[MARMAM] New paper: right whale foraging energetics

[Julie van der Hoop]

My co-authors and I are pleased to share our new paper out in Functional 
Ecology: 

Foraging rates of ram‐filtering North Atlantic right whales

Julie M. van der Hoop  Anna E. Nousek‐McGregor  Douglas P. Nowacek  Susan E. 
Parks  Peter Tyack  Peter Teglberg Madsen
https://doi.org/10./1365-2435.13357 
<https://besjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10./1365-2435.13357#.XP5hWo_Mips.twitter>

Abstract (French abstract available on web)
• North Atlantic right whales spend their summer months foraging 
primarily in American and Canadian Atlantic waters on high‐energy‐density prey. 
Here, they rapidly accumulate and store energy obtained within a few months to 
support future migrations and reproduction while fasting. High drag from their 
ram‐filter foraging strategy places a limit on what prey densities will be 
energetically efficient to target.
• Our understanding of the volume of prey‐laden water filtered by right 
whales during a dive or foraging bout, and what information they use to decide 
to forage or not, has been limited by the difficulties of measuring when they 
feed at depth, how fast they swim during continuous ram filtration and how 
often they might swallow accumulated prey.
• We used 10 DTAG deployments from right whales in the Bay of Fundy, 
Canada, to quantify swimming speeds and estimate the volume of prey‐laden water 
filtered per dive. We used the tag's inertial sensors to evaluate the timing of 
frequent biomechanical changes that likely indicate the truncation of 
continuous filtration, and whether the number or timing of these fluking bouts 
relates to longer feeding dives or other foraging decisions.
• During foraging dives, right whales descended at 1.4 (±0.2 SD) m/s 
and slowed to swim at 1.1 (±0.3) m/s while filtering. We found consistent 
pauses in the fluking behaviour of foraging right whales, every 56 (±22) s. 
Whales filtered on average 78 (±30) m3 of water per fluking bout and on average 
673 (±201) m3 per dive.
• Right whales filter large volumes of water at low speeds with a high 
duty cycle, but require sufficiently high prey energy densities to compensate 
for a high‐drag foraging strategy. Closely related bowhead whales have a larger 
gape but swim more slowly, filtering greater volumes with lower drag. Our 
findings highlight that right whales acquire their energy in a relatively short 
period of intense foraging; even moderate changes in their feeding behaviour or 
their prey energy density are likely to negatively impact their yearly energy 
budgets and therefore reduce fitness substantially.


A plain language summary can be found here 
<https://besjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/action/downloadSupplement?doi=10./1365-2435.13357=fec13357-sup-0001-Summary.pdf>.
 Don’t hesitate to reach out for a pdf of the paper if needed. 

Best,

Julie
----------
Julie van der Hoop
Marie Skłodowska-Curie Research Fellow
Aarhus University, Aarhus DK
www.marinebioacoustics.com



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[MARMAM] New paper on biologging tag drag

[Julie van der Hoop]

My coauthors and I are excited to let you know of our new paper in Marine 
Mammal Science: 

Simulated and experimental estimates of hydrodynamic drag from bio‐logging tags
Ding Zhang,  Julie van der Hoop,  Victor Petrov,  Julie Rocho‐Levine,  Michael 
J. Moore,  K. Alex Shorter   https://doi.org/10./mms.12627 
<https://doi.org/10./mms.12627>


Abstract:

Drag force acting on swimming marine mammals is difficult to measure directly. 
Researchers often use simple modeling and kinematic measurements from animals, 
or computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations to estimate drag. However, 
studies that compare these methods are lacking. Here, computational simulation 
and physical experiments were used to estimate drag forces on gliding 
bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus). To facilitate comparison, variable 
drag loading (no‐tag, tag, tag + 4, tag + 8) was used to increase force in both 
simulations and experiments. During the experiments, two dolphins were trained 
to perform controlled glides with variable loading. CFD simulations of 
dolphin/tag geometry in steady flow (1–6 m/s) were used to model drag forces. 
We expect both techniques will capture relative changes created by experimental 
conditions, but absolute forces predicted by the methods will differ. CFD 
estimates were within a calculated 90% confidence interval of the experimental 
results for all but the tag condition. Relative drag increase predicted by the 
simulation vs. experiment, respectively, differed by between 21% and 31%: tag, 
4% vs. 33%; tag + 4, 47% vs. 68%; and tag + 8, 108% vs. 77%. The results from 
this work provide a direct comparison of computational and experimental 
estimates of drag, and provide a framework to quantify uncertainty.

Don’t hesitate to reach out for a PDF if you don’t have access through the 
Society. 

Best,

Julie van der Hoop

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[MARMAM] New paper on tag and drag effects

[Julie van der Hoop]

Dear all,

My colleagues and I are pleased to announce a new publication on the effects of 
drag loading, e.g. from biologging tags, on marine mammals: 

Swimming energy economy in bottlenose dolphins under variable drag loading. 
van der Hoop, J.M., Fahlman, A., Shorter, K.A., Gabaldon, J., Rocho-Levine, J., 
Petrov, V., and Moore, M.J. 2018. Frontiers in Marine Science 5:465. 
doi:10.3389/fmars.2018.00465.

The publication is available open access to all:
https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmars.2018.00465/full 
<https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmars.2018.00465/full>

Abstract: 
Instrumenting animals with tags contributes additional resistive forces 
(weight, buoyancy, lift, and drag) that may result in increased energetic 
costs; however, additional metabolic expense can be moderated by adjusting 
behavior to maintain power output. We sought to increase hydrodynamic drag for 
near-surface swimming bottlenose dolphins, to investigate the metabolic effect 
of instrumentation. In this experiment, we investigate whether (1) metabolic 
rate increases systematically with hydrodynamic drag loading from tags of 
different sizes or (2) whether tagged individuals modulate speed, swimming 
distance, and/or fluking motions under increased drag loading. We detected no 
significant difference in oxygen consumption rates when four male dolphins 
performed a repeated swimming task, but measured swimming speeds that were 34% 
(>1 m s-1) slower in the highest drag condition. To further investigate this 
observed response, we incrementally decreased and then increased drag in six 
loading conditions. When drag was reduced, dolphins increased swimming speed 
(+1.4 m s-1; +45%) and fluking frequency (+0.28 Hz; +16%). As drag was 
increased, swimming speed (-0.96 m s-1; -23%) and fluking frequency (-0.14 Hz; 
7%) decreased again. Results from computational fluid dynamics simulations 
indicate that the experimentally observed changes in swimming speed would have 
maintained the level of external drag forces experienced by the animals. 
Together, these results indicate that dolphins may adjust swimming speed to 
modulate the drag force opposing their motion during swimming, adapting their 
behavior to maintain a level of energy economy during locomotion.

Summary Statement: Biologging and tracking tags add drag to study subjects. 
When wearing tags of different sizes, dolphins changed their swimming paths, 
speed, and movements to modulate power output and energy consumption.


All the best in 2019,

Julie
------
Julie van der Hoop, PhD
Marie Skłodowska-Curie Research Fellow
Aarhus University, Aarhus DK
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[MARMAM] New paper: Drag from entangling fishing gear

[Julie van der Hoop]

We are pleased to announce a new publication online in Marine Mammal Science:

van der Hoop, J. M., Corkeron, P., Kenney, J., Landry, S., Morin, D., Smith, J. 
and Moore, M. J. (2015), Drag from fishing gear entangling North Atlantic right 
whales. Marine Mammal Science. doi: 10./mms.12292

The paper is available online: 
http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10./mms.12292/abstract
 A press release 
can be found here 
. 

Please contact me if you do not otherwise have access to the pdf: 
jvanderh...@whoi.edu 


Abstract:
Lethal and sublethal fishing gear entanglement is pervasive in North Atlantic 
right whales (Eubalaena glacialis). Entanglement can lead to direct injury and 
is likely to incur substantial energetic costs. This study (1) evaluates drag 
characteristics of entangled right whales, (2) contextualizes gear drag 
measurements for individual whales, and (3) quantifies the benefits of partial 
disentanglement. A load cell measured drag forces on 15 sets of fishing gear 
removed from entangled right whales, a towed satellite telemetry buoy, and 200 
m of polypropylene line as it was shortened to 25 m, as they were towed behind 
a vessel at ~0.77, 1.3, and 2.1 m/s (~1.5, 2.5, and 4 knots) and ~0, 3, and 6 m 
depth. Mean drag ranges from 8.5 N to 315 N, and can be predicted from the dry 
weight or length of the gear. Combining gear drag measurements with theoretical 
estimates of drag on whales’ bodies suggests that on average, entanglement 
increases drag and propulsive power by 1.47 fold. Reducing trailing line length 
by 75% can reduce parasitic gear drag by 85%, reinforcing current 
disentanglement response practices. These drag measurement can be incorporated 
into disentanglement response, serious injury determination, and evaluation of 
sublethal effects on population dynamics.

Lethal and sublethal fishing gear entanglement is pervasive in North 
Atlanticright whales (Eubalaena glacialis). Entanglement can lead to direct 
injury and islikely to incur substantial energetic costs. This study (1) 
evaluates drag characteris-tics of entangled right whales, (2) contextualizes 
gear drag measurements for indi-vidual whales, and (3) quantifies the benefits of 
partial disentanglement. A load cellmeasured drag forces on 15 sets of fishing 
gear removed from entangled right whales,a towed satellite telemetry buoy, and 
200 m of polypropylene line as it was short-ened to 25 m, as they were towed 
behind a vessel at ~0.77, 1.3, and 2.1 m/s (~1.5,2.5,and4knots)and~0, 3, and 6 
m depth. Mean drag ranges from 8.5 N to 315N, and can be predicted from the dry 
weight or length of the gear. Combining geardrag measurements with theoretical 
estimates of drag on whales’ bodies suggeststhat on average, entanglement 
increases drag and propulsive power by 1.47 fold.Reducing trailing line length 
by 75% can reduce parasitic gear drag by 85%, rein-forcing current 
disentanglement response practices. These drag measurements can beincorporated 
into disentanglement response, serious injury determination, and evalu-ation of 
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[MARMAM] Paper in Print: Vessel strike mortalities to large whales

[Julie van der Hoop]

We are pleased to announce the following paper has now been published 
*in print*, and *online open access* 
http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10./conl.12105/abstract in 
Conservation Letters. This paper is relevant to the *new proposed 
critical habitat to North Atlantic right whales in US waters* 
http://www.greateratlantic.fisheries.noaa.gov/stories/2015/february/RightWhaleCriticalHabitat.html. 



van der Hoop, J. M., Vanderlaan, A. S. M., Cole, T. V. N., Henry, A. G., 
Hall, L., Mase-Guthrie, B., Wimmer, T. and Moore, M. J. (2015), Vessel 
Strikes to Large Whales Before and After the 2008 Ship Strike Rule. 
Conservation Letters, 8: 24--32. doi: 10./conl.12105


http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10./conl.12105/abstract

To determine effectiveness of Seasonal Management Areas (SMAs), 
introduced in 2008 on the U.S. East Coast to reduce lethal vessel 
strikes to North Atlantic right whales, we analyzed observed large whale 
mortality events from 1990--2012 in the geographic region of the Ship 
Strike Rule to identify changes in frequency, spatial distribution, and 
spatiotemporal interaction since implementation. Though not directly 
coincident with SMA implementation, right whale vessel-strike 
mortalities significantly declined from 2.0 (2000--2006) to 0.33 per 
year (2007--2012). Large whale vessel-strike mortalities have decreased 
inside active SMAs, and increased outside inactive SMAs. We detected no 
significant spatiotemporal interaction in the 4-year pre- or post-Rule 
periods, although a longer time series is needed to detect these 
changes. As designed, SMAs encompass only 36% of historical right whale 
vessel-strike mortalities, and 32% are outside managed space but within 
managed timeframes. We suggest increasing spatial coverage to improve 
the Rule's effectiveness.


--
Julie van der Hoop
PhD Candidate
MIT-WHOI Joint Program in Oceanography
Woods Hole MA 02543
http://www.whoi.edu/profile/jvanderhoop/
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[MARMAM] New Publication: Tag effects on bottlenose dolphins

[Julie van der Hoop]

We are pleased to announce a new publication in the Journal of Experimental 
Biology:

Julie M. van der Hoop, Andreas Fahlman, Thomas Hurst, Julie Rocho-Levine, K. 
Alex Shorter, Victor Petrov and Michael J. Moore. Bottlenose dolphins modify 
behavior to reduce metabolic effect of tag attachment. J Exp Biol 2014 
217:4229-4236. First posted online October 16, 2014, doi:10.1242/jeb.108225

The paper is available online: 
http://jeb.biologists.org/content/217/23/4229.abstract

Please contact me if you would like a copy and do not otherwise have access to 
the pdf: jvanderh...@whoi.edu


Abstract: 
Attaching bio-telemetry or -logging devices (‘tags’) to marine animals for 
research and monitoring adds drag to streamlined bodies, thus affecting 
posture, swimming gaits and energy balance. These costs have never been 
measured in free-swimming cetaceans. To examine the effect of drag from a tag 
on metabolic rate, cost of transport and swimming behavior, four captive male 
dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) were trained to swim a set course, either 
non-tagged (n=7) or fitted with a tag (DTAG2; n=12), and surface exclusively in 
a flow-through respirometer in which oxygen consumption () and carbon dioxide 
production (; ml kg−1 min−1) rates were measured and respiratory exchange ratio 
(/) was calculated. Tags did not significantly affect individual mass-specific 
oxygen consumption, physical activity ratios (exercise /resting ), total or net 
cost of transport (COT; J m−1 kg−1) or locomotor costs during swimming or 
two-minute recovery phases. However, individuals swam significantly slower when 
tagged (by ~11%; mean ± s.d., 3.31±0.35 m s−1) than when non-tagged (3.73±0.41 
m s−1). A combined theoretical and computational fluid dynamics model 
estimating drag forces and power exertion during swimming suggests that drag 
loading and energy consumption are reduced at lower swimming speeds. Bottlenose 
dolphins in the specific swimming task in this experiment slowed to the point 
where the tag yielded no increases in drag or power, while showing no 
difference in metabolic parameters when instrumented with a DTAG2. These 
results, and our observations, suggest that animals modify their behavior to 
maintain metabolic output and energy expenditure when faced with tag-induced 
drag.


--
Julie van der Hoop
PhD Candidate
MIT-WHOI Joint Program in Oceanography
Woods Hole MA 02543
http://www.whoi.edu/profile/jvanderhoop/

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[MARMAM] New Publication: Large whale vessel strikes

[Julie van der Hoop]

MARMAM subscribers,

We are pleased to announce the publication of a new paper in Conservation 
Letters: 

van der Hoop, J. M., Vanderlaan, A. S. M., Cole, T. V. N., Henry, A. G., Hall, 
L., Mase-Guthrie, B., Wimmer, T. and Moore, M. J. (2014), Vessel strikes to 
large whales before and after the 2008 Ship Strike Rule. Conservation Letters. 
doi: 10./conl.12105

The paper is available in early view online: 
http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10./conl.12105/abstract

Please contact me if you do not have access to the .pdf online: 
jvanderh...@whoi.edu

Abstract:  To determine effectiveness of Seasonal Management Areas (SMAs), 
introduced in 2008 on the U.S. East Coast to reduce lethal vessel strikes to 
North Atlantic right whales, we analyzed observed large whale mortality events 
from 1990–2012 in the geographic region of the “Ship Strike Rule” to identify 
changes in frequency, spatial distribution, and spatiotemporal interaction 
since implementation. Though not directly coincident with SMA implementation, 
right whale vessel-strike mortalities significantly declined from 2.0 
(2000–2006) to 0.33 per year (2007–2012). Large whale vessel-strike mortalities 
have decreased inside active SMAs, and increased outside inactive SMAs. We 
detected no significant spatiotemporal interaction in the 4-year pre- or 
post-Rule periods, although a longer time series is needed to detect these 
changes. As designed, SMAs encompass only 36% of historical right whale 
vessel-strike mortalities, and 32% are outside managed space but within managed 
timeframes. We suggest increasing spatial coverage to improve the Rule's 
effectiveness.


--
Julie van der Hoop
PhD Candidate
MIT-WHOI Joint Program in Oceanography
Woods Hole MA 02543

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[MARMAM] New Publication: Behavior and energetics in an entangled whale

[Julie van der Hoop]

MARMAM Subscribers, 

We are pleased to announce the following paper, published online this week in 
Marine Mammal Science:

van der Hoop, J., Moore, M., Fahlman, A., Bocconcelli, A., George, C., Jackson, 
K., Miller, C., Morin, D., Pitchford, T., Rowles, T., Smith, J. and Zoodsma, B. 
(2013), Behavioral impacts of disentanglement of a right whale under sedation 
and the energetic cost of entanglement. Marine Mammal Science. doi: 
10./mms.12042

Abstract: Protracted entanglement in fishing gear often leads to emaciation 
through reduced mobility and foraging ability, and energy budget depletion from 
the added drag of towing gear for months or years. We examined changes in 
kinematics of a tagged entangled North Atlantic right whale (Eg 3911), before, 
during, and after disentanglement on 15 January 2011. To calculate the 
additional drag forces and energetic demand associated with various gear 
configurations, we towed three sets of gear attached to a load-cell tensiometer 
at multiple speeds. Tag analyses revealed significant increases in dive depth 
and duration; ascent, descent and fluke stroke rates; and decreases in root 
mean square fluke amplitude (a proxy for thrust) following disentanglement. 
Conservative drag coefficients while entangled in all gear configurations (mean 
± SD Cd,e,go = 3.4 × 10−3 ± 0.0003, Cd,e,gb = 3.7 × 10−3 ± 0.0003, Cd,e,sl = 
3.8 × 10−3 ± 0.0004) were significantly greater than in the nonentangled case 
(Cd,n = 3.2 × 10−3 ± 0.0003; P = 0.0156, 0.0312, 0.0078, respectively). 
Increases in total power input (including standard metabolism) over the 
nonentangled condition ranged from 1.6% to 120.9% for all gear configurations 
tested; locomotory power requirements increased 60.0%–164.6%. These results 
highlight significant alteration to swimming patterns, and the magnitude of 
energy depletion in a chronically entangled whale.

The article can be downloaded from  
http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10./mms.12042/full

Please do not hesitate to contact me with any questions, or to request an 
electronic copy of the article. 

Julie van der Hoop
Graduate Student
MIT/WHOI Joint Program in Oceanography
Woods Hole MA 02543___
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[MARMAM] New Publication: Vessel Strike Absolute Probability

[Julie van der Hoop]

MARMAM subscribers,

We are pleased to announce a new publication in Ecological Applications:

van der Hoop, Julie M., Angelia S. M. Vanderlaan, and Christopher T. Taggart. 
2012. Absolute probability estimates of lethal vessel strikes to North Atlantic 
right whales in Roseway Basin, Scotian Shelf. Ecological Applications 
22:2021–2033. http://dx.doi.org/10.1890/11-1841.1

http://www.esajournals.org/doi/abs/10.1890/11-1841.1

Please contact me if you do not have access to the PDF (jvanderh...@whoi.edu).


Abstract

Vessel strikes are the primary source of known mortality for the endangered 
North Atlantic right whale (Eubalaena glacialis). Multi-institutional efforts 
to reduce mortality associated with vessel strikes include vessel-routing 
amendments such as the International Maritime Organization voluntary “area to 
be avoided” (ATBA) in the Roseway Basin right whale feeding habitat on the 
southwestern Scotian Shelf. Though relative probabilities of lethal vessel 
strikes have been estimated and published, absolute probabilities remain 
unknown. We used a modeling approach to determine the regional effect of the 
ATBA, by estimating reductions in the expected number of lethal vessel strikes. 
This analysis differs from others in that it explicitly includes a 
spatiotemporal analysis of real-time transits of vessels through a population 
of simulated, swimming right whales. Combining automatic identification system 
(AIS) vessel navigation data and an observationally based whale movement model 
allowed us to determine the spatial and temporal intersection of vessels and 
whales, from which various probability estimates of lethal vessel strikes are 
derived. We estimate one lethal vessel strike every 0.775–2.07 years prior to 
ATBA implementation, consistent with and more constrained than previous 
estimates of every 2–16 years. Following implementation, a lethal vessel strike 
is expected every 41 years. When whale abundance is held constant across years, 
we estimate that voluntary vessel compliance with the ATBA results in an 82% 
reduction in the per capita rate of lethal strikes; very similar to a 
previously published estimate of 82% reduction in the relative risk of a lethal 
vessel strike. The models we developed can inform decision-making and policy 
design, based on their ability to provide absolute, population-corrected, 
time-varying estimates of lethal vessel strikes, and they are easily 
transported to other regions and situations.
Key words:  absolute probability estimates, endangered whales, Eubalaena 
glacialis, marine area closure, mortality reduction, North Atlantic right 
whale, Roseway Basin, Scotian Shelf, vessel routing, vessel strike



Julie van der Hoop
Graduate Student
MIT/WHOI Joint Program in Oceanography
Woods Hole, MA 02543
http://www.whoi.edu/profile.do?id=jvanderhoop

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[MARMAM] New Paper: Large Whale Mortality and Management

[Julie van der Hoop]

MARMAM subscribers,

We are pleased to announce the publication of a new paper in Conservation 
Biology: 

VAN DER HOOP, J. M., MOORE, M. J., BARCO, S. G., COLE, T. V.N., DAOUST, P.-Y., 
HENRY, A. G., MCALPINE, D. F., MCLELLAN, W. A., WIMMER, T. and SOLOW, A. R. 
(2012), Assessment of Management to Mitigate Anthropogenic Effects on Large 
Whales. Conservation Biology. doi: 10./j.1523-1739.2012.01934.x

The paper is available open access, in early view online: 
http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10./j.1523-1739.2012.01934.x/abstract

Abstract:  United States and Canadian governments have responded to legal 
requirements to reduce human-induced whale mortality via vessel strikes and 
entanglement in fishing gear by implementing a suite of regulatory actions. We 
analyzed the spatial and temporal patterns of mortality of large whales in the 
Northwest Atlantic (23.5°N to 48.0°N), 1970 through 2009, in the context of 
management changes. We used a multinomial logistic model fitted by maximum 
likelihood to detect trends in cause-specific mortalities with time. We 
compared the number of human-caused mortalities with U.S. federally established 
levels of potential biological removal (i.e., species-specific sustainable 
human-caused mortality). From 1970 through 2009, 1762 mortalities (all known) 
and serious injuries (likely fatal) involved 8 species of large whales. We 
determined cause of death for 43% of all mortalities; of those, 67% (502) 
resulted from human interactions. Entanglement in fishing gear was the primary 
cause of death across all species (n= 323), followed by natural causes (n= 248) 
and vessel strikes (n= 171). Established sustainable levels of mortality were 
consistently exceeded in 2 species by up to 650%. Probabilities of entanglement 
and vessel-strike mortality increased significantly from 1990 through 2009. 
There was no significant change in the local intensity of all or vessel-strike 
mortalities before and after 2003, the year after which numerous mitigation 
efforts were enacted. So far, regulatory efforts have not reduced the lethal 
effects of human activities to large whales on a population-range basis, 
although we do not exclude the possibility of success of targeted measures for 
specific local habitats that were not within the resolution of our analyses. It 
is unclear how shortfalls in management design or compliance relate to our 
findings. Analyses such as the one we conducted are crucial in critically 
evaluating wildlife-management decisions. The results of these analyses can 
provide managers with direction for modifying regulated measures and can be 
applied globally to mortality-driven conservation issues.

Keywords:
entanglement;evaluation of management/mitigation 
efforts;human-interaction;large whales;
mortality;necropsy;vessel-strike

---
Julie van der Hoop
Graduate Student
MIT/WHOI Joint Program in Oceanography
Woods Hole, MA 02543


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