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By Nicholas Casey
May 17, 2019
When things go wrong, those in power often promise to make it right. But do
they? This is the first in a series in which The Times is going back to the
scene of major news events to see if those promises were kept.
[short answer -- FARC lived up to its commitments ("except for a small
dissident group"); the government didn't. A field day for the
paramilitaries; the rural population got fucked.]
After Colombia’s government signed a peace deal with the country’s main
rebel group, ending decades of war and upheaval, both sides said it
heralded a new era. But two and a half years after the militants agreed to
lay down their arms, many of the promises made are not being honored, and
the prospect of a true, lasting peace now seems far from certain.
This is what we found:
As many as 3,000 militants have resumed fighting, threatening the very
foundation of the accord.
Many of the millions of Colombians who once lived in rebel-held territory
still await the promised arrival of roads, schools and electricity. The
government’s pledge to help rural areas was a big reason the rebels stood
down.
Since the peace deal was signed, at least 500 activists and community
leaders have been killed, and more than 210,000 people displaced from their
homes amid the continuing violence. That undercuts a core selling point of
the deal: that it would bring safety and stability.
Colombia’s new president, Iván Duque, a conservative who took office in
August, has expressed skepticism of the accords and wants to change a
commitment that was fundamental to the rebels agreeing to lay down their
weapons.
The Path to Peace
Colombia’s five-decade civil war took at least 220,000 lives and devastated
large swaths of the countryside. In rebel-held areas, government services
disappeared and the infrastructure crumbled. Many turned to the drug
economy to survive.
All sides were accused of atrocities — kidnappings, rapes and summary
executions — that bred deep-seated animosities across the country and even
within families. In a war so deeply personal, finding a way out posed an
enormous challenge.
So when the government and the largest rebel group, the Revolutionary Armed
Forces of Colombia, known as the FARC, reached a peace agreement in
September 2016 after years of negotiation, much of the world applauded.
Juan Manuel Santos, then Colombia’s president, won the Nobel Peace Prize.
But peace deals of this scope are never easy to implement, and Colombians
knew a long, daunting path was ahead of them.
The deal the two sides reached was ambitious and complex — with 578
separate stipulations — but it can be boiled down to a few core promises.
A primary goal of the FARC insurgency was improving the lives of rural
Colombians. The deal calls for “universal” education in rural areas for
preschool through secondary school; guaranteed access to drinking water;
and heavy subsidies for development programs in former rebel territories.
The rebels, in turn, would cease all hostilities, turn in their weapons to
the United Nations and return to civilian life. The FARC would be allowed
to compete in elections and was guaranteed 10 seats in Congress.
WHAT WE FOUND
Raised Hopes, and Dashed Ones
Much of the war was fought in the countryside.
The peace agreement raised hopes that the rural deprivation that fueled the
conflict might finally ease. But two years after the accord was signed, a
visit to the town of Juan José made clear that little has changed.
The community of 8,000 has not received even the most basic services it was
promised. With no running water, residents are still forced to rely on
untreated wells. No schools have been built in the surrounding villages,
despite government pledges, and many children have never seen the inside of
a classroom.
While the police are now in Juan José, neither they nor the military have
made it to the nearby villages, and new armed groups have moved in to fill
the vacuum left by the FARC.
Emilio Archila, an adviser to the government, said many of the biggest
development promises in the agreement — such as delivering water and
electricity — would take more than a decade to accomplish, given the damage
the countryside suffered from the conflict. “Anyone who thinks we could
solve these issues in two years doesn’t understand the magnitude of the
problem,” he said.
But Adam Isacson, an analyst at the Washington Office on Latin America, a
human rights group, said the government had failed to act. “The government
had a window of opportunity to establish the state in lands the rebels gave
up, but it didn’t take that chance,” he said. “Now there are many groups
fighting for the same territory.”
Money is a major obstacle to meeting all the promises.
When the peace deal was signed, the estimate was that it would cost about
$45 billion to fulfill all the promises over a period of at least 15 years.
At the time, the government enjoyed revenue from a state oil company whose
output was going for almost $100 a barrel. Now, prices are a third lower.
WHAT WE FOUND
For Farmers, Coca Is Still King
Much of the FARC’s funding came through the drug trade. But peace did
little to make farmers rethink their business model: Last year, the amount
of land used for coca leaf production reached an all-time high.
Part of the problem is that the appeal of the lucrative cocaine business is
as strong to the armed groups that have swept into rural areas as it once
was to the FARC.
But the government also bears much of the blame.
The crop-substitution program agreed to in the peace deal promised cash
payments to those who uprooted their coca plants and replaced them with
legal crops.
But in Juan José, residents say the payments to farmers ceased for a time
after President Duque took charge. They eventually resumed at the end of
the year, but the officials who were supposed to introduce the alternative
crops never arrived.
So many farmers have gone back to planting coca.
WHAT WE FOUND
A Pushback Against Leniency
A central pillar of the accords was a promise to seek the truth of what
happened during the conflict, with the goal of national reconciliation. The
deal established the so-called Special Jurisdiction for Peace — tribunals
to hear accounts of crimes and abuses.
Ten thousand former rebels and 2,000 members of the armed forces pledged to
testify under a broad blanket of immunity: Blame could be assigned, but no
jail time would be handed out, except for a few select crimes.
That part of the peace deal, however, was a tough sell for many Colombians.
In October 2016, when they were given a chance to weigh in on the accord,
they shocked many by voting against it in a referendum.
Mr. Santos sidestepped voters with a revised deal that he sent straight to
Congress.
Now, Mr. Duque has requested an overhaul of the tribunals, calling them too
lenient. Some worry he hopes to dismantle them entirely.
But the no-jail pledge was critical to getting the FARC to sign the deal.
Reneging on it might well be seen as a bait and switch.
And that could be a deal breaker.
“The ability to get a lighter sentence and participate in politics is what
convinced the FARC to get into politics to begin with,” said Mr. Isacson,
the human rights analyst.
WHAT WE FOUND
Steps Forward, but Only a Few
Some of the promises made in the peace accords have been kept. More than
6,804 FARC fighters did initially disarm, and more than 8,994 weapons were
surrendered. By 2017, the FARC had completely demobilized, except for a
small dissident group.
bout 23 percent of the 578 provisions in the deal have been fully carried
out, according to a recent study by the Kroc Institute for International
Peace Studies at the University of Notre Dame, which is monitoring the
accords.
But the study projected that despite the “steady progress,” only one-third
of the commitments made in the deal would be met in the agreed-upon time
frame. The rest, it said, were either in a “state of minimal
implementation” or had not yet even been touched.
“It’s undeniable that the government hasn’t made good on its promises,
whether it’s reintegrating former fighters, agrarian development or
political reforms,” said Julián Gallo Cubillos, a former FARC commander who
is now a Colombian senator. “There’s been a general neglect.”
One of the biggest failures has come on the security front, which
government officials and rebels alike assured skeptical Colombians would be
the largest dividend of the peace deal.
In many areas where the FARC has disarmed, the government has yet to arrive
in force, breaking a key promise of the accords.
The resulting lawlessness and disorder in rural areas have proved deadly
for Colombian activists, 252 of whom were killed last year, up from 191 in
2017, according to Colombia’s Institute of Studies for Peace and
Development.
The FARC said this month that 130 of its former fighters had been killed
since the signing of the peace deal. The ex-rebels have repeatedly
complained that demobilizing has left them defenseless against the
paramilitary gangs still roaming the countryside.
This has led to a major setback for peace: Experts estimate that as many as
3,000 militants have taken up arms again — a figure equal to more than 40
percent of those who initially demobilized. It includes new recruits.
Things have also not gone well on the political front. FARC leaders did
form a party to participate in elections, but they soon learned that
military victories can be easier than political ones. Unpopular for their
history of kidnappings and killings, they were attacked with stones on the
campaign trail, dropped out of a presidential bid and did not win a single
elected seat.
The optimism that peace was around the corner thanks to the deal Mr. Santos
signed has faded among people like Andrés Chica, a farmer who lives near
Juan José but now fears heading into town.
“What he sold us was a dream,” said Mr. Chica.
The Takeaway: Peace deals are hard. Peace is harder.
Nicholas Casey has been the Andes bureau chief since January 2016. He
covers most of the countries in South America including Venezuela,
Colombia, Peru, Ecuador, Bolivia and the Guyanas. Previously, he worked at
The Wall Street Journal.
https://www.nytimes.com/2019/05/17/world/americas/colombia-farc-peace-deal.html?action=click&module=Top%20Stories&pgtype=Homepage
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