[R] PS to Taking Integral and Optimization using Integrate() and Optim()
Hello again.
Thank you for the comments. I have written these codes.
iy=function(x)
{
res=NULL
ress=0
for (i in (1:2))
{
for (xx in x[i])
{
fy=function(y)
(exp(-exp(y+log(xx)))*(-exp(y+log(xx)))^2)/(1-exp(-exp(y+log(xx
res=c(res,integrate(fy,-6.907,-1.246)$value)
ress=ress+res
}
}
return(ress)
}
iy(c(1,1))
integrate(fy,-6.907,-1.246)$value
In 1D optimize() works perfectly on iy(). However the problem is in 2D and
more, optimize() does not work and I need to apply optim(). I could not apply
optim() on iy().
Beside, I tried to use Ryacas, I faced with this error:
[1] Starting Yacas!
Error in socketConnection(host = 127.0.0.1, port = 9734, server = FALSE, :
cannot open the connection
In addition: Warning message:
In socketConnection(host = 127.0.0.1, port = 9734, server = FALSE, :
127.0.0.1:9734 cannot be opened
Cheers,
Maryam
[[alternative HTML version deleted]]
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[R] PS
Note that there is NOT an intercept term in my pspline basis. One of the features of psplines is that \sum beta_i f_i(x) (where f_i are the spline basis functions) is linear if and only if the coefficients beta are a linear sequence. This makes it easy to decompose the fit into linear and non-linear effects. Terry T __ R-help@r-project.org mailing list https://stat.ethz.ch/mailman/listinfo/r-help PLEASE do read the posting guide http://www.R-project.org/posting-guide.html and provide commented, minimal, self-contained, reproducible code.
[R] ps-output and LaTeX/DVIPS/PS2PDF - Greek letters disappear
Hello! My graphs are produced using the postscript-option in R (R version 2.10.1 (2009-12-14)). When Greek letters are used on the axis, everything looks fine in the *.ps-file. If included in a LaTeX-file and (on Ubuntu 10.04, fresh install), the Greek letters appear in the DVI- and PS-output, however, if converted with ps2pdf they suddenly disappear. Could anyone suggest a solution? Best regards, /steffen -- Steffen Uhlig, PhD Mechatronik und Sensortechnik HTW des Saarlandes Goebenstraße 40 66117 Saarbrücken Tel.: +49 (0) 681 58 67 274 __ R-help@r-project.org mailing list https://stat.ethz.ch/mailman/listinfo/r-help PLEASE do read the posting guide http://www.R-project.org/posting-guide.html and provide commented, minimal, self-contained, reproducible code.
Re: [R] ps-output and LaTeX/DVIPS/PS2PDF - Greek letters disappear
That's a problem of LateX and Ubuntu, not R : https://bugs.launchpad.net/ubuntu/+source/poppler/+bug/319495 You'll have more luck on an Ubuntu list or forum. Cheers Joris On Fri, Jun 4, 2010 at 11:47 AM, Steffen Uhlig steffen.uh...@htw-saarland.de wrote: Hello! My graphs are produced using the postscript-option in R (R version 2.10.1 (2009-12-14)). When Greek letters are used on the axis, everything looks fine in the *.ps-file. If included in a LaTeX-file and (on Ubuntu 10.04, fresh install), the Greek letters appear in the DVI- and PS-output, however, if converted with ps2pdf they suddenly disappear. Could anyone suggest a solution? Best regards, /steffen -- Steffen Uhlig, PhD Mechatronik und Sensortechnik HTW des Saarlandes Goebenstraße 40 66117 Saarbrücken Tel.: +49 (0) 681 58 67 274 __ R-help@r-project.org mailing list https://stat.ethz.ch/mailman/listinfo/r-help PLEASE do read the posting guide http://www.R-project.org/posting-guide.html and provide commented, minimal, self-contained, reproducible code. -- Ghent University Faculty of Bioscience Engineering Department of Applied mathematics, biometrics and process control tel : +32 9 264 59 87 joris.m...@ugent.be --- Disclaimer : http://helpdesk.ugent.be/e-maildisclaimer.php __ R-help@r-project.org mailing list https://stat.ethz.ch/mailman/listinfo/r-help PLEASE do read the posting guide http://www.R-project.org/posting-guide.html and provide commented, minimal, self-contained, reproducible code.
Re: [R] ps or pdf
The graphics devices are very similar (they share a lot of code). One small difference is that PostScript has an arc primitive, and PDF does not. Sorry for interjecting, but I have a burning question. It is a bit off topic, so I apologize in advance. What is the stance of the R Developers regarding this missing R primitive in PDF? Because of the missing primitive all circles are represented as O characters. I have run into problems when trying to import R produced PDF plots into Inkscape for some additional post processing and beautification. As a workaround I currently use the Cairo device to export to PDF (and SVG). But this is a bit heavy. It would be nice to be able to save Inkscape editable PDFs directly from the plot window. Some other far more important issues that could occur have been raised in a past thread: http://www.nabble.com/pdf%28%29-device-uses-fonts-to-represent-points---data-alteration--td13034770.html For example the unintentional misrepresentation of data on the plot if font substitution occurs and the points are shifted from their original location. Is this considered a bug or a feature? Regards, TL __ R-help@r-project.org mailing list https://stat.ethz.ch/mailman/listinfo/r-help PLEASE do read the posting guide http://www.R-project.org/posting-guide.html and provide commented, minimal, self-contained, reproducible code.
Re: [R] ps or pdf
have not followed the thread completely, but:
have you tried `bitmap' with `type = pdfwrite' (or psgrb)
for comparison? at least with `pdf' there are some issues which
can be avoided by using ghostscript via `bitmap'.
joerg
On Mon, Mar 31, 2008 at 04:17:50PM -0400, Francois Pepin wrote:
Prof Brian Ripley wrote:
Please see the footer of this message.
Sorry, here is an example. For some reason, I cannot reproduce it
without using actual gene names.
set.seed(1)
##The row names were originally obtained using the hgug4112a library
##from bioconductor. I set it manually for people who don't have it
##installed.
##library(hgug4112a);row-sample(na.omit(unlist(as.list(hgug4112aSYMBOL))),50)
row-c(BDNF, EMX2, ZNF207, HELLS, PWP1, PDXDC1, BTD,
NETO1, SLCO4C1, FZD7, NICN1, TMSB4Y, PSMB7, CADM2,
SIRT3, ADH6, TM6SF1, AARS, TMEM88, CP110, ADORA2A,
ATAD3A, VAPA, NXPH3, IL27RA, NEBL, FANCF, PTPRG,
HSU79275, CCDC34, EPDR1, FBLN1, PCAF, AP1B1, TXNRD2,
MUC20, MBNL1, STAU2, STK32C, PPIAL4, TGFBR2, DPY19L2P3,
TMEM50B, ENY2, MAN2A2, ZFYVE26, TECTA, CD55, LOC400794,
SLC19A3)
postscript('/tmp/heatmap.ps',paper='letter',horizontal=F)
heatmap(matrix(rnorm(2500),50),labRow=row)
dev.off()
Neither postscript() nor pdf()
graphics devices split up strings they are passed (by e.g. text()), so
this is being done either by the code used to create the plot (and we
have no idea what that is) or by the viewer. I suspect the problem is
rather in the viewer, but without the example we asked for it is
impossible to know.
Example of row names that are truncated in Illustrator (* denoting
truncation):
CCDC3*4 (2nd row)
MUC2*0 (3rd row)
MBNL*1 (8th row)
...
It is likely that Illustrator (CS 3, OS X version) is at fault. I do
not see any truncation if I look at the ps file by hand (lines 4801 and
4802):
540.22 545.88 (MUC20) 0 0 0 t
540.22 553.90 (CCDC34) 0 0 0 t
There also seems to be somewhat arbitrary grouping of the last column
cells in heatmaps in ps files.
Again, we need an example.
The top right cell (26, TXNRD2) is grouped with the cell just below it
(26, CCDC34). It's more of a curiosity than anything else.
I used to prefer the ps because they embed more easily in latex
documents (although pdf are not difficult and conversions are trivial
anyhow), but I'm curious if there are other reasons why one format might
be preferred over the other in this context.
The graphics devices are very similar (they share a lot of code). One
small difference is that PostScript has an arc primitive, and PDF does not.
This is what I thought at first, which is why I found these differences
surprising. I think your idea of blaming the viewer is correct. I
thought that Adobe of all people could deal with Postscript files
properly, but I guess I was overly trusting.
Thanks for the help,
Francois
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[R] ps or pdf
Hi everyone, I have been making a fair amount of figures in R recently that I've been touching up with Illustrator and I've found a difference between pdf and ps files and I was wondering if someone could enlighten me about them. While the figures look the same, the ps version tends to have truncated strings. The last character of short strings tends to be on a string of its own, located right beside the rest. This makes it a bit awkward to manipulate, especially if scaling is involved. Is there a reason for this differences? There also seems to be somewhat arbitrary grouping of the last column cells in heatmaps in ps files. I used to prefer the ps because they embed more easily in latex documents (although pdf are not difficult and conversions are trivial anyhow), but I'm curious if there are other reasons why one format might be preferred over the other in this context. This is with R 2.6 on linux, and I've seen this behavior with older R version also. Francois sessionInfo() R version 2.6.0 (2007-10-03) x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu locale: LC_CTYPE=en_US.UTF-8;LC_NUMERIC=C;LC_TIME=en_US.UTF-8;LC_COLLATE=en_US.UTF-8;LC_MONETARY=en_US.UTF-8;LC_MESSAGES=en_US.UTF-8;LC_PAPER=en_US.UTF-8;LC_NAME=C;LC_ADDRESS=C;LC_TELEPHONE=C;LC_MEASUREMENT=en_US.UTF-8;LC_IDENTIFICATION=C attached base packages: [1] stats graphics grDevices utils datasets methods base loaded via a namespace (and not attached): [1] rcompgen_0.1-15 __ R-help@r-project.org mailing list https://stat.ethz.ch/mailman/listinfo/r-help PLEASE do read the posting guide http://www.R-project.org/posting-guide.html and provide commented, minimal, self-contained, reproducible code.
Re: [R] ps or pdf
On Mon, 31 Mar 2008, Francois Pepin wrote: Hi everyone, I have been making a fair amount of figures in R recently that I've been touching up with Illustrator and I've found a difference between pdf and ps files and I was wondering if someone could enlighten me about them. While the figures look the same, the ps version tends to have truncated strings. The last character of short strings tends to be on a string of its own, located right beside the rest. This makes it a bit awkward to manipulate, especially if scaling is involved. Is there a reason for this differences? Please see the footer of this message. Neither postscript() nor pdf() graphics devices split up strings they are passed (by e.g. text()), so this is being done either by the code used to create the plot (and we have no idea what that is) or by the viewer. I suspect the problem is rather in the viewer, but without the example we asked for it is impossible to know. There also seems to be somewhat arbitrary grouping of the last column cells in heatmaps in ps files. Again, we need an example. I used to prefer the ps because they embed more easily in latex documents (although pdf are not difficult and conversions are trivial anyhow), but I'm curious if there are other reasons why one format might be preferred over the other in this context. The graphics devices are very similar (they share a lot of code). One small difference is that PostScript has an arc primitive, and PDF does not. This is with R 2.6 on linux, and I've seen this behavior with older R version also. Nothing has changed at that level for a long time -- not even in current versions of R (and 2.6.0 is obsolete). Francois sessionInfo() R version 2.6.0 (2007-10-03) x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu locale: LC_CTYPE=en_US.UTF-8;LC_NUMERIC=C;LC_TIME=en_US.UTF-8;LC_COLLATE=en_US.UTF-8;LC_MONETARY=en_US.UTF-8;LC_MESSAGES=en_US.UTF-8;LC_PAPER=en_US.UTF-8;LC_NAME=C;LC_ADDRESS=C;LC_TELEPHONE=C;LC_MEASUREMENT=en_US.UTF-8;LC_IDENTIFICATION=C attached base packages: [1] stats graphics grDevices utils datasets methods base loaded via a namespace (and not attached): [1] rcompgen_0.1-15 __ R-help@r-project.org mailing list https://stat.ethz.ch/mailman/listinfo/r-help PLEASE do read the posting guide http://www.R-project.org/posting-guide.html and provide commented, minimal, self-contained, reproducible code. -- Brian D. Ripley, [EMAIL PROTECTED] Professor of Applied Statistics, http://www.stats.ox.ac.uk/~ripley/ University of Oxford, Tel: +44 1865 272861 (self) 1 South Parks Road, +44 1865 272866 (PA) Oxford OX1 3TG, UKFax: +44 1865 272595 __ R-help@r-project.org mailing list https://stat.ethz.ch/mailman/listinfo/r-help PLEASE do read the posting guide http://www.R-project.org/posting-guide.html and provide commented, minimal, self-contained, reproducible code.
Re: [R] ps or pdf
Prof Brian Ripley wrote:
Please see the footer of this message.
Sorry, here is an example. For some reason, I cannot reproduce it
without using actual gene names.
set.seed(1)
##The row names were originally obtained using the hgug4112a library
##from bioconductor. I set it manually for people who don't have it
##installed.
##library(hgug4112a);row-sample(na.omit(unlist(as.list(hgug4112aSYMBOL))),50)
row-c(BDNF, EMX2, ZNF207, HELLS, PWP1, PDXDC1, BTD,
NETO1, SLCO4C1, FZD7, NICN1, TMSB4Y, PSMB7, CADM2,
SIRT3, ADH6, TM6SF1, AARS, TMEM88, CP110, ADORA2A,
ATAD3A, VAPA, NXPH3, IL27RA, NEBL, FANCF, PTPRG,
HSU79275, CCDC34, EPDR1, FBLN1, PCAF, AP1B1, TXNRD2,
MUC20, MBNL1, STAU2, STK32C, PPIAL4, TGFBR2, DPY19L2P3,
TMEM50B, ENY2, MAN2A2, ZFYVE26, TECTA, CD55, LOC400794,
SLC19A3)
postscript('/tmp/heatmap.ps',paper='letter',horizontal=F)
heatmap(matrix(rnorm(2500),50),labRow=row)
dev.off()
Neither postscript() nor pdf()
graphics devices split up strings they are passed (by e.g. text()), so
this is being done either by the code used to create the plot (and we
have no idea what that is) or by the viewer. I suspect the problem is
rather in the viewer, but without the example we asked for it is
impossible to know.
Example of row names that are truncated in Illustrator (* denoting
truncation):
CCDC3*4 (2nd row)
MUC2*0 (3rd row)
MBNL*1 (8th row)
...
It is likely that Illustrator (CS 3, OS X version) is at fault. I do
not see any truncation if I look at the ps file by hand (lines 4801 and
4802):
540.22 545.88 (MUC20) 0 0 0 t
540.22 553.90 (CCDC34) 0 0 0 t
There also seems to be somewhat arbitrary grouping of the last column
cells in heatmaps in ps files.
Again, we need an example.
The top right cell (26, TXNRD2) is grouped with the cell just below it
(26, CCDC34). It's more of a curiosity than anything else.
I used to prefer the ps because they embed more easily in latex
documents (although pdf are not difficult and conversions are trivial
anyhow), but I'm curious if there are other reasons why one format might
be preferred over the other in this context.
The graphics devices are very similar (they share a lot of code). One
small difference is that PostScript has an arc primitive, and PDF does not.
This is what I thought at first, which is why I found these differences
surprising. I think your idea of blaming the viewer is correct. I
thought that Adobe of all people could deal with Postscript files
properly, but I guess I was overly trusting.
Thanks for the help,
Francois
__
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PLEASE do read the posting guide http://www.R-project.org/posting-guide.html
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Re: [R] [PS] vlookup in R
Another way: If x is a two column matrix, as suggested by Henrique D., IDValue 1 7 0.000656733 2 6 0.201764789 3 1 0.671113391 4 10 -0.739727826 5 9 -1.111310154 6 5 -0.859455833 7 2 -1.408229877 8 8 0.993126295 9 3 -0.171906808 10 4 -0.140107677 And you are looking up the value corresponding to ID ID - 4 x[(1:dim(x)[1])[x[,1]==ID],2] will also do it, and you can vary the value of the 2 in order to query the column of interest, much as you can do with vlookup in the E program. Ben -Original Message- From: [EMAIL PROTECTED] [mailto:[EMAIL PROTECTED] On Behalf Of Sachin J Sent: Monday, March 24, 2008 9:25 AM To: r-help@r-project.org Subject: [PS] [R] vlookup in R Hi, Is there are function similar to excel vlookup in R. Please let me know. Thanks, Sachin __ R-help@r-project.org mailing list https://stat.ethz.ch/mailman/listinfo/r-help PLEASE do read the posting guide http://www.R-project.org/posting-guide.html and provide commented, minimal, self-contained, reproducible code.
Re: [R] [PS] Re: vlookup in R
Quite right, there is an optional 4th argument, and the table must be
sorted ascending on the first column in Excel. Thus these functions
only approximately duplicate the Excel functions (improve on them IMHO).
BTW, I pasted the wrong formula in my reply; though it works, simpler is
ID - 4 #for example, find value corresponding to 4
x[x[,1]==ID,2]
Ben
-Original Message-
From: [EMAIL PROTECTED] [mailto:[EMAIL PROTECTED]
On Behalf Of David Winsemius
Sent: Monday, March 24, 2008 10:20 AM
To: [EMAIL PROTECTED]
Subject: [PS] Re: [R] vlookup in R
Sachin J [EMAIL PROTECTED] wrote in
news:[EMAIL PROTECTED]:
Is there are function similar to excel vlookup in R. Please let me
know.
Caveat: definition of VLOOKUP done from memory and by checking OO.o
Calc function of same name. (Don't have Excel on this machine.)
VLOOKUP looks up a single value in the first column of an Excel range
and returns a column value (offset by a given integer) from the first
matching row in that range. The indexing functions (extract or
[ ) can be used:
df4
V1 V2 V3
1 4.56 1 0.1
2 8.42 1 0.2
3 0.79 3 0.3
4 5.39 3 0.4
5 0.95 4 0.5
6 7.73 5 0.6
7 7.17 6 0.7
8 3.89 7 0.8
9 0.54 10 1.0
10 9.53 9 0.9
df4[df4$V1==0.79,2]
[1] 3
vlookup - function(val, df, row){
df[df[1] == val, row][1] }
vlookup(0.79, df4, 2)
[1] 3
I thought there was an optional 4th argument to VLOOKUP that specifies
the action to be taken if there is no exact match. You may need to
change the equality in that function to an inequality and identify the
first column value that is less than or equal to val. If I remember
correctly, Excel assumes that the first column is ordered ascending.
--
David Winsemius
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Re: [R] [PS] rmultinomial() function
Mary -- The dmultinomial function (try ?Multinomial, noting that it is an upper case M) has a log option, which, if set to TRUE, returns logarithms of probabilities, but that is for computing probabilities, not generating samples. Perhaps the long you referred to is a misprint for log? In any case, try ?Multinomial, and give rmultinom() another try. Note, however, that its output gives the _number_ of each of the sampled items produced in a single sample, not the sequence of draws. If you need the sequence, then I think that the reply from Erik Iverson tells you how best to proceed. Ben -Original Message- From: [EMAIL PROTECTED] [mailto:[EMAIL PROTECTED] On Behalf Of Mary Black Sent: Tuesday, March 18, 2008 5:29 PM To: r-help@r-project.org Subject: [PS] [R] rmultinomial() function After scouring the online R resources and help pages, I still need clarification on the function rmultinomial(). I would like to create a vector, say of 100 elements, where every element in the vector can take on the value of 0, 1 or 2, and where each of those values have a specific probability. ie. the probability a given element in the vector = 0 is 0.06, 1 = 0.38, 2 = 0.56 (probabilities sum to 1). Can I use rmultinomial() function to do this? The following code does not seem to produce the result I need, but this sort of code is all I could find the R help pages: rmultinomial(100,c(0.06,0.38,0.56)) [1] 3 29 68 rmultinomial(100,c(0.06,0.38,0.56),long=TRUE) [1] 3 3 2 2 3 2 3 3 2 3 2 3 3 3 2 2 3 3 2 3 1 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 3 3 2 3 3 3 2 3 2 2 3 2 3 2 3 3 3 2 1 3 3 1 [52] 2 3 2 2 3 3 2 2 2 1 3 3 2 3 3 3 3 2 3 3 3 3 2 3 2 3 3 2 3 3 2 3 3 2 3 2 3 3 2 3 3 3 2 3 2 2 2 2 2 Also, I don't really understand the difference between the default long=FALSE and long=TRUE. The R help simply states that you use long TRUE to choose one generator, FALSE to choose another one; however I could not find any documentation that described what the difference between those generators is. Any clarification would be greatly appreciated! Thanks, Mary __ R-help@r-project.org mailing list https://stat.ethz.ch/mailman/listinfo/r-help PLEASE do read the posting guide http://www.R-project.org/posting-guide.html and provide commented, minimal, self-contained, reproducible code. __ R-help@r-project.org mailing list https://stat.ethz.ch/mailman/listinfo/r-help PLEASE do read the posting guide http://www.R-project.org/posting-guide.html and provide commented, minimal, self-contained, reproducible code.
Re: [R] [PS] rmultinomial() function
Thanks Ben and Eric. I've already tried rmultinom(), and there is a rmultinomial() function as well (which is in the multinomRob package). The rmultinomial() is supposed to be a random number generator for the multinomial distribution. There is an argument long which if set to TRUE or FALSE, utlize different generators, but the documentation doesn't explain any further. Thus, my confusion about the output. If anyone can explain further how the two generators are different, I would love to know! - Original Message - From: Ben Fairbank [EMAIL PROTECTED] Date: Wednesday, March 19, 2008 7:36 am Subject: RE: [PS] [R] rmultinomial() function To: Mary Black [EMAIL PROTECTED], r-help@r-project.org Mary -- The dmultinomial function (try ?Multinomial, noting that it is an uppercase M) has a log option, which, if set to TRUE, returns logarithms of probabilities, but that is for computing probabilities, not generating samples. Perhaps the long you referred to is a misprint for log? In any case, try ?Multinomial, and give rmultinom() another try. Note,however, that its output gives the _number_ of each of the sampled items produced in a single sample, not the sequence of draws. If you need the sequence, then I think that the reply from Erik Iverson tells you how best to proceed. Ben -Original Message- From: [EMAIL PROTECTED] [mailto:[EMAIL PROTECTED] project.org]On Behalf Of Mary Black Sent: Tuesday, March 18, 2008 5:29 PM To: r-help@r-project.org Subject: [PS] [R] rmultinomial() function After scouring the online R resources and help pages, I still need clarification on the function rmultinomial(). I would like to create a vector, say of 100 elements, where every element in the vector can takeon the value of 0, 1 or 2, and where each of those values have a specific probability. ie. the probability a given element in the vector= 0 is 0.06, 1 = 0.38, 2 = 0.56 (probabilities sum to 1). Can I use rmultinomial() function to do this? The following code does not seem to produce the result I need, but thissort of code is all I could find the R help pages: rmultinomial(100,c(0.06,0.38,0.56)) [1] 3 29 68 rmultinomial(100,c(0.06,0.38,0.56),long=TRUE) [1] 3 3 2 2 3 2 3 3 2 3 2 3 3 3 2 2 3 3 2 3 1 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 3 3 2 3 3 3 2 3 2 2 3 2 3 2 3 3 3 2 1 3 3 1 [52] 2 3 2 2 3 3 2 2 2 1 3 3 2 3 3 3 3 2 3 3 3 3 2 3 2 3 3 2 3 3 2 3 3 2 3 2 3 3 2 3 3 3 2 3 2 2 2 2 2 Also, I don't really understand the difference between the default long=FALSE and long=TRUE. The R help simply states that you use longTRUE to choose one generator, FALSE to choose another one; however I could not find any documentation that described what the difference between those generators is. Any clarification would be greatly appreciated! Thanks, Mary __ R-help@r-project.org mailing list https://stat.ethz.ch/mailman/listinfo/r-help PLEASE do read the posting guide http://www.R-project.org/posting-guide.html and provide commented, minimal, self-contained, reproducible code. __ R-help@r-project.org mailing list https://stat.ethz.ch/mailman/listinfo/r-help PLEASE do read the posting guide http://www.R-project.org/posting-guide.html and provide commented, minimal, self-contained, reproducible code.
Re: [R] [PS] Two Way ANOVA
Ben, I would like to test the sulfur on the clover field, nitrogen on the clover field and then test for the presence of interaction. Sorry about the last email, seems it really screwed itself over, here it is again, hopefully nicer: Nitrogen(0) Nitrogen(20) Sulfur(0) 4.54 5.73 Sulfur(3)4.647.05 Sulfur(6)5.275.81 Sulfur(9)5.816.30 Each of those is a cell mean of 3 values. Would I simply do as follows?: yield- c(4.54,4.64,5.27,5.81,5.73,7.05,5.81,6.30) sulfur - c(1,2,3,4,1,2,3,4) nitro - c(1,1,1,1,2,2,2,2) summary(aov(yield~sulfur*nitro)) Thanks, DM - Original Message From: Ben Fairbank [EMAIL PROTECTED] To: David Mackovjak [EMAIL PROTECTED] Sent: Wednesday, March 19, 2008 3:14:36 PM Subject: RE: [PS] [R] Two Way ANOVA DM -- I think it would be helpful if you could also tell us what it is you are hoping to find out from the analysis. For example, a statement such as I am seeking to find if there are any effects of the concentration (or presence?) of nitrogen and/or sulfur on the (fill in your dependent variable, such as 'cell division times' or 'changes in unbuffered pH' or whatever it is). That will help readers to see what design you need. For example, do you want to look ONLY for an interaction, or do you want to test for main effects of N and S also? You might like to download Faraway's 2002 paper Practical Regression and Anova Using R as start; google should find it for you. Ben -Original Message- From: [EMAIL PROTECTED] [mailto:[EMAIL PROTECTED] On Behalf Of David Mackovjak Sent: Wednesday, March 19, 2008 5:02 PM To: r-help@r-project.org Subject: [PS] [R] Two Way ANOVA First time using, the mailing list and I'm somewhat new to R, so excuse me if I do anything wrong. I was wondering how I would set up a two way ANOVA for the following data: Nitrogen (0) Nitrogen (20) (cell means) (cell means) [Sulfur means] Sulfur (0) 4.48 5.76 4.52 (4.54) 5.64 (5.73) [5.14] 4.63 5.78 Sulfur (3) 4.70 7.01 4.65 (4.64) 7.11 (7.05) [5.84] 4.57 7.02 Sulfur (6) 5.21 5.88 5.23 (5.27) 5.82 (5.81) [5.54] 5.38 5.73 Sulfur (9) 5.88 6.26 5.98 (5.81) 6.26 (6.30) [6.11] 5.91 6.37 [Nitrogen means] [5.10] [6.22] Source ofVariation SS Sulfur3.15 Nitrogen 7.59 Sulfur x Nitrogen 3.84 Error 0.08 Total14.66 From googling I know I want to get it to the form: fit - aov(y ~ A*B, data=mydataframe) But what would I set for A, B and y? Looking for last minute shopping deals? __ R-help@r-project.org mailing list https://stat.ethz.ch/mailman/listinfo/r-help PLEASE do read the posting guide http://www.R-project.org/posting-guide.html and provide commented, minimal, self-contained, reproducible code. Be a better friend, newshound, and __ R-help@r-project.org mailing list https://stat.ethz.ch/mailman/listinfo/r-help PLEASE do read the posting guide http://www.R-project.org/posting-guide.html and provide commented, minimal, self-contained, reproducible code.
Re: [R] [PS] Two Way ANOVA
I do have the values for each individual values for each cell. They are as
follows:
N(0)N(20)
4.48 5.76
4.52 5.64
4.635.78
4.70 7.01
4.65 7.11
4.57 7.02
5.21 5.88
5.23 5.82
5.38 5.73
5.88 6.26
5.98 6.26
5.91 6.37
So how would I go about this then?
- Original Message
From: Rolf Turner [EMAIL PROTECTED]
To: David Mackovjak [EMAIL PROTECTED]
Sent: Wednesday, March 19, 2008 4:36:47 PM
Subject: Re: [R] [PS] Two Way ANOVA
With the given structure of your data you CANNOT test for interaction
in the
general sense. There are no degrees of freedom left for error.
If you have access to the (three) individual values in each cell,
then you
can test for interaction.
If these individual values are lost to posterity [Expostulation: Why
the
expletive deleted do people ***do*** things like this? Use your
expletive deleted
data, not summary statistics!!!] then you can still test for a
***particular form***
of interaction using Tukey's ``1 degree of freedom for non-
additivity' test.
I don't know if it's implemented in R, but it wouldn't be hard to
roll your own.
See ``Analysis of Messy Data'' volume 2 by George A. Milliken and
Dallas E. Johnson,
van Nostrand Reinhold, 1989, page 7 ff.
On 20/03/2008, at 12:03 PM, David Mackovjak wrote:
Ben,
I would like to test the sulfur on the clover field, nitrogen on
the clover field and then test for the presence of interaction.
Sorry about the last email, seems it really screwed itself over,
here it is again, hopefully nicer:
Nitrogen(0) Nitrogen(20)
Sulfur(0) 4.54 5.73
Sulfur(3)4.647.05
Sulfur(6)5.275.81
Sulfur(9)5.816.30
Each of those is a cell mean of 3 values.
Would I simply do as follows?:
yield- c(4.54,4.64,5.27,5.81,5.73,7.05,5.81,6.30)
sulfur - c(1,2,3,4,1,2,3,4)
nitro - c(1,1,1,1,2,2,2,2)
Not quite; you need to make sulfur and nitro into ***factors***.
summary(aov(yield~sulfur*nitro))
Better, I think, to use lm() directly rather than the aov() wrapper.
fit - lm(yield ~ sulfur*nitro)
anova(fit)
You see that you get no F-tests. The model fits ``perfectly''
so there is no residual sum of squares (and no degrees of freedom for
error).
cheers,
Rolf Turner
##
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and provide commented, minimal, self-contained, reproducible code.
Re: [R] [PS] Two Way ANOVA
You put all the responses into one vector and the appropriate independents
Sulfur and nitrogen into the other. So your table would look like this (see
below). You would test.
summary(aov(Dependent~factor(Nitrogen)*factor(Sulfur))). And your output
would look likt this (see further below) from which you can start in-depth
analyses.
Dependent NitrogenSulfur
4.481 1
4.521 1
4.631 1
4.7 1 2
4.651 2
4.571 2
5.211 3
5.231 3
5.381 3
5.881 4
5.981 4
5.911 4
5.762 1
5.642 1
5.782 1
7.012 2
7.112 2
7.022 2
5.882 3
5.822 3
5.732 3
6.262 4
6.262 4
6.372 4
Df Sum Sq Mean Sq F valuePr(F)
factor(Nitrogen) 1 7.5937 7.5937 1514.96 2.2e-16 ***
factor(Sulfur) 3 3.1543 1.0514 209.76 4.717e-13 ***
factor(Nitrogen):factor(Sulfur) 3 3.8358 1.2786 255.08 1.024e-13 ***
Residuals 16 0.0802 0.0050
---
Signif. codes: 0 *** 0.001 ** 0.01 * 0.05 . 0.1 1
-
cuncta stricte discussurus
-
-Ursprüngliche Nachricht-
Von: [EMAIL PROTECTED] [mailto:[EMAIL PROTECTED] Im
Auftrag von David Mackovjak
Gesendet: Wednesday, March 19, 2008 7:55 PM
An: Rolf Turner; R-help@r-project.org
Betreff: Re: [R] [PS] Two Way ANOVA
I do have the values for each individual values for each cell. They are as
follows:
N(0)N(20)
4.48 5.76
4.52 5.64
4.635.78
4.70 7.01
4.65 7.11
4.57 7.02
5.21 5.88
5.23 5.82
5.38 5.73
5.88 6.26
5.98 6.26
5.91 6.37
So how would I go about this then?
- Original Message
From: Rolf Turner [EMAIL PROTECTED]
To: David Mackovjak [EMAIL PROTECTED]
Sent: Wednesday, March 19, 2008 4:36:47 PM
Subject: Re: [R] [PS] Two Way ANOVA
With the given structure of your data you CANNOT test for interaction in the
general sense. There are no degrees of freedom left for error.
If you have access to the (three) individual values in each cell, then you
can test for interaction.
If these individual values are lost to posterity [Expostulation: Why the
expletive deleted do people ***do*** things like this? Use your
expletive deleted data, not summary statistics!!!] then you can still test
for a ***particular form*** of interaction using Tukey's ``1 degree of
freedom for non- additivity' test.
I don't know if it's implemented in R, but it wouldn't be hard to roll your
own.
See ``Analysis of Messy Data'' volume 2 by George A. Milliken and Dallas E.
Johnson, van Nostrand Reinhold, 1989, page 7 ff.
On 20/03/2008, at 12:03 PM, David Mackovjak wrote:
Ben,
I would like to test the sulfur on the clover field, nitrogen on the
clover field and then test for the presence of interaction.
Sorry about the last email, seems it really screwed itself over, here
it is again, hopefully nicer:
Nitrogen(0) Nitrogen(20)
Sulfur(0) 4.54 5.73
Sulfur(3)4.647.05
Sulfur(6)5.275.81
Sulfur(9)5.816.30
Each of those is a cell mean of 3 values.
Would I simply do as follows?:
yield- c(4.54,4.64,5.27,5.81,5.73,7.05,5.81,6.30)
sulfur - c(1,2,3,4,1,2,3,4)
nitro - c(1,1,1,1,2,2,2,2)
Not quite; you need to make sulfur and nitro into ***factors***.
summary(aov(yield~sulfur*nitro))
Better, I think, to use lm() directly rather than the aov() wrapper.
fit - lm(yield ~ sulfur*nitro)
anova(fit)
You see that you get no F-tests. The model fits ``perfectly''
so there is no residual sum of squares (and no degrees of freedom for
error).
cheers,
Rolf Turner
##
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and provide commented, minimal, self-contained, reproducible code.
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PLEASE do read the posting guide http://www.R-project.org/posting-guide.html
and provide commented, minimal, self-contained, reproducible code.
Re: [R] [PS] Two Way ANOVA
Btw. you can plot the effect by looking at the following graph with using
either Sulfur or Nitrogen as the trace or x-axis:
interaction.plot(Sulfur,Nitrogen,Dependent)
interaction.plot(Nitrogen,Sulfur,Dependent)
Cheers,
Daniel
-
cuncta stricte discussurus
-
-Ursprüngliche Nachricht-
Von: [EMAIL PROTECTED] [mailto:[EMAIL PROTECTED] Im
Auftrag von David Mackovjak
Gesendet: Wednesday, March 19, 2008 7:55 PM
An: Rolf Turner; R-help@r-project.org
Betreff: Re: [R] [PS] Two Way ANOVA
I do have the values for each individual values for each cell. They are as
follows:
N(0)N(20)
4.48 5.76
4.52 5.64
4.635.78
4.70 7.01
4.65 7.11
4.57 7.02
5.21 5.88
5.23 5.82
5.38 5.73
5.88 6.26
5.98 6.26
5.91 6.37
So how would I go about this then?
- Original Message
From: Rolf Turner [EMAIL PROTECTED]
To: David Mackovjak [EMAIL PROTECTED]
Sent: Wednesday, March 19, 2008 4:36:47 PM
Subject: Re: [R] [PS] Two Way ANOVA
With the given structure of your data you CANNOT test for interaction in the
general sense. There are no degrees of freedom left for error.
If you have access to the (three) individual values in each cell, then you
can test for interaction.
If these individual values are lost to posterity [Expostulation: Why the
expletive deleted do people ***do*** things like this? Use your
expletive deleted data, not summary statistics!!!] then you can still test
for a ***particular form*** of interaction using Tukey's ``1 degree of
freedom for non- additivity' test.
I don't know if it's implemented in R, but it wouldn't be hard to roll your
own.
See ``Analysis of Messy Data'' volume 2 by George A. Milliken and Dallas E.
Johnson, van Nostrand Reinhold, 1989, page 7 ff.
On 20/03/2008, at 12:03 PM, David Mackovjak wrote:
Ben,
I would like to test the sulfur on the clover field, nitrogen on the
clover field and then test for the presence of interaction.
Sorry about the last email, seems it really screwed itself over, here
it is again, hopefully nicer:
Nitrogen(0) Nitrogen(20)
Sulfur(0) 4.54 5.73
Sulfur(3)4.647.05
Sulfur(6)5.275.81
Sulfur(9)5.816.30
Each of those is a cell mean of 3 values.
Would I simply do as follows?:
yield- c(4.54,4.64,5.27,5.81,5.73,7.05,5.81,6.30)
sulfur - c(1,2,3,4,1,2,3,4)
nitro - c(1,1,1,1,2,2,2,2)
Not quite; you need to make sulfur and nitro into ***factors***.
summary(aov(yield~sulfur*nitro))
Better, I think, to use lm() directly rather than the aov() wrapper.
fit - lm(yield ~ sulfur*nitro)
anova(fit)
You see that you get no F-tests. The model fits ``perfectly''
so there is no residual sum of squares (and no degrees of freedom for
error).
cheers,
Rolf Turner
##
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__
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https://stat.ethz.ch/mailman/listinfo/r-help
PLEASE do read the posting guide http://www.R-project.org/posting-guide.html
and provide commented, minimal, self-contained, reproducible code.
__
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PLEASE do read the posting guide http://www.R-project.org/posting-guide.html
and provide commented, minimal, self-contained, reproducible code.
Re: [R] [PS] Two Way ANOVA
On 20/03/2008, at 12:54 PM, David Mackovjak wrote:
I do have the values for each individual values for each cell. They
are as follows:
N(0)N(20)
4.48 5.76
4.52 5.64
4.635.78
4.70 7.01
4.65 7.11
4.57 7.02
5.21 5.88
5.23 5.82
5.38 5.73
5.88 6.26
5.98 6.26
5.91 6.37
So how would I go about this then?
(1) Assign to ``yield'' the foregoing 24 values.
(2) Set up a factor ``nitro'' giving the corresponding levels of
nitrogen
(e.g. with labels ``n0'' and ``n20'' --- rather than ``1'' and
``2'' to
be more evocative and to make it clear that the value of
``nitro'' are
***not*** numeric!).
(3) Likewise set up a factor ``sulfur'' with labels, say ``s0'',
``s3'', ``s6'', ``s9''.
Note that yield is a numeric vector of length 24, nitro and
sulfur are
factors (with 2 and 4 levels respectively) also (of course!) of
length 24.
(4) Fit your linear model:
fit - lm(yield ~ nitro*sulfur)
(5) Do your analysis of variance:
anova(fit)
(6) Check that the anova assumptions seem to be OK:
plot(fitted(fit),resid(fit)) # Looks pretty good to me.
(7) An interaction plot might be illuminating:
interaction.plot(sulfur,nitro,yield) # The (n20,s3) cell sticks out
like a sore toe.
Since there *is* interaction you might want to treat the modelling
exercise as a one-way
anova on an 8-level factor (one level for each cell). You can create
the appropriate
factor using ``interaction()''. You could fit the one-way model (use
aov() this time;
TukeyHSD demands it!) and then do TukeyHSD() to the result to find
out what really
differs from what.
cheers,
Rolf Turner
##
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and provide commented, minimal, self-contained, reproducible code.
Re: [R] [PS] Re: Table of basic descriptive statistics like SPSS
Ben Fairbank wrote: tiny high-resolution histograms Could you say a bit more on that topic? How achieved? Where latex(describe()) uses LaTeX's picture environment after binning into 101 bins. documented? Similar to Tufte's sparklines? yes, a bit See the link from http://biostat.mc.vanderbilt.edu/Hmisc Frank Maybe the list as a whole would be interested. Thank you, Ben If you use LaTeX you'll get more (and better) output including tiny high-resolution histograms of continuous variables. Frank -- Frank E Harrell Jr Professor and Chair School of Medicine Department of Biostatistics Vanderbilt University __ R-help@r-project.org mailing list https://stat.ethz.ch/mailman/listinfo/r-help PLEASE do read the posting guide http://www.R-project.org/posting-guide.html and provide commented, minimal, self-contained, reproducible code.
Re: [R] [PS] Re: a more elegant way to get percentages? (now R books)
Monica --
There has been a virtual population explosion of R books in recent years
and we all have our favorites. You may wish to pick one oriented toward
your specialty, but the absolute minimum lowest common denominator (by
which I mean that it has the ground zero essential information that all
users must share, not that it is minimal or incomplete) is the manual
An Introduction to R, available by download from the Cran website.
Beyond that, my favorite introduction is Peter Dalgaard's Introductory
Statistics with R. He has an elegance and clarity of style, as well as
a feel for what is necessary to include in an introduction, that some
others lack. Others may disagree, but I find myself returning to
Dalgaard again and again.
Ben
-Original Message-
From: [EMAIL PROTECTED] [mailto:[EMAIL PROTECTED]
On Behalf Of Monica Pisica
Sent: Thursday, March 13, 2008 9:05 AM
To: Gabor Grothendieck; [EMAIL PROTECTED];
[EMAIL PROTECTED]
Cc: r-help@r-project.org
Subject: [PS] Re: [R] a more elegant way to get percentages?
Hi everybody,
I am amazed how quick i got my answer ;-) I have to recognize that
Gabor's code really puts to shame my skills in doing any programming in
R. Is there any book or documentation which really explains in details
all these neat tricks from {stats} like ave (i even didn't know this
function existed), apply and all its friends (sapply, tapply, etc) ? To
be honest it took me quite a while to come up with the fancy
subscripting to get my persantages ;-))
thank you so much, i really appreciate your help,
Monica
Date: Thu, 13 Mar 2008 09:45:05 -0400
From: [EMAIL PROTECTED]
To: [EMAIL PROTECTED]
Subject: Re: [R] a more elegant way to get percentages?
CC: r-help@r-project.org
Assuming your x is as follows:
x - data.frame(locat = c(a, b, b, c, c, c, c, d, d,
d),
val = c(5, 5, 15, 5, 20, 5, 10, 5, 15, 10))
Try this:
x$percent1 - ave(x$val, x$locat, FUN = function(x) 100*x/sum(x))
On Thu, Mar 13, 2008 at 9:36 AM, Monica Pisica wrote:
Hi,
I am trying to get percentages in a more elegant way. I have a
data.frame with locations and values (counts) of species at that
location. Each location is repeated for each species i have values for
and i would like to get percentages of each species at that location. I
am not sure if i am clear in my explanations so i will paste my code
below:
#
x
locat val
1 a 5
2 b 5
3 b 15
4 c 5
5 c 20
6 c 5
7 c 10
8 d 5
9 d 15
10 d 10
loc1 - x$locat
n - length(loc1)
locuniq1 - unique(loc1)
m - length(locuniq1)
counts - seq(1:m)
for (i in 1:m) {
+ count - 0
+ for (j in 1:n) {
+ if (loc1[j]==locuniq1[i]) count - count+1
+ counts[i] - count
+ }
+ }
percent1 - rep(0,n)
j - 0
for (i in 1:m) {
+
+ b - x[(j+1):(j+counts[i]),]
+ total - sum(b$val)
+ percent1[(j+1):(j+counts[i])] - round(apply(as.matrix(b$val), 1,
function(x) {x*100/total}),2)
+ j = j+counts[i]
+ }
x1 - cbind(x, percent1) # this is the result i want
x1
locat val percent1
1 a 5 100.00
2 b 5 25.00
3 b 15 75.00
4 c 5 12.50
5 c 20 50.00
6 c 5 12.50
7 c 10 25.00
8 d 5 16.67
9 d 15 50.00
10 d 10 33.33
I am wondering if there is any way to do it more efficiently, much
more that the first loop which gives how many times each location is
present in the data.frame is slow if you have a larger data.frame and
not only 10 rows.
Thanks for any input and sorry if the email is on the long side,
Monica
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_
08
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and provide commented, minimal, self-contained, reproducible code.
Re: [R] [PS] How to manipulate data according to groups ?
Look at ?tapply, based on your description, it is what you want. Ben -Original Message- From: [EMAIL PROTECTED] [mailto:[EMAIL PROTECTED] On Behalf Of Ng Stanley Sent: Thursday, March 13, 2008 9:25 AM To: r-help Subject: [PS] [R] How to manipulate data according to groups ? Hi, I have a two columns data, the first column are values, and second column are the groups. For this example, there are 3 groups 1,2,3. How can I manipulate the values in the first column according to groups, say I would like to find mean, sum, and standard deviation for the different groups ? How do I plot data according to groups ? t - matrix(c(rnorm(10), 1,1,2,2,1,3,3,3,3,2), ncol=2) [[alternative HTML version deleted]] __ R-help@r-project.org mailing list https://stat.ethz.ch/mailman/listinfo/r-help PLEASE do read the posting guide http://www.R-project.org/posting-guide.html and provide commented, minimal, self-contained, reproducible code. __ R-help@r-project.org mailing list https://stat.ethz.ch/mailman/listinfo/r-help PLEASE do read the posting guide http://www.R-project.org/posting-guide.html and provide commented, minimal, self-contained, reproducible code.
Re: [R] [PS] Re: a more elegant way to get percentages? (now R books)
There has been a virtual population explosion of R books in recent years and we all have our favorites. You may wish to pick one oriented toward your specialty, but the absolute minimum lowest common denominator (by which I mean that it has the ground zero essential information that all users must share, not that it is minimal or incomplete) is the manual An Introduction to R, available by download from the Cran website. I don't mean to pick on you in particular, or on the authors of An introduction to R, but I really don't see how anyone in good conscience can recommend this to a new user of R. I think it does a great job of covering the basics, and is probably a good read after you've been using R for a year or so, but in goes into a lot of depth into things that you really don't need to know for doing practical, day-to-day data analysis. For example, you don't find out how to actually load data into R until page 30, while you get 3 page on the mode and length of objects at page 12. Do we really need to know that an empty (zero length) vector still has a mode? These comments are based on my experience teaching R to undergrad stat majors, and so may not apply to your audience. If you teach R in the same order as an introduction to R it takes you about 4 weeks before you can actually do anything useful with R, by which time the students are bored to tears. If you start with getting data into R and displaying the data with graphics, you can do useful things very quickly, providing interest and motivation, and then you can gradually introduce a more rigourous description of the components as needed. Hadley -- http://had.co.nz/ __ R-help@r-project.org mailing list https://stat.ethz.ch/mailman/listinfo/r-help PLEASE do read the posting guide http://www.R-project.org/posting-guide.html and provide commented, minimal, self-contained, reproducible code.
Re: [R] [PS] Generating a new matrix using rbinom and a matrix of probabilities.
I tried your code and could not get it to run on my installation of R,
so I may be missing something. But if you have a matrix of
probabilities (call it probs) and want to simulate random binomial
draws, can you not simply create a matrix of the same size of uniform
random numbers (runif()) (call it rands), then do comparisons, thus,
draws - 0 + (rands probs)
Ben Fairbank
-Original Message-
From: [EMAIL PROTECTED] [mailto:[EMAIL PROTECTED]
On Behalf Of Economics Guy
Sent: Tuesday, March 11, 2008 10:16 AM
To: [EMAIL PROTECTED]
Subject: [PS] [R] Generating a new matrix using rbinom and a matrix of
probabilities.
I am having a little trouble getting R to do something without writing
a couple of very awkward loops.
I have a matrix of probabilities and I want to generate a new matrix
of ones and zeros where each element in the new matrix is the result
of a draw from a binomial distribution where the probability of
getting a 1 is the corresponding element in the matrix of
probabilities.
Example Code:
## First I generate the matrix of probabilities for example purposes.
probMatrix - matrix(NA,5,5){
for (i in 1:5)
probVectorI - runif(5,0,1)
probMatrix[i,] - probVectorI
}
# Now I want to take each element in probMatrix and use it as the
probability parameter in rbinom draw and generate a new matrix.
Something like this:
binomialMatrix - rbinom(1,1,probMatrix)
# But that does not work. I know I can run a loop across each vector
of the matrix, but this seems like an bad way to do this.
---End Code
So any help would be appreciated.
Thanks,
EG
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Re: [R] [PS] discrete variable
Try table(), with the name of your vector inside the parentheses.
Ben
-Original Message-
From: [EMAIL PROTECTED] [mailto:[EMAIL PROTECTED]
On Behalf Of Pete Dorothy
Sent: Sunday, March 02, 2008 2:27 PM
To: r-help@r-project.org
Subject: [PS] [R] discrete variable
Hello,
I am sorry for asking such a basic question. I could not find an answer
to
it using google.
I have a discrete variable (a vector x) taking for example the following
values : 0, 3, 4, 3, 15, 5, 6, 5
Is it possible to know how many different values (modalities) it takes ?
Here it takes 6 different values but the length of the vector is 8.
I would like to know if there is a way to get the set of the
modalities {0,3,4,15,5,6} with the number of times each one is taken
{1,2,1,1,2,1}
Thank you very much
P.S. : is there some useful functions for discrete variables ?
[[alternative HTML version deleted]]
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Re: [R] [PS] Column sums from a data frame (without the headers)
as.vector(col.Sums()) Ben -Original Message- From: [EMAIL PROTECTED] [mailto:[EMAIL PROTECTED] On Behalf Of Jason Horn Sent: Friday, February 29, 2008 11:03 AM To: [EMAIL PROTECTED] Subject: [PS] [R] Column sums from a data frame (without the headers) Does anyone know how to get a vector of column sum from a data frame? You can use colSums(), but this gives you a object of type numeric with the column labels in the first row, and the sums in the second row. I just want a vector of the sums, and I can't figure out a way to index the numeric object. Thanks! __ R-help@r-project.org mailing list https://stat.ethz.ch/mailman/listinfo/r-help PLEASE do read the posting guide http://www.R-project.org/posting-guide.html and provide commented, minimal, self-contained, reproducible code. __ R-help@r-project.org mailing list https://stat.ethz.ch/mailman/listinfo/r-help PLEASE do read the posting guide http://www.R-project.org/posting-guide.html and provide commented, minimal, self-contained, reproducible code.
Re: [R] [PS] Different results in calculating SD of 2 numbers
And another problem, in addition to the points made by others, is that the formula for the SD gives a biased estimate (it underestimates it) of the population SD for small n when sampling from a normal distribution. When n is about twelve or so or more, the bias can usually be ignored (it is about 2.2%), but when you have only two numbers, the correction factor is about 1.25. The approximate correction formula, as I understand it, is (n-.75)/(n-1), so if n = 2, then it is 1.25/1, but this is not exact. The real formula is more complex (not difficult, but involves the gamma function) and my reference to it is not at this office, or I would give it. HTH, Ben -Original Message- From: [EMAIL PROTECTED] [mailto:[EMAIL PROTECTED] On Behalf Of Ron Michael Sent: Wednesday, January 16, 2008 2:15 AM To: [EMAIL PROTECTED] Subject: [PS] [R] Different results in calculating SD of 2 numbers Hi all, Can anyone tell me why I am getting different results in calculating SD of 2 numbers ? (1.25-0.95)/2 [1] 0.15 sd(c(1.25, 0.95)) [1] 0.2121320 # why it is different from 0.15? Regards, Send instant messages to your online friends http://uk.messenger.yahoo.com [[alternative HTML version deleted]] __ R-help@r-project.org mailing list https://stat.ethz.ch/mailman/listinfo/r-help PLEASE do read the posting guide http://www.R-project.org/posting-guide.html and provide commented, minimal, self-contained, reproducible code. __ R-help@r-project.org mailing list https://stat.ethz.ch/mailman/listinfo/r-help PLEASE do read the posting guide http://www.R-project.org/posting-guide.html and provide commented, minimal, self-contained, reproducible code.
[R] PS graphs in R 2.6.0
Dear R-users: I have been working in R for few years and never I'd been the problems like this. I'm running the last R version and when I try to save a graph in PS format I have the next error Error: Invalid font type In addition: Warning messages: 1: font family not found in PostScript font database 2: font family not found in PostScript font database I thinks it's curious because using R 2.5.1 I didn't have this result. Could somebody please explain me what happen? Thanks in advance, Jorge Ivan Velez Industrial Engineer Master in Sciences (Candidate) Faculty of Sciences School of Statistics National University of Colombia at Medellin Medellin, Antioquia, Colombia e-mail: [EMAIL PROTECTED] __ R-help@r-project.org mailing list https://stat.ethz.ch/mailman/listinfo/r-help PLEASE do read the posting guide http://www.R-project.org/posting-guide.html and provide commented, minimal, self-contained, reproducible code.
