmem). If you look at the commit that introduced these tests
(363ef89f8e9b arm/arm64: KVM: Invalidate data cache on unmap), the
concern it addresses is that the guest may perform uncached accesses
to regions that the host has mapped cacheable, meaning guest writes
may be shadowed by clean cachelines, making them invisble to cache
coherent I/O. So afaict, pfn_valid() is an appropriate check here.

pfn_valid() will not misidentify device regions as memory (unless the
host is really broken) so 

Re: [PATCH v2] ARM/arm64: KVM: test properly for a PTE's uncachedness

[Christoffer Dall]

On Tue, Nov 10, 2015 at 02:15:45PM +0100, Ard Biesheuvel wrote:
> On 10 November 2015 at 13:22, Christoffer Dall
>  wrote:
> > On Tue, Nov 10, 2015 at 10:45:37AM +0100, Ard Biesheuvel wrote:
> >> Hi all,
> >>
> >> I wonder if this is a better way to address the problem. It looks at
> >> the nature of the memory rather than the nature of the mapping, which
> >> is probably a more reliable indicator of whether cache maintenance is
> >> required when performing the unmap.
> >>
> >>
> >> ---8<
> >> The open coded tests for checking whether a PTE maps a page as
> >> uncached use a flawed 'pte_val(xxx) & CONST != CONST' pattern,
> >> which is not guaranteed to work since the type of a mapping is
> >> not a set of mutually exclusive bits
> >>
> >> For HYP mappings, the type is an index into the MAIR table (i.e, the
> >> index itself does not contain any information whatsoever about the
> >> type of the mapping), and for stage-2 mappings it is a bit field where
> >> normal memory and device types are defined as follows:
> >>
> >> #define MT_S2_NORMAL0xf
> >> #define MT_S2_DEVICE_nGnRE  0x1
> >>
> >> I.e., masking *and* comparing with the latter matches on the former,
> >> and we have been getting lucky merely because the S2 device mappings
> >> also have the PTE_UXN bit set, or we would misidentify memory mappings
> >> as device mappings.
> >>
> >> Since the unmap_range() code path (which contains one instance of the
> >> flawed test) is used both for HYP mappings and stage-2 mappings, and
> >> considering the difference between the two, it is non-trivial to fix
> >> this by rewriting the tests in place, as it would involve passing
> >> down the type of mapping through all the functions.
> >>
> >> However, since HYP mappings and stage-2 mappings both deal with host
> >> physical addresses, we can simply check whether the mapping is backed
> >> by memory that is managed by the host kernel, and only perform the
> >> D-cache maintenance if this is the case.
> >>
> >> Signed-off-by: Ard Biesheuvel 
> >> ---
> >>  arch/arm/kvm/mmu.c | 15 +++
> >>  1 file changed, 7 insertions(+), 8 deletions(-)
> >>
> >> diff --git a/arch/arm/kvm/mmu.c b/arch/arm/kvm/mmu.c
> >> index 6984342da13d..7dace909d5cf 100644
> >> --- a/arch/arm/kvm/mmu.c
> >> +++ b/arch/arm/kvm/mmu.c
> >> @@ -98,6 +98,11 @@ static void kvm_flush_dcache_pud(pud_t pud)
> >>   __kvm_flush_dcache_pud(pud);
> >>  }
> >>
> >> +static bool kvm_is_device_pfn(unsigned long pfn)
> >> +{
> >> + return !pfn_valid(pfn);
> >> +}
> >> +
> >>  /**
> >>   * stage2_dissolve_pmd() - clear and flush huge PMD entry
> >>   * @kvm: pointer to kvm structure.
> >> @@ -213,7 +218,7 @@ static void unmap_ptes(struct kvm *kvm, pmd_t *pmd,
> >>   kvm_tlb_flush_vmid_ipa(kvm, addr);
> >>
> >>   /* No need to invalidate the cache for device 
> >> mappings */
> >> - if ((pte_val(old_pte) & PAGE_S2_DEVICE) != 
> >> PAGE_S2_DEVICE)
> >> + if (!kvm_is_device_pfn(__phys_to_pfn(addr)))
> >>   kvm_flush_dcache_pte(old_pte);
> >>
> >>   put_page(virt_to_page(pte));
> >> @@ -305,8 +310,7 @@ static void stage2_flush_ptes(struct kvm *kvm, pmd_t 
> >> *pmd,
> >>
> >>   pte = pte_offset_kernel(pmd, addr);
> >>   do {
> >> - if (!pte_none(*pte) &&
> >> - (pte_val(*pte) & PAGE_S2_DEVICE) != PAGE_S2_DEVICE)
> >> + if (!pte_none(*pte) && 
> >> !kvm_is_device_pfn(__phys_to_pfn(addr)))
> >>   kvm_flush_dcache_pte(*pte);
> >>   } while (pte++, addr += PAGE_SIZE, addr != end);
> >>  }
> >> @@ -1037,11 +1041,6 @@ static bool kvm_is_write_fault(struct kvm_vcpu 
> >> *vcpu)
> >>   return kvm_vcpu_dabt_iswrite(vcpu);
> >>  }
> >>
> >> -static bool kvm_is_device_pfn(unsigned long pfn)
> >> -{
> >> - return !pfn_valid(pfn);
> >> -}
> >> -
> >>  /**
> >>   * stage2_wp_ptes - write protect PMD range
> >>   * @pmd: pointer to pmd entry
> >> --
> >> 1.9.1
> >>
> >
> > So PAGE_HYP_DEVICE is used only to map the vgic-v2 regions and
> > PAGE_S2_DEVICE is used to map the vgic VCPU interface and for all memory
> > regions where the vma has (vm_flags & VM_PFNMAP).
> >
> > Will these, and only these, cases be covered by the pfn_valid check?
> >
> 
> The pfn_valid() check will ensure that cache maintenance is only
> performed on regions that are known to the host as memory, are managed
> by the host (i.e., there is a struct page associated with them) and
> will be accessed by the host via cacheable mappings (they are covered
> by the linear mapping, or [on ARM] will be kmap'ed cacheable if they
> are highmem). If you look at the commit that introduced these tests
> (363ef89f8e9b arm/arm64: KVM: Invalidate data cache on unmap), the
> concern it addresses is that the guest may perform uncached 

Re: [PATCH v2] ARM/arm64: KVM: test properly for a PTE's uncachedness

[Ard Biesheuvel]

On 10 November 2015 at 14:40, Christoffer Dall
 wrote:
> On Tue, Nov 10, 2015 at 02:15:45PM +0100, Ard Biesheuvel wrote:
>> On 10 November 2015 at 13:22, Christoffer Dall
>>  wrote:
>> > On Tue, Nov 10, 2015 at 10:45:37AM +0100, Ard Biesheuvel wrote:
>> >> Hi all,
>> >>
>> >> I wonder if this is a better way to address the problem. It looks at
>> >> the nature of the memory rather than the nature of the mapping, which
>> >> is probably a more reliable indicator of whether cache maintenance is
>> >> required when performing the unmap.
>> >>
>> >>
>> >> ---8<
>> >> The open coded tests for checking whether a PTE maps a page as
>> >> uncached use a flawed 'pte_val(xxx) & CONST != CONST' pattern,
>> >> which is not guaranteed to work since the type of a mapping is
>> >> not a set of mutually exclusive bits
>> >>
>> >> For HYP mappings, the type is an index into the MAIR table (i.e, the
>> >> index itself does not contain any information whatsoever about the
>> >> type of the mapping), and for stage-2 mappings it is a bit field where
>> >> normal memory and device types are defined as follows:
>> >>
>> >> #define MT_S2_NORMAL0xf
>> >> #define MT_S2_DEVICE_nGnRE  0x1
>> >>
>> >> I.e., masking *and* comparing with the latter matches on the former,
>> >> and we have been getting lucky merely because the S2 device mappings
>> >> also have the PTE_UXN bit set, or we would misidentify memory mappings
>> >> as device mappings.
>> >>
>> >> Since the unmap_range() code path (which contains one instance of the
>> >> flawed test) is used both for HYP mappings and stage-2 mappings, and
>> >> considering the difference between the two, it is non-trivial to fix
>> >> this by rewriting the tests in place, as it would involve passing
>> >> down the type of mapping through all the functions.
>> >>
>> >> However, since HYP mappings and stage-2 mappings both deal with host
>> >> physical addresses, we can simply check whether the mapping is backed
>> >> by memory that is managed by the host kernel, and only perform the
>> >> D-cache maintenance if this is the case.
>> >>
>> >> Signed-off-by: Ard Biesheuvel 
>> >> ---
>> >>  arch/arm/kvm/mmu.c | 15 +++
>> >>  1 file changed, 7 insertions(+), 8 deletions(-)
>> >>
>> >> diff --git a/arch/arm/kvm/mmu.c b/arch/arm/kvm/mmu.c
>> >> index 6984342da13d..7dace909d5cf 100644
>> >> --- a/arch/arm/kvm/mmu.c
>> >> +++ b/arch/arm/kvm/mmu.c
>> >> @@ -98,6 +98,11 @@ static void kvm_flush_dcache_pud(pud_t pud)
>> >>   __kvm_flush_dcache_pud(pud);
>> >>  }
>> >>
>> >> +static bool kvm_is_device_pfn(unsigned long pfn)
>> >> +{
>> >> + return !pfn_valid(pfn);
>> >> +}
>> >> +
>> >>  /**
>> >>   * stage2_dissolve_pmd() - clear and flush huge PMD entry
>> >>   * @kvm: pointer to kvm structure.
>> >> @@ -213,7 +218,7 @@ static void unmap_ptes(struct kvm *kvm, pmd_t *pmd,
>> >>   kvm_tlb_flush_vmid_ipa(kvm, addr);
>> >>
>> >>   /* No need to invalidate the cache for device 
>> >> mappings */
>> >> - if ((pte_val(old_pte) & PAGE_S2_DEVICE) != 
>> >> PAGE_S2_DEVICE)
>> >> + if (!kvm_is_device_pfn(__phys_to_pfn(addr)))
>> >>   kvm_flush_dcache_pte(old_pte);
>> >>
>> >>   put_page(virt_to_page(pte));
>> >> @@ -305,8 +310,7 @@ static void stage2_flush_ptes(struct kvm *kvm, pmd_t 
>> >> *pmd,
>> >>
>> >>   pte = pte_offset_kernel(pmd, addr);
>> >>   do {
>> >> - if (!pte_none(*pte) &&
>> >> - (pte_val(*pte) & PAGE_S2_DEVICE) != PAGE_S2_DEVICE)
>> >> + if (!pte_none(*pte) && 
>> >> !kvm_is_device_pfn(__phys_to_pfn(addr)))
>> >>   kvm_flush_dcache_pte(*pte);
>> >>   } while (pte++, addr += PAGE_SIZE, addr != end);
>> >>  }
>> >> @@ -1037,11 +1041,6 @@ static bool kvm_is_write_fault(struct kvm_vcpu 
>> >> *vcpu)
>> >>   return kvm_vcpu_dabt_iswrite(vcpu);
>> >>  }
>> >>
>> >> -static bool kvm_is_device_pfn(unsigned long pfn)
>> >> -{
>> >> - return !pfn_valid(pfn);
>> >> -}
>> >> -
>> >>  /**
>> >>   * stage2_wp_ptes - write protect PMD range
>> >>   * @pmd: pointer to pmd entry
>> >> --
>> >> 1.9.1
>> >>
>> >
>> > So PAGE_HYP_DEVICE is used only to map the vgic-v2 regions and
>> > PAGE_S2_DEVICE is used to map the vgic VCPU interface and for all memory
>> > regions where the vma has (vm_flags & VM_PFNMAP).
>> >
>> > Will these, and only these, cases be covered by the pfn_valid check?
>> >
>>
>> The pfn_valid() check will ensure that cache maintenance is only
>> performed on regions that are known to the host as memory, are managed
>> by the host (i.e., there is a struct page associated with them) and
>> will be accessed by the host via cacheable mappings (they are covered
>> by the linear mapping, or [on ARM] will be kmap'ed cacheable if they
>> are