[biofuel] Re: Is biodiesel ready for prime time?-- YES

[Keith Addison]

>(See Keith's words below.)

Ernie, please, for the second time, those are NOT my words as you 
state. The article was clearly by-lined, written by Robin Dalmas, 
published by MSN, I merely forwarded it. A lot of people do that, it 
doesn't mean they wrote it, it doesn't even mean they necessarily 
agree with it. Please be more careful with your attributions. I'm a 
journalist, I can't be credited with other people's work that I've 
been careful to attribute to them.

Anyway we've dealt with all this before - you raised the NOx 
question, I replied and gave you quite a lot of information:
http://infoarchive.net/sgroup/BIOFUEL/37181/
Re: My view on diesel cars, and a notable event.

Including this:

>>NOx is also a non-issue. Take this, eg:
>>
>>"NOX and VOCs in combination with sunlight form ozone. Urban 
>>airshed modeling studies of the Baton Rouge nonattainment area show 
>>that reductions in VOCs are more effective in reducing ozone levels 
>>than reductions in NOX. In some cases, reductions in NOX have 
>>actually been shown to have a negative benefit in the control of 
>>ozone levels. For this reason, DEQ's current ozone reduction 
>>strategy calls for more VOC reductions rather than further 
>>reductions in NOX."
>>- Louisiana Department of Environmental Quality
>>http://www.deq.state.la.us/evaluation/air_indicators/no_2_.htm
>>
>>I contacted the Louisiana Department of Environmental Quality about 
>>this asking for further details of the study, but they didn't 
>>reply. I'm not in a good position to follow it up.
>
>Care to try?

But you didn't respond.

Keith




>Thanks, Keith,
>
>For the informative article on biodiesel.  I want to question the NOx
>"problem."  It seems to me, so far, that there is a lot of confusion 
>on how or why
>NOx is a pollutant.  Everywhere I go, everyone says it is a BIG 
>problem, causes
>smog and cancer.
>
>Wait a minute--  NOx is a key step in the nitrogen cycle, isn't it?  (Time to
>run for your old biology text.)  All life on earth depends on finding
>nitrogen in a form that can be used by plants and animals.  Nitrogen in the
>atmosphere has to be fixed, and that is done mostly by 
>nitrogen-fixing bacteria,
>releasing NOx into the soil.  About 5 to 8% of all nitrogen fixation 
>is caused by
>lightning, and a smaller amount is caused by human activity.  We get 
>all excited
>about humans making NOx, when we are only third on the list of sources.
>
>So what is it, is NOx (stands for mixtures of NO and NO2) an essential
>nutrient for life, or a pollutant?
>
>The real problem here are HCs.  HCs apparently react with NOx and ozone (in
>the presence of light) to make smog.  And, that is bad.  Where there is no HC
>(stands for hydrocarbons), you have only fresh-smelling air, like after a
>lightning storm.
>
>HCs are produced in abundance by leakage of gasoline vapors (diesel doesn't
>do that), by idling gasoline engines and at least before by commercial
>processes such as painting.  Today, a correctly tuned diesel engine 
>has very low HC
>production, better that most gas burning cars.  (See Keith's words below.)
>
>Some experts have suggested switching to diesel cars to lower smog in cities.
> This can be done easily if EPA relaxes its limits on NOx production-- diesel
>cars are being tuned at present to make more HCs and less NOx.  (The EGR does
>this.)  Diesel engines should be tuned just for minimum HCs.
>
>Ernie Rogers
>
>Keith said,
>Turning to Alternative Fuel
>Biodiesel is touted as an environmentally friendlier alternative to
>petroleum diesel because it produces fewer emissions of greenhouse
>gases, soot, air toxics, carbon monoxide, and hydrocarbons compared
>to petroleum diesel. But the picture isn't perfect: Biodiesel has
>higher nitrogen oxide emissions, which are a contributor to smog and
>global warming.
>
>When compared with gasoline, biodiesel produces fewer emissions of
>greenhouse gases, volatile organic compounds and carbon monoxide,
>according to a report by Harvard University's Alternative Fuel
>Vehicle Program. But once again, it has higher nitrogen oxide
>emissions.



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[biofuel] Re: Is biodiesel ready for prime time?-- YES

[Arcologic]

Thanks, Keith,

For the informative article on biodiesel.  I want to question the NOx 
"problem."  It seems to me, so far, that there is a lot of confusion on how or 
why 
NOx is a pollutant.  Everywhere I go, everyone says it is a BIG problem, causes 
smog and cancer.

Wait a minute--  NOx is a key step in the nitrogen cycle, isn't it?  (Time to 
run for your old biology text.)  All life on earth depends on finding 
nitrogen in a form that can be used by plants and animals.  Nitrogen in the 
atmosphere has to be fixed, and that is done mostly by nitrogen-fixing 
bacteria, 
releasing NOx into the soil.  About 5 to 8% of all nitrogen fixation is caused 
by 
lightning, and a smaller amount is caused by human activity.  We get all 
excited 
about humans making NOx, when we are only third on the list of sources.

So what is it, is NOx (stands for mixtures of NO and NO2) an essential 
nutrient for life, or a pollutant?

The real problem here are HCs.  HCs apparently react with NOx and ozone (in 
the presence of light) to make smog.  And, that is bad.  Where there is no HC 
(stands for hydrocarbons), you have only fresh-smelling air, like after a 
lightning storm.

HCs are produced in abundance by leakage of gasoline vapors (diesel doesn't 
do that), by idling gasoline engines and at least before by commercial 
processes such as painting.  Today, a correctly tuned diesel engine has very 
low HC 
production, better that most gas burning cars.  (See Keith's words below.)

Some experts have suggested switching to diesel cars to lower smog in cities. 
 This can be done easily if EPA relaxes its limits on NOx production-- diesel 
cars are being tuned at present to make more HCs and less NOx.  (The EGR does 
this.)  Diesel engines should be tuned just for minimum HCs.  

Ernie Rogers

Keith said,
Turning to Alternative Fuel
Biodiesel is touted as an environmentally friendlier alternative to 
petroleum diesel because it produces fewer emissions of greenhouse 
gases, soot, air toxics, carbon monoxide, and hydrocarbons compared 
to petroleum diesel. But the picture isn't perfect: Biodiesel has 
higher nitrogen oxide emissions, which are a contributor to smog and 
global warming.

When compared with gasoline, biodiesel produces fewer emissions of 
greenhouse gases, volatile organic compounds and carbon monoxide, 
according to a report by Harvard University's Alternative Fuel 
Vehicle Program. But once again, it has higher nitrogen oxide 
emissions.


[Non-text portions of this message have been removed]




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Re: [biofuel] Alcohol as a motor fuel and going to Jail

[pan ruti]

   Hello  Jseabolt
 Unlike  corn grains ,potatoes,  grass  contains cellulose  and lognin  
as cement making grass and wood  much strong  and hence to process and  make 
sugar  for ethanol production
   So far  few  anaerobic bacterias that can make alcohol directly from 
celluloses are  isolated.Genetically modified  bacterias are also attempted.Yet 
they cant attack easily lignocellulosics and not effiecient like alcohol yeast.
Wood alcohol is called  methanol  obtianed buy  direct destructive 
distillation of lignocelulosics, but ethanol  is obtained  form sugar by 
fermentation , then distillation.
Several problems  need to be solved to make sugar from celluosics  , see my 
earlier posting here about lignocellulosics
   You need not worry about going to  jail because you make alcohol eventhouh 
it is strictly prohibited by several countries.For sustainable own use , with 
own risk one can make alcohol  in a small scale as same  as  the 
bodiesel.Making  one  energy is the fundamental right of any human being 
provided , the same do not cause any damage any one and environments.If you 
make ethanol in Brasil every one will admire you , surley no one , even the 
judge will surley feel sorry to put you in jail as he too depend this fuel to 
do his work
 Here in  Brazil very  rarely  in remote area, the  alcohol is made  in 
small scale  level and used in  the car  for local use  farmer  use eventhough 
this is illegal but  sustainable only way the farmer can survive. Where there 
is no energy at all and no one  will go to jail as this too need energy too 
much..After all, the  laws are made by us to do things for us . Inside your  
small farm you can do things on your own  risk and problem surely may  arise if 
you do on a commercial  scale that need go by technical specifications strictly.
 
   In most of the world  no one will   go to jail  because they make alcohol  
for  drinking , making money and spoiling the environment and  health .  I 
believe too if you have  good advocate you can win and not  go to jail as you 
are solving your energy problems  with your  little resources.We are pleased to 
invite you here  brasil if this the case there that you will go to jail, as  we 
need inovative person like you here  with a vast land unutilised, and surely 
can have legal fight to allow you to do your  good work here if you need.
 
   We have litlle  studied the viability of fast rapid growing Elephant 
grass grown on treated sewage (800) ton /ha/year  that can give  the highest 
quantity of  plant protein and biomass  to make alcohol and animal feed using  
celluase enzyme recovery.
With out financial suport , we are not able to continue this important study.
In this context help is welcome  to make joint research work as now  we have 
good network
  Small scale decentralized  Grass biomass project is  yet in  design stage , 
economic viability depend the place that need to be well studied  as the 
technology is not proven nd mature.However  your idea is good  and surely 
became reality when the gasoline is no more , surly , the alcohol , biogas and 
bodiesel will  make us survive  in a sustainable way.These three biofuel can be 
produced in a integrated way in a small scale farm.
We have list members , experts , researchers  in this group , but some one like 
you or the king of biomass from France  need to do the Kraft work based on the 
information here  , otherwise  the result can be  bad, time and money all are 
wasted.
I have a lot of  hope and wish you the best success in your effort to 
understand and work  in this  field of  ethanol from biomass.The next rich king 
of the biomass will be the one who can make ethanol from cellulosic biomass in 
a simple way as  the way you think too.Unfortunately the way known  upto now is 
very complex .but surely there can be a simple way too.
   Please feel free to contact  all us  and  the  list members of the group to 
go ahead your work as this is the one of the best place you any one from any 
place   can find the information and the best  people  well organized in a net  
with well coordinated scientific and technological  information all in one 
place. I  think that   the biofuel list members are like Cart , but the main 
Engine , the bull  who make  the  group very dynamic  and moving  the bullock 
cart here, in the  the real world  against the  great big blue stones  is  very 
 hard task .Even though  several stones are thrown on our  group, our  beloved 
leader KEITH  is  really doing  hard work. Therefore  may  not be correct call 
him as merely as the coordinator of our list  , surely correct  call him  as 
Our true GURU  of  Biofuel  for all dedicated  mainly for  small farmer  
throught the world , the rich , the poor , the north , south ,east and  west  
so that  simple  person  like you can have the access the
 information from the people  from university like me .Thus we here all wish  
you  to make  your energy and  power 

Re: No attack - was Re: [biofuel] who is trying what

[Hakan Falk]

John,

Read the article you pointed me to and it did not really discussed the 
operating systems, rather email client software. In this case the MS client 
software is crap and should not under any circumstances be used. The one 
who uses Outlook is asking for big trouble, not only when it concerns 
viruses. Unfortunately it is the most used email clients.

I used Unix first time around 1978 and Mac 1984, like Mac a lot. Reality 
(MS market share) made me a Windows user, since I was an IT professional 
and wanted to make business. It is a lot of advantages, both financial and 
technical, to use market leader operating system. Will pick up on Linux 
soon, since I need to do more server work and would not even dream of using 
Windows as server.

Hakan

PS. I am using Eudora (w. Norton antivirus) as mail client and it works good.

At 19:15 14/08/2004, you wrote:
>Hakan Falk wrote:
> > It is possible to run any operating system without virus infection, I have
> > done so, but then I experienced the viruses spread on floppies before
> > Internet. The issue is that it is few who run Linux and therefore it is 
> not
> > worth while to attack and it will be more difficult to get enough computer
> > infected. Linux and Apple are protected by the low number of 
> installations,
> > not that they have less vulnerability. Maybe Macs are more difficult to
> > write viruses for, with its threaded and resource based file system, Linux
> > should be easier.
>
>Hakan-
>
>Althought people often claim MacOS and Linux are less infected than
>windows because of market share, it turns out that isn't true one you
>dig a little deeper.
>
>The Register did a nice little write up on this last Fall.
>http://www.theregister.co.uk/2003/10/06/linux_vs_windows_viruses/
>
>Me? I use NeXTstep 7.3.4 (aka Cupertino Unix) ;)




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Re: [biofuel] Alcohol as a motor fuel

[Keith Addison]

Hello jseabolt2002

You need to do some studying. You've come to the right place though.

First, wood alcohol is methanol, not ethanol, and there's no 
satisfactory way of producing it efficiently at the back-yard level 
(as yet).

You can make ethanol from cellulose (such as wood chips), but again 
it's not very efficient. You'll find more information on this at the 
resources I've listed below.

Stick to starch and sugar crops. Starch crops need conversion to 
sugar (via an enzyme), and the sugar then needs fermenting by yeast 
to produce ethanol, which will then have to be distilled. There are 
full instructions for this, plus still plans, in the resources below, 
as well as answers to all your other questions.

But there's a lot to learn, it's more than a five-minute job.

Start here:
http://journeytoforever.org/ethanol.html
Ethanol: Journey to Forever

Then here:
http://journeytoforever.org/ethanol_link.html
Ethanol resources on the Web

And then here:
http://journeytoforever.org/biofuel_library.html
Biofuels Library

Especially these:

Mother Earth Alcohol Fuel
The Manual for the Home and Farm Production of Alcohol Fuel
Convert Your Car to Alcohol
Fuel From Sawdust

There's also a lot of info here (search):
http://infoarchive.net/sgroup/biofuel/

Best wishes

Keith


>What sorts of materials can be used to make homemade alcohol as a
>motor fuel? Besides the typical stuff like fruit, corn, grains,
>potatoes? I know the material has to have so much sugar or starch
>content but is this just limitied to edible foods?
>
>Could a person use grass clippings? Seriously? Since I have to mow my
>yard anyway why not bag the clippings and turn it back into fuel?
>
>I've got an idea how wood alcohol is produced by heating it and
>distilling the vapors but can you soak it in warm water like you
>would grain and make it that way? My father does woodworking and
>generates ALLOT of sawdust and wood shavings.
>
>I'm looking for something that requires little maintence to plant and
>harvest. So far it sounds to me like the best item to use would be
>fruit from fruit trees. I have some land I could plant an ochard.
>Also looks like fruit like apples would work best since the bees do
>all the work and the apples have allot of sugar content. Of course
>you have to pick them up. But unlike grains and potatoes, this
>wouldn't require using a tractor (burning fuel) to produce it. Other
>than doing it by hand.
>
>Once I harvest the apples, then how do you turn it into alcohol? I
>haven't found much info on this. I suppose since this is sort of
>illegal.
>
>Are you suppose to mix it with bread yeast or does will the mash
>ferment on it's own?
>
>As far as distilling is concerned. My idea would be to use a glass
>vinegar jug, mount a fitting in the metal cap, use some copper tubing
>and make my own still. Then use a hotplate as a burner.
>
>If I want to get really technical, I could make one using trays which
>will increase the content without having to refine it.
>
>And finally. Can you get a permit for this so I don't goto jail? How
>much trouble is this? Or as long as I don't get too carried away just
>don't tell anybody what I'm doing?



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Re: No attack - was Re: [biofuel] who is trying what

[Keith Addison]

Hello Hakan

>Keith.
>
>I thought that you had to have a special message in the subject line or
>message, to unsubscribe from Yahoo lists, this is the normal way it should
>be done. I did not realize that they allow this only based on an email
>address, which of course make it very sensitive to viruses.

Yes, you can unsubscribe from a Yahoo group simply by sending an 
email to the unsubscribe address. That's standard for most list 
providers. You then receive a confirmation that you have to respond 
to. If you don't respond you're not unsubscribed. Safe enough, I 
think.

>On the other
>hand, they are quite good on virus scanning of their mail

They're not good at it at all! I've OFTEN been bounced by Yahoo 
because Yahoo tried to send me a virus, my ISP quite rightly rejected 
it, so Yahoo bounces me - and then sends me an email to tell me my 
email isn't working!!!

>and ought to have
>checks on this, but it is hard to keep up with the new viruses.
>
>Probably Internet have to have better checks and trace of origin, to be
>able to catch the virus producers. To catch them and pursue criminal
>responsibility, is maybe the only way to root out this problems.

It sure would help a little if people owning computers connected to 
the Internet had half a clue about how to protect them. 70 million 
infected computers!!!

>The
>question is if Internet can survive those guys without major reduction of
>the liberties that it now has.

Would that even be possible? The Internet is uncontrollable, isn't it?

>The virus producers not only attacks our
>computers, but also supports other attacks on our freedom of speech.

The criminals are always one step ahead of the police, and I guess 
it'll stay that way with virus writers. The virus-magnets are more of 
a problem, IMO. I've seen some reports that there could be be some 
initial signs that Microsoft might be waking up to the fact that 
their operating system and software might not be 100% secure, and 
that would certainly do a lot more good than trying to crack down on 
the criminals. Not much use complaining about all the theft when you 
don't bother to lock the warehouse at night. If M$ ever got its act 
half-together the problem would be a lot more controllable and a lot 
less damaging.

>It is possible to run any operating system without virus infection, I have
>done so, but then I experienced the viruses spread on floppies before
>Internet. The issue is that it is few who run Linux and therefore it is not
>worth while to attack and it will be more difficult to get enough computer
>infected. Linux and Apple are protected by the low number of installations,
>not that they have less vulnerability. Maybe Macs are more difficult to
>write viruses for, with its threaded and resource based file system, Linux
>should be easier.

I think both Linux and Macs actually do have less vulnerability. 
There'd be viruses, yes, but not the scourge of M$ viruses, a lot 
more sustainable. Macs do get viruses - guess how? Via M$ macros.

>The best protection would be to pursue and lock up the producers of
>viruses, it is a criminal case in most countries.

It turns out to be not very effective against any sort of crime. The 
effective approach is to minimise or remove the cause.

>With prison terms and
>potentially damage claims that will destroy the virus producers future, it
>should be possible to do it. One of the problem is the sort of false
>prestige and unjustified image of knowledge that it has at the moment.

On the other hand, we're just not getting the very obvious message - 
close the door! The Internet is unhealthy, that's why it's so plagued 
with viruses. If it were more healthy it would be more like the 
living world, where diseases are an integral part of an overall 
picture of health - until the balance is upset. In either case, 
trying to fight the diseases will only cure the symptom, at best, 
only for it to be replaced by other symptoms. Yes, you do need to 
treat the symptom, very often, but not to the extent of ignoring the 
cause, which in this case really boils down to one thing: Microsoft. 
The real virus is Microsoft. And we've rewarded them for it most 
richly.

:-(

Regards

Keith




>As
>Keith you said, it has the potential to destroy the best parts of Internet.
>
>Hakan
>
>At 15:15 14/08/2004, you wrote:
> >Hi Doug
> >
> > >OR, just learn, & run Linux! No M$ software, so a lot less 
>virii. (in fact I
> > >have never had a virus in the 3 years I have been running Linux on my home
> > >computer.
> > >
> > >regards Doug
> >
> >Yes, or a Mac, also never had a virus - but you receive the things
> >anyway, even if they don't infect your computer, and indeed people
> >get confused anyway.
> >
> >There have been several virus messages delivered to the list now with
> >the false sender addresses of bonafide list members. The viruses
> >themselves get stopped of course (no attachments) but the messages
> >arrive. And cause confusion.
> >
> >There really isn't

Re: No attack - was Re: [biofuel] who is trying what

[Keith Addison]

>Keith Addison wrote:
>
> > There's nothing to be done about it. I've received emails allegedly
> > from myself, [EMAIL PROTECTED], warning me that my address -
> > also [EMAIL PROTECTED] - is being used for spam and my ISP -
> > journeytoforever.org - will close my account unless I do something
> > about it as explained in the attachment (which is of course a virus).
>
>
>
> > Just lies and false addresses.
>
>That's what you think, Keith!
>*pulls plug*
>;)

Arghhh!!!

LOL!

Martin, have mercy, please be so good as to remove that devilish 
glint in your eye! You'll give me horrible nightmares. No email, no 
list archives, no Journey to Forever...

... On the other hand, come to think of it, that sounds like a very 
peaceful sort of life... Er, Martin, about that plug...

Keith


>--
>--
>Martin Klingensmith
>http://infoarchive.net/
>http://nnytech.net/



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Re: No attack - was Re: [biofuel] who is trying what

[John Hayes]

Hakan Falk wrote:
> It is possible to run any operating system without virus infection, I have 
> done so, but then I experienced the viruses spread on floppies before 
> Internet. The issue is that it is few who run Linux and therefore it is not 
> worth while to attack and it will be more difficult to get enough computer 
> infected. Linux and Apple are protected by the low number of installations, 
> not that they have less vulnerability. Maybe Macs are more difficult to 
> write viruses for, with its threaded and resource based file system, Linux 
> should be easier.

Hakan-

Althought people often claim MacOS and Linux are less infected than 
windows because of market share, it turns out that isn't true one you 
dig a little deeper.

The Register did a nice little write up on this last Fall.
http://www.theregister.co.uk/2003/10/06/linux_vs_windows_viruses/

Me? I use NeXTstep 7.3.4 (aka Cupertino Unix) ;)





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Re: No attack - was Re: [biofuel] who is trying what

[Martin Klingensmith]

Hakan, they do require a special code. Have you changed your Yahoo 
password? If not I would do so immediately. It's not hard to fake an 
email from someone [I've sent emails to my friends from "[EMAIL PROTECTED]" 
as a joke..] but sending the message BACK to a faked address should be 
"impossible."
A good password should contain letters along with a number such as 
"b8Hdh4c3X" it's unguessable and would take a long time for someone to 
figure out. That is, of course, as long as you don't tell everyone like 
I just did.
--
Martin Klingensmith


Hakan Falk wrote:
> Keith.
> 
> I thought that you had to have a special message in the subject line or 
> message, to unsubscribe from Yahoo lists, this is the normal way it should 
> be done. I did not realize that they allow this only based on an email 
> address, which of course make it very sensitive to viruses. On the other 
> hand, they are quite good on virus scanning of their mail and ought to have 
> checks on this, but it is hard to keep up with the new viruses.


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Re: [biofuel] Environment

[John Hayes]

Ross Cannon wrote:

 > On July 21,
 > New York Attorney General Eliot Spitzer and lawyers from seven other
 > states sued the nation's largest utility companies, demanding that
 > they reduce emissions of the gases thought to be warming the earth.
 > Warns Spitzer: "Global warming threatens our health, our economy, our
 > natural resources, and our children's future. It is clear we must
 > act."
 >
 > The maneuvers of eight mostly Democratic AGs could be seen as a
 > political attack. But their suit is only one tiny trumpet note in a
 > growing bipartisan call to arms.

Huh?

Eliot Spitzer (NY) is a Republican AG from a state with a Republican 
Governor.

Calling them "mostly Democratic AGs" is factually correct but 
misleading when the guy *leading* the lawsuit is a Republican.

And this isn't the first time Spitzer has gone to the courts to protect 
the enviroment from power plant emissions. 
http://www.oag.state.ny.us/press/1999/sep/sep15a_99.html

Nor is Spitzer the only Republican in the Northeast calling for these 
measures. In 2001, 6 New England governors (and 5 Canadian premiers) 
adopted a Climate Change Action Plan. Of the 6 governors, 3 were 
Democrats, 2 were Republicans and 1 was independent.
http://www.climateark.org/articles/2001/3rd/newenple.htm

Finally, in 2003, New York's Republican Governor, George Pataki, sent 
letters to the Governors of Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New 
Hampshire, Rhode Island and Vermont, Delaware, New Jersey, Pennsylvania 
and Maryland, to encourage them to work with New York to develop a 
flexible, market-based cap and trade program for carbon dioxide 
emissions from power plants. This came after Pataki set up a GHG task 
force in 2001.

In short, I find the suggestion that Spitzer's lawsuit represents a 
political attack is sloppy writing/reporting. But maybe I'm just being 
pedantic.

If the author really wanted to discuss "the growing bipartisan call to 
arms" why not discuss any of the stuff I mention above?

(Note to all, if this post was too 'rah rah GOP' for you, that wasn't my 
intent and I apologize. I'm just getting sick of the spin from both 
sides as the silly season is now upon us in the US.)




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[biofuel] Agriculture and Greenhouse effect - Part III: N2O

[Keith Addison]

Agriculture and Greenhouse effect - Part I: CO2
http://infoarchive.net/sgroup/BIOFUEL/37252/

Agriculture and Greenhouse effect - Part II: CH4
http://infoarchive.net/sgroup/BIOFUEL/37253/

-

http://www.demetra-net.org/Lighthouse_Archive/5_issue/5_issue.htm
The Lighthouse E-Newsletter Issue 5

Agriculture and Greenhouse effect


Increased agricultural production is also limited by pollution. 
Industry is often to blame, but agriculture may be both culprit and 
victim.

- Gordon Conway, Uma Lele, Jim Peacock and Martin Pi–eiro Sustainable 
Agriculture for a Food Secure World


Here is the third (and final) part of our story about agriculture and 
global climate change. Just one remark: one has to remember that 
modern agriculture is a very complex structure where all parts are 
closely interlinked. This structure rests upon three foundations: 1) 
extensive, large-scale monoculture, 2) high chemical inputs, and 3) 
intensive mechanization. It has enormous impact on the environment as 
a whole and on global climate change in particular, emitting all 
three leading greenhouse gases.

Trying to optimize just some parts of this structure without changing 
its basic principles (three foundations) will surely not help to 
relieve its pressure on the environment. Shift to sound agriculture 
based on principles of sustainability is a pressing need, and this 
shift must first take place in our mind. You say impossible? Well, we 
shall see what we shall seeÉ

Part III: N2O

Besides other two leading greenhouse gases ( CO2 and CH4), 
agriculture is also a growing source of nitrous oxide (N2O) 
emissions. On a global scale, agricultural practices contribute 
approximately 50% of anthropogenic nitrous oxide emissions. There are 
three direct sources of N2O emissions associated with agricultural 
operations: 1) microbial denitrification of synthetic nitrogenous 
fertilizers in soil; 2) emissions from agricultural animal waste; and 
3) biomass burning.

Denitrification and Soil Nitrogen

Agricultural soils represent a very large, and growing, global source 
of nitrous oxide. N2O emissions occur primarily through decomposing 
organic matter in soil as it undergoes a series of oxidative and 
reductive processes, called nitrification and denitrification, 
respectively. However, it is the reductive process, denitrification, 
that is responsible for the primary loss of gaseous nitrogen (N) 
compounds to the atmosphere. Some additional nitrous oxide is thought 
to arise in agricultural soils through the process of nitrogen 
fixation, though the true importance of this source remains poorly 
defined (http://www.oit.doe.gov/agriculture/pdfs/greenhousegases.pdf 
- PDF, 764K).

 
"At just above 310 ppb [parts per billion] the gas [N2O] is only 
one-one thousandth as abundant as CO2, but because its global warming 
potential is roughly three hundred times as large as that of CO2, N2O 
is now responsible for about 6 percent of the anthropogenic 
greenhouse effect."*
 

A major direct source of nitrous oxide from agricultural soils is 
that of synthetic fertilizer use. Where large applications of 
fertilizer are combined with soil conditions favorable to 
denitrification, large amounts of nitrous oxide can be produced and 
emitted to the atmosphere (e.g. 
http://www.ghgonline.org/nitrousagri.htm). Emissions associated with 
nitrogen fertilization of soils account for about 70 percent of 
nitrous oxide emissions from agriculture worldwide (e.g. see data for 
U.S. N2O emissions here)

http://www.eia.doe.gov/oiaf/1605/ggrpt/summary/nitrous.html

Animal Waste

Animal husbandry is another main source of N2O, accounting for about 
20 percent of agricultural nitrous oxide emissions. Nitrous oxide is 
produced here as part of the agricultural nitrogen cycle through the 
denitrification of the organic nitrogen contained in animal manures 
that are managed using liquid and slurry systems. Additionally, the 
widespread and often poorly controlled use of animal waste as 
fertilizer (wastes that are spread on cropland and pasture) can lead 
to substantial emissions of nitrous oxide from agricultural soils 
(e.g. http://www.ghgonline.org/nitrousagri.htm).

Biomass Burning

Nitrous oxide is also directly emitted during biomass burning, and is 
produced in soil after burning. Biomass burning accounts for around 
half a million tonnes of nitrous oxide emission each year. Nitrous 
oxide emissions arising from biomass burning are a result of 
incomplete combustion and significant amounts can be produced during 
large scale burning of woodlands, savanna and agricultural waste.

In savanna regions of the world, burning is often carried out every 
few years to promote regeneration of the vegetation. An important 
biomass burning related source of nitrous oxide emission is that of 
crop residue burning.

The high nitrogen and water contents of many crop residues mean that 
the burning of such material can produce a relatively high percentag

Re: No attack - was Re: [biofuel] who is trying what

[Hakan Falk]

Keith.

I thought that you had to have a special message in the subject line or 
message, to unsubscribe from Yahoo lists, this is the normal way it should 
be done. I did not realize that they allow this only based on an email 
address, which of course make it very sensitive to viruses. On the other 
hand, they are quite good on virus scanning of their mail and ought to have 
checks on this, but it is hard to keep up with the new viruses.

Probably Internet have to have better checks and trace of origin, to be 
able to catch the virus producers. To catch them and pursue criminal 
responsibility, is maybe the only way to root out this problems. The 
question is if Internet can survive those guys without major reduction of 
the liberties that it now has. The virus producers not only attacks our 
computers, but also supports other attacks on our freedom of speech.

It is possible to run any operating system without virus infection, I have 
done so, but then I experienced the viruses spread on floppies before 
Internet. The issue is that it is few who run Linux and therefore it is not 
worth while to attack and it will be more difficult to get enough computer 
infected. Linux and Apple are protected by the low number of installations, 
not that they have less vulnerability. Maybe Macs are more difficult to 
write viruses for, with its threaded and resource based file system, Linux 
should be easier.

The best protection would be to pursue and lock up the producers of 
viruses, it is a criminal case in most countries. With prison terms and 
potentially damage claims that will destroy the virus producers future, it 
should be possible to do it. One of the problem is the sort of false 
prestige and unjustified image of knowledge that it has at the moment. As 
Keith you said, it has the potential to destroy the best parts of Internet.

Hakan

At 15:15 14/08/2004, you wrote:
>Hi Doug
>
> >OR, just learn, & run Linux! No M$ software, so a lot less virii. (in fact I
> >have never had a virus in the 3 years I have been running Linux on my home
> >computer.
> >
> >regards Doug
>
>Yes, or a Mac, also never had a virus - but you receive the things
>anyway, even if they don't infect your computer, and indeed people
>get confused anyway.
>
>There have been several virus messages delivered to the list now with
>the false sender addresses of bonafide list members. The viruses
>themselves get stopped of course (no attachments) but the messages
>arrive. And cause confusion.
>
>There really isn't anything to be done about it - huge constant
>floods of virus messages polluting the Net are now regarded as
>normal, and the sheer clutter-level rises and rises and rises. And
>mostly just to pump out huge amounts of spam for stuff nobody's going
>to buy anyway, especially not via such invasive sales techniques. I
>find it hard to believe that the people doing this make anything out
>of it. Meanwhile the Net's getting wrecked, and it's the best thing
>we ever had.
>
>:-(
>
>Keith
>
>
> >On Sat, 14 Aug 2004 01:54 pm, Keith Addison wrote:
> > > >I got a confirmation unsubscribe message from Yahoo, that said that I
> > > >unsubscribed from the group. I have not done so and I wonder who is so
> > > >screwed up that he tries this kind of things. Obviously someone is 
> trying
> > > >to disrupt and destroy the list.
> > > >
> > > >Hakan
> > >
> > > It's just a virus Hakan, nobody's trying to disrupt and destroy the
> > > list. It's the entire Internet that's at risk - more than 70 million
> > > computers are constantly spewing out viruses and spam and their
> > > owners don't even know it. A security company did a survey of one
> > > million business computers in the US and found the average number of
> > > worms and viruses per computer was (IIRC) 28. That despite all the
> > > assurances that if you keep your "patches" and anti-virus software
> > > updated you'll be just fine.
> > >
> > > If your email address is in the address book of just one of those
> > > infected computers then you'll be a target. So your email address is
> > > in one, the Biofuel list's address is in another, that's all. You
> > > have a website, which makes it worse - you're in correspondence with
> > > more people than most, and your email address is on your site for
> > > crawlers to find, and use for spamming.
> > >
> > > There's nothing to be done about it. I've received emails allegedly
> > > from myself, [EMAIL PROTECTED], warning me that my address -
> > > also [EMAIL PROTECTED] - is being used for spam and my ISP -
> > > journeytoforever.org - will close my account unless I do something
> > > about it as explained in the attachment (which is of course a virus).
> > > Just lies and false addresses. And, yes, we've had emails claiming to
> > > come from Yahoo! Groups about unsubscription. It gave you a url to
> > > visit, didn't it? Don't go there! Don't open any attachments!
> > >
> > > Just don't take any notice. If you receive such messages and you're
>

[biofuel] Re: [local-b100-biz] why BD over straight oil?

[girl mark]

Someone asked about svo versus biodiesel on another list so I took a crack 
at answering...


***
At 07:24 AM 8/14/2004 -0600, you wrote:

>I have run across a few people that have modified their vehicles to run on
>straight vegetable oil, at about $800, as opposed to converting it to BD
>first.
>
>What are the pros and cons?
>
>James McDougal
>
>
I wrote:
**
The cost of a conversion varies, but in my area it's commonly much more 
expensive for a non-mechanic to get their car converted than just the cost 
of an $800 kit- so it depends on whether you're installing your own or not. 
At one point, Craig Reece of Neoteric was actually "running the numbers" 
for some customers who couldnt' really afford a professional installation, 
and showing them that it was more economical for some of them to stay 
unconverted and to use commercial biodiesel instead. Of course, with the 
very high cost of commercial biodiesel now, this is probably no longer 
economical, though I dont' know quite what formula he was using.

Some people do their own junkyard svo conversions for less than the $800 of 
a kit. A pro installation here costs about $2000 if I recall correctly. 
That obviously depends on the kit used also. Biodiesel processors vary in 
cost but the 'readymade' ones are universally inferior to a cheap 
homebuilt, and homebuilts are easy to build even with no mechanic background.

Some vehicles have had problems with improperly done SVO conversions- in my 
case I don't want to try it on my Stanadyne injection pump because many of 
these have seized in my area when the experimental or 'homebuilt' 
conversions didn't go well (I think mostly because oil didn't get hot 
enough and the owners weren't monitoring temperature properly, but there 
were other cases where that's not completely obviously the problem).

ALso, there are emissions questions about SVO that have been answered about 
biodiesel:  Many tests that have been done to look at the emissions of SVO 
were flawed studies- they looked at unheated SVO and concluded that it 
produces atrocious emissions (see 
http://bengal.missouri.edu/~pavt0689/Review_Utilization_of_Rapeseed_Oil.pdf 
) but there have been very few, if any, comparable studies on 'properly 
done' heated two-tank SVO. Steve Howell of the NBB (anti-SVO people) told 
me recently that there were new studies on 'raw oil' (see University of 
Idaho website for a writeup of some of these flawed studies by the way) 
which showed high formaldehyde and aldehyde emissions. I didn't find out 
from him if this was a 'cold SVO' study or not. Charlie Anderson from 
Greasel supposedly participated in a study in Japan on 'properly done' SVO 
(I think) which showed higher NOx supposedly but lower overall emissions if 
the second hand info I was told was correct. (somebody correct me please). 
based on the 'cold SVO' studies, it seems to me logical that SOMEWHERE 
along the continuum of 'biodiesel' (good emissions) to 'properly done SVO' 
(not enough data) to 'cold unheated SVO' (poor emissions), you should start 
to see differences in emissions. No one has properly studied yet what those 
emissions differences are accounting for all the different factors, and I 
suspect that they will vary depending on the type of fuel system and engine 
and operating conditions and SVO technology used.

However, if you are only looking for the benefits of the 'renewable energy' 
aspect of biofuels, then by all means SVO comes out on top of biodiesel, 
assuming that you are NOT spending too much of your time burning 
petrodiesel from your two-tank system (ie what's called the 'shorttrip 
problem', not all kits have this problem).

If you're looking at the costs of the two technologies, it is usually 
cheaper to build your own biodiesel processor (anything from $50 to $250 
produces good processors) than to buy a kit (though junkyard SVO 
conversions are comparable at times) and it is easier for someone with no 
mechanical knowledge to build a processor than to do a conversion well. 
Biodiesel won't usually disrupt your driving while you go through the 
building process or the learning curve. I don't know how much time I"ve 
spent talking to SVOers whose vehicles were broken down (or whose SVO 
systems weren't working temporarily) as a result of problems with junkyard 
conversions. Some of them are competent mechanical geniuses (for instance 
my friend Jess Burge who kept the Julia Butterfly SVO tour bus going last 
year, is right at this moment 'stuck' trying to figure out why his VegTherm 
is putting out air bubbles when hot, and whether or not this air did some 
damage on several vehicles he's used the same exact VegTherm in- and the 
man is brilliant at SVO matters and diesel mechanics in general)  and the 
troubleshooting was still tricky (Im an auto mechanic as well so I'm not 
writing this with a 'technophobia' perspective) . In homebrew biodiesel 
you're likely to have a high learning cu

[biofuel] Alcohol as a motor fuel

[jseabolt2002]

What sorts of materials can be used to make homemade alcohol as a 
motor fuel? Besides the typical stuff like fruit, corn, grains, 
potatoes? I know the material has to have so much sugar or starch 
content but is this just limitied to edible foods?

Could a person use grass clippings? Seriously? Since I have to mow my 
yard anyway why not bag the clippings and turn it back into fuel?

I've got an idea how wood alcohol is produced by heating it and 
distilling the vapors but can you soak it in warm water like you 
would grain and make it that way? My father does woodworking and 
generates ALLOT of sawdust and wood shavings.

I'm looking for something that requires little maintence to plant and 
harvest. So far it sounds to me like the best item to use would be 
fruit from fruit trees. I have some land I could plant an ochard. 
Also looks like fruit like apples would work best since the bees do 
all the work and the apples have allot of sugar content. Of course 
you have to pick them up. But unlike grains and potatoes, this 
wouldn't require using a tractor (burning fuel) to produce it. Other 
than doing it by hand.

Once I harvest the apples, then how do you turn it into alcohol? I 
haven't found much info on this. I suppose since this is sort of 
illegal.

Are you suppose to mix it with bread yeast or does will the mash 
ferment on it's own?

As far as distilling is concerned. My idea would be to use a glass 
vinegar jug, mount a fitting in the metal cap, use some copper tubing 
and make my own still. Then use a hotplate as a burner.

If I want to get really technical, I could make one using trays which 
will increase the content without having to refine it.

And finally. Can you get a permit for this so I don't goto jail? How 
much trouble is this? Or as long as I don't get too carried away just 
don't tell anybody what I'm doing?





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Re: No attack - was Re: [biofuel] who is trying what

[Martin Klingensmith]

Keith Addison wrote:

> There's nothing to be done about it. I've received emails allegedly 
> from myself, [EMAIL PROTECTED], warning me that my address - 
> also [EMAIL PROTECTED] - is being used for spam and my ISP - 
> journeytoforever.org - will close my account unless I do something 
> about it as explained in the attachment (which is of course a virus). 



> Just lies and false addresses. 

That's what you think, Keith!
*pulls plug*
;)



-- 
--
Martin Klingensmith
http://infoarchive.net/
http://nnytech.net/


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[biofuel] Is biodiesel ready for prime time?

[Keith Addison]

Fwd from Kirk McLoren.

http://autos.msn.com/volvo/article.aspx?contentid=4022450
 
Biodiesel
Is biodiesel ready for prime time?
by Robin Dalmas
What do the U.S. military, the National Park Service, Neil Young, 
Harvard University, and Daryl Hannah all have in common? The answer 
may surprise you.

These celebrities and organizations have turned to an alternative way 
of fueling their cars, buses and trucks. They're using biodiesel, a 
fuel that leaves their tailpipes smelling a bit like French fries. 
But more importantly, they're using biodiesel in hopes that it will 
help save the planet.

"I've supported the American farmer through FarmAid for 18 years, and 
biodiesel is a renewable fuel that America can grow in its own soil," 
Young said in a press release. Biodiesel is made from renewable 
resources such as soybeans or other vegetable or animal fats, and 
it's produced by a chemical process that removes glycerin from the 
oil. It can be used as a pure fuel, called B100, or blended with 
petroleum diesel in any percentage. The U.S. Environmental Protection 
Agency has stringently tested it, and it can be used in any diesel 
engine with little or no modification to the engine or fuel system.

Europe has had a thriving biodiesel industry for 20 years. After all, 
half the passenger cars there have diesel engines. In Germany, B100 
is often offered at the pump right alongside petroleum diesel.

Though it's still not a household word in the United States, 
biodiesel has been around for more than a century. When Rudolf Diesel 
designed the diesel engine in the 1890s, he ran it on peanut oil. But 
as soon as cheap petroleum-based diesel hit the marketplace, the 
peanut-oil concept went up in smoke.

Now, biodiesel is making a fashionable comeback. According to the 
National Biodiesel Board, the fuel's use has grown from half a 
million gallons in 1999 to 25 million gallons in 2003. Most of that 
is being consumed by the nation's 400 diesel fleets, including school 
buses. While 25 million gallons is a drop in the bucket compared to 
the petroleum diesel market (35 billion gallons a year) or the 
gasoline market (120 billion gallons a year), the droplet is growing. 
More than 200 biodiesel retail pumps have sprouted in the United 
States just in the last two years.

Turning to Alternative Fuel
Biodiesel is touted as an environmentally friendlier alternative to 
petroleum diesel because it produces fewer emissions of greenhouse 
gases, soot, air toxics, carbon monoxide, and hydrocarbons compared 
to petroleum diesel. But the picture isn't perfect: Biodiesel has 
higher nitrogen oxide emissions, which are a contributor to smog and 
global warming.

When compared with gasoline, biodiesel produces fewer emissions of 
greenhouse gases, volatile organic compounds and carbon monoxide, 
according to a report by Harvard University's Alternative Fuel 
Vehicle Program. But once again, it has higher nitrogen oxide 
emissions.

Both timing changes and diesel additives can help combat this 
problem. The city of Dallas, for example, is using diesel additives 
to reduce nitrogen oxide emissions in its diesel-powered vehicles. 
The federal government sees potential in biodiesel. In 2001, the U.S. 
Department of Agriculture launched the Bioenergy Program, which 
created incentives for agricultural producers to create 36 million 
gallons of biodiesel.

Benefits and Costs
Stephen Merrett, a junior at Oberlin College in Ohio, has been using 
biodiesel in his 1998 diesel car for about a year. Merrett, who is 
double-majoring in environmental studies and biology, chose a car 
with good gas mileage and its ability to burn biodiesel. He turned to 
the alternative fuel for a plethora of reasons.

"I use biodiesel because it makes use of existing infrastructure, it 
is cleaner-burning than petroleum diesel, it reduces dependency on 
foreign oil while supporting domestic products, and it provides 
increased lubrication that improves engine performance," he says.

Even the most devoted biodiesel fans, however, recognize that there 
are some drawbacks. It can cost more than petroleum diesel. Consider 
this report from the Clean Cities Alternative Fuel Price Report: 
During the week of Dec. 8, 2003, both gasoline and petroleum diesel 
averaged $1.48 per gallon nationwide, while B20 (20 percent 
biodiesel) averaged $1.75.

Why does biodiesel cost more? "It takes a lot of work to make 
biodiesel sufficiently compatible with today's diesel engines, and 
the processing of the biomaterials to make the fuel has not been 
optimized or scaled up to large quantities," said Dr. Richard Cohen, 
an alternative-fuels expert at Temple University.

Warm, fuzzy feeling
Furthermore, biodiesel can be as difficult to find as a soybean at a 
steakhouse. But Merrett and other Oberlin students have found their 
solution. They are making their own fuel for less than 60 cents a 
gallon.

For their winter term project, Merrett and three other Oberlin 
students d

Re: No attack - was Re: [biofuel] who is trying what

[Keith Addison]

Hi Doug

>OR, just learn, & run Linux! No M$ software, so a lot less virii. (in fact I
>have never had a virus in the 3 years I have been running Linux on my home
>computer.
>
>regards Doug

Yes, or a Mac, also never had a virus - but you receive the things 
anyway, even if they don't infect your computer, and indeed people 
get confused anyway.

There have been several virus messages delivered to the list now with 
the false sender addresses of bonafide list members. The viruses 
themselves get stopped of course (no attachments) but the messages 
arrive. And cause confusion.

There really isn't anything to be done about it - huge constant 
floods of virus messages polluting the Net are now regarded as 
normal, and the sheer clutter-level rises and rises and rises. And 
mostly just to pump out huge amounts of spam for stuff nobody's going 
to buy anyway, especially not via such invasive sales techniques. I 
find it hard to believe that the people doing this make anything out 
of it. Meanwhile the Net's getting wrecked, and it's the best thing 
we ever had.

:-(

Keith


>On Sat, 14 Aug 2004 01:54 pm, Keith Addison wrote:
> > >I got a confirmation unsubscribe message from Yahoo, that said that I
> > >unsubscribed from the group. I have not done so and I wonder who is so
> > >screwed up that he tries this kind of things. Obviously someone is trying
> > >to disrupt and destroy the list.
> > >
> > >Hakan
> >
> > It's just a virus Hakan, nobody's trying to disrupt and destroy the
> > list. It's the entire Internet that's at risk - more than 70 million
> > computers are constantly spewing out viruses and spam and their
> > owners don't even know it. A security company did a survey of one
> > million business computers in the US and found the average number of
> > worms and viruses per computer was (IIRC) 28. That despite all the
> > assurances that if you keep your "patches" and anti-virus software
> > updated you'll be just fine.
> >
> > If your email address is in the address book of just one of those
> > infected computers then you'll be a target. So your email address is
> > in one, the Biofuel list's address is in another, that's all. You
> > have a website, which makes it worse - you're in correspondence with
> > more people than most, and your email address is on your site for
> > crawlers to find, and use for spamming.
> >
> > There's nothing to be done about it. I've received emails allegedly
> > from myself, [EMAIL PROTECTED], warning me that my address -
> > also [EMAIL PROTECTED] - is being used for spam and my ISP -
> > journeytoforever.org - will close my account unless I do something
> > about it as explained in the attachment (which is of course a virus).
> > Just lies and false addresses. And, yes, we've had emails claiming to
> > come from Yahoo! Groups about unsubscription. It gave you a url to
> > visit, didn't it? Don't go there! Don't open any attachments!
> >
> > Just don't take any notice. If you receive such messages and you're
> > in any doubt about it, ask us first, no need to alarm the whole list
> > over nothing.
> >
> > Best wishes
> >
> > Keith
> >
> >
> >
> >
> > Biofuel at Journey to Forever:
> > http://journeytoforever.org/biofuel.html
> >
> > Biofuels list archives:
> > http://infoarchive.net/sgroup/biofuel/
> >
> > Please do NOT send Unsubscribe messages to the list address.
> > To unsubscribe, send an email to:
> > [EMAIL PROTECTED]
> > Yahoo! Groups Links
> >
> >
> >
>
>
>
>
>
>Biofuel at Journey to Forever:
>http://journeytoforever.org/biofuel.html
>
>Biofuels list archives:
>http://infoarchive.net/sgroup/biofuel/
>
>Please do NOT send Unsubscribe messages to the list address.
>To unsubscribe, send an email to:
>[EMAIL PROTECTED]
>Yahoo! Groups Links
>
>
>
>



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[biofuel] Full Scholarships for Master and PhD study in UEM

[Conrado S Heruela]

SouthEast-Asia Urban Environmental Management Applications (SEA-UEMA) Project
   Southeast - Asia Urban Environmental Management Applications (SEA-UEMA) 
Project  
CIDA-AIT PARTNERSHIP 2003-2008 

 
   
Full Scholarships for Master and PhD study in UEM 
   

 Full Scholarships for Master and PhD study in UEM 
  The SEA-UEMA Project is a partnership between the Canadian International 
Development Agency (CIDA) and the Asian Institute of Technology. Its goal is to 
contribute to the improvements of urban environmental conditions in Southeast 
Asia. It seeks to attain improved implementation and sharing of sound urban 
environmental management policies and practices. The focus of the project is on 
three key urban environmental sub-sectors, water and sanitation, solid waste 
and air pollution, with poverty reduction and gender equality as the two 
crosscutting themes. The projects two key components are UEM Graduate 
Education, and UEM Applications and Networks. 

  Under the UEM Graduate Education component, the project provides full 
scholarships for graduate level education and research at master (M.Sc.) and 
doctoral (Ph.D.) levels (full time and non-resident). These scholarships from 
the SEA-UEMA project are available for selected applicants from countries of 
Southeast Asia.   

  Scholarship Details 

  Each scholarship covers full tuition fees, accommodation and a monthly 
bursary towards living expenses as per AIT standards, for the duration of the 
study program. The full time master program funding is for a period of four 
semesters (22 months) and the full time doctoral program funding is for a 
period of six semesters (36 months). The funding is also available for 
non-resident doctoral program. 

  Over the project period of 2003-2008, CIDA is providing 55 master and 10 
doctoral scholarships. 

  Criteria for Awarding CIDA Scholarships 

a.. The applicant has to fulfill AIT admission criteria  

b.. The applicant must be from canadian ODA eligible southeast Asian 
countries (Cambodia, Indonesia, Lao PDR, Malaysia, Philippines, Timor-Leste, 
Thailand and Vietnam). Applicants from other developing countries of Asia are 
eligible for other sources of funding 

c.. Preference would be given to applicants having UEM related work 
experience. 

d.. Preference would be given to qualified women applicants. 

  Entry date for the UEM Field of Study : August 
  Application deadline : May 15 of the year of admission 

  For enquiries & application forms, please contact:   



  Mr. Bimalendu Mohanty 

  Project Associate, Graduate Education 

  E-mail: [EMAIL PROTECTED] 

  Tel: 66-2-5246399   











  


  A.T.M.Nurul Amin, PhD 

  Professor and Coordinator, Urban Environmental Management (UEM)

  Project Director, SEA-UEMA Project 

  School of Environment, Resources and Development 

  Asian Institute of Technology 

  P.O. Box 4, Klong Luang, Pathumthani 12120, Thailand

  Tel: 66-2-5245604, 02-5245777, Fax: 66-2-5246380, 66-2-5248338

   E-mail: [EMAIL PROTECTED] 

  Website: www.serd.ait.ac.th/uem/sea-uema.htm

   
   
 
 Asian Institute of Technology   Last Updated on: 4th June, 2004


[Non-text portions of this message have been removed]




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Re: No attack - was Re: [biofuel] who is trying what

[Doug Foskey]

OR, just learn, & run Linux! No M$ software, so a lot less virii. (in fact I 
have never had a virus in the 3 years I have been running Linux on my home 
computer.

regards Doug

On Sat, 14 Aug 2004 01:54 pm, Keith Addison wrote:
> >I got a confirmation unsubscribe message from Yahoo, that said that I
> >unsubscribed from the group. I have not done so and I wonder who is so
> >screwed up that he tries this kind of things. Obviously someone is trying
> >to disrupt and destroy the list.
> >
> >Hakan
>
> It's just a virus Hakan, nobody's trying to disrupt and destroy the
> list. It's the entire Internet that's at risk - more than 70 million
> computers are constantly spewing out viruses and spam and their
> owners don't even know it. A security company did a survey of one
> million business computers in the US and found the average number of
> worms and viruses per computer was (IIRC) 28. That despite all the
> assurances that if you keep your "patches" and anti-virus software
> updated you'll be just fine.
>
> If your email address is in the address book of just one of those
> infected computers then you'll be a target. So your email address is
> in one, the Biofuel list's address is in another, that's all. You
> have a website, which makes it worse - you're in correspondence with
> more people than most, and your email address is on your site for
> crawlers to find, and use for spamming.
>
> There's nothing to be done about it. I've received emails allegedly
> from myself, [EMAIL PROTECTED], warning me that my address -
> also [EMAIL PROTECTED] - is being used for spam and my ISP -
> journeytoforever.org - will close my account unless I do something
> about it as explained in the attachment (which is of course a virus).
> Just lies and false addresses. And, yes, we've had emails claiming to
> come from Yahoo! Groups about unsubscription. It gave you a url to
> visit, didn't it? Don't go there! Don't open any attachments!
>
> Just don't take any notice. If you receive such messages and you're
> in any doubt about it, ask us first, no need to alarm the whole list
> over nothing.
>
> Best wishes
>
> Keith
>
>
>
>
> Biofuel at Journey to Forever:
> http://journeytoforever.org/biofuel.html
>
> Biofuels list archives:
> http://infoarchive.net/sgroup/biofuel/
>
> Please do NOT send Unsubscribe messages to the list address.
> To unsubscribe, send an email to:
> [EMAIL PROTECTED]
> Yahoo! Groups Links
>
>
>




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[biofuel] DEUTERIUM: Philippines' Economic Solutions

[nbvillarruz]

HYDROGEN FUEL AND THE PEOPLE OF THE PHILIPPINES

A SPECIAL REPORT
International Press Release

By:  (name of proponent withheld)
Metro Manila, Philippines


HYDROGEN from Water was predicted by Jules Verne in 1874 to be the fuel of 
the future.  During World War II, Germany used V-2 Rocket Bombs propelled 
by HYDROGEN.  Now, Dr. Jacob Bigeleisen discovered that at room temperature 
or under atmospheric condition, DEUTERIUM ATOMS are electrolyzed naturally 
out of water in the form of HYDROGEN gas.  This natural phenomenal process 
needs no expensive electric power consuming electrolysis to artificially 
separate HYDROGEN from OXYGEN in Water.

What is DEUTERIUM?  Deuterium is HEAVY WATER or HYDROGEN WATER without 
oxygen.  This is obtained from the deep trenches of the World and the 
World's largest DEPOSIT OF DEUTERIUM is IN THE PHILIPPINES - A big deposit 
of 868 miles long, 52 miles at widest point, and 3 miles at deepest point, 
replenished by nature 24 hours a day after Deuterium traveled more than 
12,000 kilometers from Central America to the Philippines through the span 
of the Pacific Ocean when Planet Earth turns on its axis from West to East 
in unending perpetual motion.

USES OF DEUTERIUM

Deuterium is used in the production of (Hydrogen) Li-Hy Fuel now used in 
Canada, America, Germany and some parts of Sweden to provide fuel for cars, 
trucks, jet planes, etc. including solid Hydrogen for Spacecrafts 
Challenger and Columbia.  Deuterium can replace gasoline, LPG, LNG, Avgas, 
etc. in powering all types of internal combustion engines.  It does not 
emit pollutants or any harmful carbon monoxide and does not cause any 
environmental problems because it is in the water family as emissions are 
nothing but water vapor or steam.  Deuterium as Hydrogen Fuel can be used 
for cooking, lighting, heating, and as Heavy Water fuel for Reactors in 
electric power generation.

Why does Deuterium electrolyze out of water in the form of Hydrogen 
Gas?  It electrolyzes out of water in the form of Hydrogen gas because 
Deuterium is CONCENTRATED HYDROGEN with element symbol, H2 (Hydrogen mass 
of 2 as distinguished from H2O in Water) subjected to the pressure of water 
mass at the ocean floor of about 10,000 psi or more because Deuterium 
obtained from depths of more than 7,000 meters below sea level and at more 
than 10,000 psi pressure causes the oxygen in water to disengage, separate 
and escape naturally from hydrogen leaving only Hydrogen isotopes to 
combine with other Hydrogen isotopes in forming Deuterium under 
pressure.  And Deuterium under pressure, when exposed to room temperature 
or atmospheric condition, forms or electrolyzes naturally into Hydrogen 
Gas, in the same manner that LPG (Liquefied Petroleum Gas) and LNG 
(Liquefied Natural Gas) in LIQUID state transform into gas after fusion 
process with air in the atmosphere the moment LPG or LNG tank valves are 
turned on or opened.  By taking out impurities from Deuterium, Li-Hy Fuel 
is produced by special simple process at very, very low cost known to this 
proponent and his associates.  Cheap Hydrogen will reactivate all idled 
Hydrogen Based Industries internationally affected by high petroleum costs, 
and this will boost food, chemical, and metal industries worldwide.

PROPOSAL TO THE PHILIPPINE GOVERNMENT AND FOREIGN INVESTORS

Through intensive research and development on oceanographic data and 
processes with foreign associates, the proponent discovered that 
concentrated Hydrogen exists only about one centimeter thick in every 3,000 
meters deep of water mass at the ocean floor.  Because Deuterium more than 
twice the weight of ordinary water, it sinks and in the process, OXYGEN 
separates naturally from Hydrogen when the pressure becomes about 10,000 
psi or more.  The usual ocean floor depth ranges between 2,000 meters to 
3,000 meters.  With the Philippine Trench at 7,000 meters to 10,500 meters 
deep, Deuterium is naturally trapped through the ages untapped by man 
through this day, replenished by nature through the North Equatorial 
Current Tidal Flow from more than 12,000 kilometers away in Central America 
to the Philippines hitting the Philippine Trench DIRECTLY PERPENDICULAR - 
The one and only Trench with the widest and longest resource flow of 
Deuterium in the whole world!

This proponent presented in March 1986 the Deuterium Project to the 
Philippines and American Governments in his desire to help the People of 
the Philippines and its Government, by introducing an internationally 
accepted production-sharing scheme.  This is the 40/40/20 
production-sharing scheme.  40% of daily production revenue goes to the 
Government, 40% goes to the Investors, and 20% is retained or set aside to 
cover the cost of security, operation, management, administration, salaries 
and wages, materials, supplies, repairs and maintenance, and other 
operation costs.

The Philippine Government would not put in any investment funds but the 
fol

[biofuel] U.S. And France Begin a Great Game in Africa

[Keith Addison]

http://allafrica.com/stories/200408110821.html
allAfrica.com: PanAfrica:

U.S. And France Begin a Great Game in Africa

Inter Press Service (Johannesburg)

August 11, 2004
Posted to the web August 11, 2004

Julio Godoy
Paris

France and the United States have begun a new race to compete for 
favours with undemocratic regimes in Africa. The competition is 
growing particularly in the oil- rich North and West Africa.

The French government announced last month that it is due to sign a 
military pact with former colony Algeria that would include weapons 
and technology transfer, training and intelligence sharing.

The agreement was negotiated by French defence minister Michele 
Alliot-Marie on a visit to Algiers July 19. Alliot-Marie, the first 
French defence minister to visit Algeria since the end of the bloody 
war of independence in 1962, said the "historic" agreement will "turn 
a page" in French-Algerian history.

Foreign minister Michel Barnier visited Algiers earlier in July to 
discuss new cooperation. Finance minister Nicolas Sarkozy followed 
his colleagues later in the month to approve a 2.5 billion dollar aid 
package.

France has invited Algerian President Abdelaziz Bouteflika to 
commemoration of the liberation of south France from Nazi occupation 
in 1944, in the face of protests from French veterans of the war of 
independence.

Analysts say these moves seek to secure access to Algerian oil and 
gas resources to counter similar efforts by the U.S. government.

"The French government wants to counter the diplomatic advances 
achieved by the Bush government in Algeria in particular, and in West 
Africa in general," says Francois Gze, an expert in French-Algerian 
relations. In an article in Le Monde written with Algerian-born 
scholar Lahouari Addi who lives in France in exile, Gze condemned 
the "French alliance with a criminal regime."

Gze told IPS that the Algerian government has detained and tortured 
opposition leaders for more than a decade now. But given the 
anti-terrorism climate, Algeria represents what "the 'great' Western 
countries wish for in the Arab world" - a government ready to 
cooperate with the United States whatever its domestic record.

France has been building diplomatic relations across oil-rich West 
Africa. This includes Gabon ruled by Omar Bongo since 1966, Congo 
Brazzaville ruled by Denis Sassou-Nguesso who came to power in 1997 
following a civil war that cost hundreds of thousands of lives, and 
Angola where former independence hero JosŽ Eduardo dos Santos has 
been in power since 1979.

In a recent instance of new 'cooperation' the French government dealt 
with dos Santos to protect French citizen Pierre Falcone charged with 
transfer of weapons to Angola. Dos Santos named Falcone Angolan 
ambassador to the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural 
organization (UNESCO) headquartered in Paris. The appointment would 
provide him diplomatic immunity.

It is no coincidence that the United States has been following a 
similar strategy of supporting military dictators in Africa while 
seeking access to natural resources in their countries.

U.S. Secretary of State Colin Powell visited Angola and Gabon in 2002 
in the first trip ever by such a high-ranking U.S. official to these 
countries. Last year U.S. President George W. Bush visited Senegal, 
Nigeria, Botswana, Uganda and South Africa.

In March this year the U.S. government invited top ranking military 
officials of Chad, Mali, Mauritania, Morocco, Niger, Senegal and 
Tunisia to the U.S. European command headquarters in Stuttgart, 
Germany. The command centre also covers 48 African countries.

The Stuttgart summit covered representation from the Middle East 
through the Maghreb (Arabic North Africa) to the Gulf of Guinea. This 
is a region sitting above a giant sea of underground oil.

Two weeks before the March meeting Gen. Charles F. Wald, deputy 
commander at Stuttgart had toured Angola, Nigeria, Tunisia, Algeria, 
Ghana, South Africa and Gabon among other African countries.

"Every place I go in Africa, where we talk about the war on 
terrorism, there is a resonance and an agreement that we have 
something in common," Wald said during the visit. The threat 
extremists pose to democratically elected governments is "universally 
understood," he said. But of the countries he visited, only South 
Africa has a democratically elected government.

Earlier this week the U.S. government indicated its interest in the 
oil-rich Gulf of Guinea in announcing a military cooperation 
programme with Nigeria. Gen. Robert Fogleson, commander of the U.S. 
air force in Europe said at the announcement: "This region is 
important to the stability of the United States because of the 
petroleum and so it's no surprise to me that if the U.S. Navy, the 
U.S. government wanted to exercise, that they will take the areas 
that are of great importance to them."

Analysts believe that over the next five years a quarter of 

[biofuel] Indigenous tribe takes on big oil

[Keith Addison]

http://sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2004/08/13/MNGHB86B4V1.DTL

Indigenous tribe takes on big oil
Ecuadoran village refuses money, blocks attempts at drilling on ancestral land

Marisa Handler, Chronicle Foreign Service

Friday, August 13, 2004

Sarayacu, Ecuador -- This community of 2,000 Quichua Indians is 
mounting a groundbreaking and -- so far -- successful campaign to 
prevent oil exploitation on their ancestral lands in the southern 
Amazon region of Ecuador.

Unlike most other indigenous groups, Sarayacu has been able to keep 
an Argentine oil firm called Compania General de Combustibles, or 
CGC, from drilling on their land even though the company has had a 
government contract since 1996.

Offers of money haven't swayed them. Sarayacu leaders say CGC 
officials have offered them cash payments. When that didn't work, 
they say, the company went to the village's governing council with a 
proposal of $60,000, which was also rejected.

"We are fighting not only for Sarayacu, but for all Amazon 
communities," said Mario Santi, coordinator of the village's anti-oil 
campaign called Kampari, or Voice of Resistance. "Petroleum 
development has been a disaster in Ecuador, generating environmental, 
social and cultural crises, and ultimately causing the extinction of 
indigenous peoples. We want to maintain our way of living, free of 
contamination, in harmony with nature."

Santi points to a well-publicized class-action lawsuit brought by 
30,000 Ecuadoran peasants and Indians in the northern Amazon region 
over the widespread contamination where the U.S oil company Texaco 
operated from 1964 to 1992. The lawsuit alleges that Texaco dumped 18 
million gallons of toxic waste into hundreds of unlined open pits, 
estuaries and rivers, exposing residents to cancer-causing 
pollutants, fouling water for drinking and bathing, and causing 
widespread deforestation that has encroached on traditional fishing 
and hunting grounds.

Santi says CGC is legally required to complete an environmental 
impact report, which it has yet to do, and to consult with 
communities that would be affected by oil exploration.

Nevertheless, Minister of Energy Eduardo Lopez announced in July a 
total opening of the southern Amazon to oil exploitation and 
described organizations that oppose the policy as undesirable. He 
also said he preferred to come to an agreement with Sarayacu "before 
employing force."

Sarayacu's territory falls within the borders of Block 23, a 
494,200-acre plot auctioned off to CGC for oil exploitation in 1996. 
Burlington Resources Ltd., a Houston-based oil company, holds a 25 
percent share of the block, while Perenco, a European oil firm with 
headquarters in London, Paris and the Bahamas, holds a minor share.

According to Ecuador's constitution, an individual or community may 
hold legal title to land, but the minerals below the surface are the 
property of the state.

Block 23 is home to several indigenous groups. To date, five 
communities -- four Quichua and one Shuar -- have allowed oil 
drilling in exchange for $325,000, according to community leaders.

Ecuador is one of South America's poorest nations, and 50 percent of 
its national budget is funded by oil revenue. The government 
considers continued exploration and production necessary to ensure 
the country's well-being.

"Ecuador depends on oil, and always imposes the economy over human 
rights, " said Luis Yanza, president of the Amazon Defense Front, an 
umbrella group of local organizations formed to protect the 
environment in northeastern Ecuador.

Political analysts say the International Monetary Fund is now 
pressuring Ecuador to open up the southern Amazon region of Pastaza 
province to a second oil boom so the government can pay off interest 
on its $14 billion debt and continue receiving loans. International 
creditors have consistently denied Ecuador debt forgiveness because 
of its estimated 5 billion barrels of untapped oil reserves.

Yet despite three decades of oil development, Ecuador's national debt 
has expanded and poverty rates have ballooned from 47 percent of the 
population in 1967 to 70 percent in 2000, according to a recent U.S. 
State Department report. These statistics are a major reason why 
indigenous communities such as Sarayacu have not been won over.

"Ecuador, following in the footsteps of other oil-rich nations such 
as Mexico and Venezuela, has failed to manage this important resource 
for the long-term benefit of its people," said Peter Kornbluh, a 
Latin American specialist at George Washington University in 
Washington, D.C.

On a typical day, Sarayacu men fish and hunt in the jungle while 
women toil in the fields, gathering bananas or digging yuccas. 
Children sprint around a cluster of traditional wasis (huts) or swim 
in the brackish waters of the Bobonaza River. The primary mode of 
transportation is the dugout canoe.

But Sarayacu is also unusual for its organizational savvy. It has 
devel

[biofuel] ChevronTexaco's Exploits In Ecuador

[Keith Addison]

http://www.zmag.org/content/showarticle.cfm?ItemID=4464

ChevronTexaco's Exploits In Ecuador  
 
by C.P. Pandya  November 06, 2003

It is a disaster larger in size than Chernobyl and two-times more 
damaging than the Exxon-Valdez spill. Between 1964 and 1992, a unit 
of U.S. oil company Texaco pillaged the frontier town of Lago Agrio 
and the surrounding areas nestled close to the Ecuadorian Amazon. The 
multinational, the indigenous in the area say, spilled over 18.5 
billion gallons of highly toxic waste into 600 open, unlined pits 
over 2,000 square miles among an indigenous community of 30,000, 
pumping over 1.5 billion barrels of oil out of Ecuador. What it left 
behind was the legacy of "development:" a community sick and brought 
to the brink of collapse, a delicate ecosphere wrecked. The 
after-effects linger. Well water bubbles up brown, the soil is 
unmanageable and the life is in shambles. Cancer rates for men were 
40% higher than normal and 60% above normal for women in the area in 
the years after the toxic dumping began and babies are born with 
birth defects. (1) A 1987 earthquake that ruptured 25 miles of the 
Trans-Ecuadorean pipeline running along the Amazon's indigenous 
communities only worsened the environmental disaster in Ecuador.  
That pipeline had ruptured 27 times by 1989, spilling 16.8 million 
gallons of crude -- compared to 10.8 million gallons spilled by the 
Exxon Valdez (2).

Over the decade since Texaco left, the region's indigenous have been 
fighting in U.S. and Ecuadorian courts to make the oil giant pay for 
the health and environmental damages the company's illegal drilling 
practices caused. The lawsuit brought against ChevronTexaco, which 
formed following a merger of Texaco Corp. and parent company Chevron 
in 2001, by 88 people on behalf of the community of 30,000 is 
unprecedented.

Steven Donziger, the lawyer for the group bringing the suit, told the 
Financial Times on Oct. 29: "This trial is one of the most 
extraordinary in the history of the indigenous movement in Ecuador 
and Latin America. It is the first major trial about environmental 
damage in which a multinational American defendant has shown up to 
defend charges with a court order from the US hanging over its head." 
After escaping making a decision in August 2002, a U.S. court decided 
that the trial, which has been stalled for nearly a decade now, 
should be opened in Ecuador. The court ruled that any judgment 
against ChevronTexaco would be enforceable in the US.

Western mainstream media have characterized the move as a shock to 
ChevronTexaco and the larger oil industry. But in fact, over the 
decade the trial bounced through U.S. courts, the oil company pushed 
hard for the move to Ecuador when it wasn't calling for an outright 
dismissal of the case. Why? ChevronTexaco was merely following an old 
corporate trick of trying to change venues to developing nations that 
lack the resources and experience to handle the case. Ecuador's 
courts have never tried a case involving environmental damage by an 
oil company. By moving the case to this inexperienced, oil-revenue 
dependent developing country, the chances for victory are greater and 
the potential loss of assets less. The trial, now in Ecuador, is more 
than a symbolic example of the dire effects of "development" and 
"globalization." The world is learning with each passing year this 
trial is delayed the staggering extent to which ChevronTexaco has 
strategically evaded its responsibility to repair the damage it has 
done.

The 1993 lawsuit brought against the multinational estimated it would 
take about $1 billion and as much as 10 years to undo decades-long 
damage. In reality, such an amount wouldn't begin to pay for repair 
and recovery for this community and land that has been brought to the 
edge of collapse. After conducting several studies of the land and 
the people, lawyers for the indigenous now estimate the real clean-up 
costs at between $5 billion and $6 billion. (3) ChevronTexaco, which 
"invests" $4 billion annually in all of Latin America, is fully using 
its blame-shifting tricks to escape accountability and payment.

The corporation has repeatedly said that Petroecuador, the state oil 
company and partner in the project, should be held responsible for 
the tragedy. Such an assertion is nothing short of ridiculous given 
that ChevronTexaco was one of the first companies to open up 
Ecuador's nascent oil industry and build its infrastructure. The 
company used its expertise, its equipment and filled its coffers 
during the "development" but now argues that it shouldn't pay for the 
"toxic legacy" it has left behind. Although an investigation into 
PetroEcuador's compliance with Texaco's practices is in order, Texaco 
was obligated to comply with oil industry standards in place at the 
time. The standard since the 1950s has mandated toxic waste 
byproducts of drilling be reinjected into the grou

[biofuel] In Caracas - Up and Down Oil

[Keith Addison]

http://www.zmag.org/content/showarticle.cfm?SectionID=45&ItemID=6031 
ZNet |Venezuela |

In Caracas

By Justin Podur
August 13, 2004

It has been an interesting night and day.  I have spent a substantial 
portion of the past 24 hours listening to Chavez speak.  The man 
speaks a lot.  But let me explain.

Fear...

My interest in Venezuela started with my interest and work on 
Colombia.  It seemed to me like the two countries, linked 
historically in so many ways, were living completely different 
histories today.  I remember the coup in April 2002 in Venezuela and 
a moment when I thought Venezuela was going to go that same route-of 
paramilitarism, of neoliberalism based on massacre and assassination. 
But over the past two years Venezuelans have beaten repeated attempts 
at plunging them into that kind of future.

But yesterday I learned that I had overlooked something else-that 
that history of murderous counterinsurgency is very much a part of 
Venezuela«s own history.  Last night, at the Complejo Cultural Teatro 
Teresa Carreno (which is a theatre built for the rich for their own 
use), there was a really moving event.  An auditorium of well over a 
thousand people, mostly young people, students-real people, not 
elites-came to a launch of the fourth edition of a book by a 
journalist who is now the Vice President of Venezuela, Jose Vicente 
Rangel.  The book, «Expediente Negra«, is an investigation of human 
rights violations committed during the years of "democracy" here in 
Venezuela.  There was a guerrilla insurgency here, in the 1960s and 
1970s, and it, like so much else, was repressed savagely-the whole 
gambit of disappearances, massacres, assassinations.  One President 
held publicly to the dictum of "shoot first, find out later".

In addition to the strangeness of an elite theatre filled with 
people, the event itself was quite dignified, I thought.  It would 
have been easy to do wrong: to turn an event that was a kind of 
commemoration into a way of scoring political points.  But-and this 
is not to deny that political points were scored-the dead were 
honoured.  Several family members of the disappeared spoke, and told 
their stories.  There were cultural events, musical groups in between 
the speeches.  And yes, there was Chavez, on the screen and in person.

The theme of the evening was "recovering memory" ("recuperar" in 
spanish has a deeper meaning than recovery in english).  The 
disappeared were shown on screen.  Their families held up their 
pictures.  Their names were named (Alberto Lovera, Alejandro Tejero, 
Andres y Jose Ramon Pasquier, Jose Carmelo Mendoza, Luis Alberto 
Hernandez... and on and on).  A famous musician of the era, Ali 
Primera, has a song, based on something a famous priest said during a 
service for one of the dead decades ago-"Those who die for life, 
cannot be called dead" (again, something is lost in the translation 
but you get the idea).  The photos were shown in a montage, to the 
music of Ali Primera.

What was the political point of all this?  Well, at the beginning of 
this note I said that my initial interest in Venezuela was not that 
of someone looking for the authentic revolution or the next 
revolutionary fashion-it was, instead, a kind of fear of a situation 
that was close to the brink, with paramilitaries sharpening their 
knives and waiting for their chance to restore neoliberalism.  I 
thought of Colombia-but Venezuelans have their own, living memories 
of all this.  And it only made sense for Chavez's people to want to 
remind Venezuelans of what came before.  Chavez does not do 
disappearances, torture, and massacres, though they accuse him of 
being a dictator.  Venezuelans know this.  And many of the people in 
the opposition are people who did participate in all this.  So the 
cry, "no volveran!" (they will not return!)


Chavez talks...

The evening ended with a lot of Chavez.  First, Luis Britto, one of 
the old generation of leftists who is part of the government, showed 
some interesting videos.  To those who accuse us of censorship, he 
said, let me remind you of this freedom of press.  He then showed two 
videos of the current vice president, Jose Vicente Rangel, who was in 
the 1990s a TV personality, trying to interview Chavez, who was in 
jail after trying to overthrow the regime in a coup in 1992.  Both 
times, the interviews were censored, in a very crude way-a big red 
"CENSURADO" sign was pasted on Chavez«s face and the attempt ended.

But then, Britto showed a video of a very long interview Rangel did 
with Chavez two days before Chavez won the elections of 1998.  That 
was an interesting interview-good questions, good answers.  Rangel 
asked about power-they say you are a man who wants power, Chavez... 
why?  Power for what?  Chavez said, power isn't like a glass of water 
you pick up-it is something you build... I want to build a new kind 
of power, democratic power, popular power.

After the long interview, Chavez got 

Re: [biofuel] Bio-D in a wick lamp-safe for use in teh house??

[Keith Addison]

Hello J.D.

>I was hoping someone could settle a disagreement my brother and I are
>having.  In preparation for Hurricane Charley, I broke out the wick lamp
>and first off started with biodiesel.  As Keith says on his website, it is
>hard to get top travel up the wick,

I've also said it depends on the wick. It can be done. Anyway, if you 
can get it to work properly, it'll certainly be safer than kerosene, 
so if you think kerosene's safe then go right ahead.

>but I was able to soak the wick enough
>to get it to light and it burned great.

For how long? Did it draw up more fuel after it burned the fuel you 
soaked it with?

>Because my brother is afraid of
>burning it in the house, I switched to kerosene and now he'ss aying teh
>whole system is contaminated.  So I have 2 questions.  First, if I burn
>biodiesel in a wick lamp like this, am I risking CO poisoning or any other
>noxious fumes?

If you burn anything in an enclosed space there'll be CO, but less so 
with biodiesel than with kerosene. Biodiesel's CO emissions are lower 
than petrodiesel's, which is about the same as kerosene. That's in a 
diesel motor, but why would a wick lamp be any different in this? I 
doubt the temp and compression are much of a factor, in this at 
least. We burn biodiesel in a kerosene pressure stove, it burns 
better and it's certainly cleaner. Biodiesel also burns well in 
Petromax pressure lanterns, again it'll be much cleaner than kerosene.

>Second, if for some reason it is mixed with kero, does it
>become more toxic than either chemical alone.

Again, are B20 emissions more toxic than those of B100 or of 100% 
petrodiesel? Why would he think that? There's no basis for it at all, 
and every reason to think the opposite.

Best

Keith


> Thanks-
>J.D.



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Re: [biofuel] fire safety and biodiesel regulations

[Andrew Lowe]

girl mark wrote:
> I just had a talk with a public information officer from a fire department 
> in Washington who has been assigned to write a press release on biodiesel 
> homebrewers and on any safety issues that we present to fire fighting 
> personnel.
> 
> She researched the topic extensively on the internet and came to the 
> conclusion that homebrewing wasn't as dangerous as they were concerned it 
> would be. She contacted Keith at journeytoforever who referred her to Mike 
> Pelly and to me, and we gave her some more information concerning 1. common 
> practices 2. what safety information is generally given out to homebrewers 
> through the usual internet sources  3.the few accidents that have occurred 
> and what caused them

Do you have any links, that is hyperlink, to these accidents? I've 
spoken to the EPA here in Victoria, Australia about setting up a small 
BioD business and they mentioned concern about accidents, ie explosions. 
If memory serves me correctly, most, if not all of the accidents 
mentioned on this list have been due to backyard operations doing dodgy 
things as you mention below. Does anyone have any info on accidents at 
more "professional" operations? By "professional" I mean people, whether 
they be commercial or homebrew, who actually know what they are doing.

> 
> Essentially what started this project at their fire department was the fact 
> that the local press published an article on someone who is making 
> biodiesel with a drill-mounted stirrer (which practice has, by the way, 
> actually caused a couple of serious accidents!), which scared her 
> supervisor, who assigned her to research just what it is that we are doing 
> and assess whether we a hazard.
[snip]


Regards,
Andrew Lowe


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RE: [biofuel] Homebrew & Co-Op Listing in Magazine

[bioteo]

I dont want to sound paranoid but, the petrol giants might do something bad.




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[biofuel] Correction: course is September 10-14

[girl mark]

I had a typo error on the Pittsboro NC class announcement. It is taking 
place September 10-14th, not 13th. If you forward the original 
announcement, please correct the date. Thank you!

mark

**

Biodiesel Homebrew Intensive Course
September 10-13, 2004
Pittsboro, North Carolina (near Chapel Hill)





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[biofuel] Teflon sticks to you

[Ross Cannon]

C-8-type chemicals found in humans
Compounds seen in people worldwide 
By JEFF MONTGOMERY
Staff reporter
08/01/2004
 
http://www.delawareonline.com/newsjournal/local/2004/08/01c8typechemicals
.html
 
People around the world are carrying in their blood traces of
chemicals associated with stain-resistant and nonstick coatings and
similar goods, according to a newly published report. 
 
Bloodstream levels of the compounds, a type of perfluorochemical, are
higher where the consumer products are common, the report said. The
compounds include a chemical used by the DuPont Co. for Teflon
production and other activities, including some at its Chambers Works
plant at the foot of the Delaware Memorial Bridge in Deepwater, N.J. 
 
Eleven researchers from 10 nations collaborated on the examination of
perfluoronated compounds in human bloodstreams, published on the
Internet by Environmental Science & Technology in advance of regular
print publication. A division of the American Chemical Society, a
national professional and scientific organization, publishes the
bimonthly magazine. 
 
The study analyzed blood from 473 samples from city and suburban
residents on four continents. Levels of the most common compounds
proved highest in the United States and Poland, and lowest in India. 
 
"Prolonged use of perfluorochemicals for a wide variety of
applications, such as paper and packing products, residential and
mill-applied carpet and spraying, stain resistant textiles and
cleaners, may be a major source of human exposure to these
compounds," the study said. 
 
The findings added to a growing number of studies and calls for more
research regarding perfluoronated chemicals, a group that in general
features carbon atoms strongly bonded to fluorine atoms in ways that
are highly resistant to breakdown. Attention in recent years has
turned from their durability to their potential toxicity, long-term
health effects and tendency to linger in the environment and
accumulate in living tissue. 
 
Earlier research had reported the same chemicals can be found in the
bloodstreams of virtually all U.S. citizens. Some of the compounds
are the same or similar to those used to make DuPont's Teflon and
other mass-market consumer goods and coatings - including fast-food
packaging - and are under Environmental Protection Agency scrutiny
for potential health risks. 
 
"This just shows that it's not just a domestic concern, but a global
problem," said Timothy J. Kropp, a senior scientist with
Environmental Working Group, a nonprofit group that has called for a
ban on perfluoronated compounds. 
 
DuPont referred questions on the study to the Society of the Plastics
Industry, an umbrella group. John Heinze, a researcher and science
and communications consultant who works with the plastics group, said
the compounds have not been proven harmful at the levels found in the
bloodstream study. 
 
R. Clifton Webb, a DuPont spokesman, said the company has voluntarily
reduced emissions of perfluoronated compounds by 98 percent over the
past five years. Sites affected by the reduction include the
company's Chambers Works industrial wastewater plant. 
 
Webb said the company expects its releases of perfluorooctanoic acid,
or PFOA, to the Delaware River will fall to 3,700 pounds by the end
of the year. A document filed with New Jersey regulators last year
indicated that the company was releasing PFOA, also called C-8 by
DuPont, at roughly a 12,000 pound annual rate that year. 
 
Another company, 3M, phased out use of perfluorooctyl sulfonates, or
PFOS, in making stain repellents and other products after the EPA
said that the compounds persist in the environment, build up in
living tissues and pose long-term health threats, including possible
cancer risks. 
 
EPA officials this month accused DuPont of failing to provide prompt
health-related information to regulators about potential risks and
releases involving C-8 at the company's West Virginia plant. 
 
The action, which could cost DuPont millions of dollars in penalties,
came weeks after the EPA announced a plan to conduct its own study of
some of the chemicals and their fate in the environment after months
of effort to agree on voluntary industry-financed research. 
 
DuPont Co. last week reported setting aside $45 million to cover
potential costs from a class action lawsuit for releasing C-8 from
its West Virginia Teflon works. The company is accused of
contaminating the drinking water supplies of 30,000 people in the
Ohio River Valley. Company officials have agreed to supply alternate
drinking water supplies if contamination levels creep too high. 
 
A separate report the company provided to Delaware regulators said
the Chambers Works operation is "not a significant source" of PFOA,
or C-8, in the environment. 
 
The international research project found levels of PFOA were highest
among Korean women. The same chemical was found in 100 percent of
blood tested from Kentucky, New York City, the United Kingdo

[biofuel] solar powerd LEDs

[tallex2002]

Sharp Introduces Environmentally Friendly Solar-Powered LEDs 

http://japancorp.net/Article.Asp?Art_ID=7978








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[biofuel] Re: High altitude diesel issues emissions

[Arcologic]

Water (distilled or deionized) is a really wonderful fuel additive because it 
can be so cheap.  Alcohols cost more than diesel fuel.  A few companies are 
funding research on water-diesel emulsions, and I think NREL has some 
involvement in that.

Ernie Rogers

Greg said,
Date: Thu, 12 Aug 2004 22:08:34 -0600
   From: "Greg  Harbican" <[EMAIL PROTECTED]>
Subject: Re: Re: High altitude diesel issues emissions

I have thought of purposely adding water to, diesel safe, Iso-Heet and adding 
the mix to the fuel.That would be probably be the easiest way of getting 
water into the engine ( is Isopropanol, an alcohol that might add O2? ).   

Anybody want to take a stab at that thought .

Greg H.


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Re: [biofuel] who is trying what

[Greg Harbican]

I don't know, but, it happened to a member of a group I own, totaly unrelated 
to fuel.

Greg H.

  - Original Message - 
  From: Hakan Falk 
  To: biofuel@yahoogroups.com 
  Sent: Friday, August 13, 2004 16:04
  Subject: [biofuel] who is trying what



  I got a confirmation unsubscribe message from Yahoo, that said that I 
  unsubscribed from the group. I have not done so and I wonder who is so 
  screwed up that he tries this kind of things. Obviously someone is trying 
  to disrupt and destroy the list.

  Hakan 




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RE: [biofuel] Re: Increasing methanol

[bioteo]

Can this increased methanol be recovered back out? Or is it harder?
Teoman




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[biofuel] Titration Marvels

[bioveging]

Well, I have acquired a fairly decent electronic PH meter and re-did 
my titration for what I believed to be "better" oil than my 10 
gr/liter sludge, but to no avail. It seems my first readings with 
the pocket meter were good. 10 gr/liter again ! Only this stuff 
doesn't have "lumps" in it. No wonder I was told I could have as 
much of it as I wanted ,Ha!
On the more positive side I was tonight authorized to take as much 
as I could handle from a Chinese restaurant, so I took a sample home 
and titrated it and it comes out to 4.63gr/liter, nuch better than 
10, huh? So I now have a new  WVO supplier. That makes three 
altogether should I need so much, although I ma going to stick with 
the lowest need for catalyst for now.
Question: I was told the Chinese oil is "lard" although I believe it 
to be vegetable shortening.Am I correct in believing that this will 
produce quality BD if processed as other WVO's ? How about the gel 
point?

Thanks.

L.
PS: I am VERY happy with the new meter, a PinPoint PH monitor from 
American Marine designed for continuous use on battery or 110V 
adapter. Esay to calibrate with the supplied buffer solutions and 
easy to read how-to instructions for care and maintenance (a must 
for me)




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[biofuel] biofuel for heating oil

[William Igel]

Hello,
Can I put straight vegetable oil(used) into my home's
existing furnace for heating purposes, or would I have
to add other components to the vegetable oil?  Would I
have to modify/recalibrate my existing furnace?  I
have read that biofuel/biodiesel is being used for
home heating, I'm trying to find what proportion to
regular pertroleum fuel is used, or if you can use
some type of biofuel without adding petroleum product
to it.  Thank you for your time.
Will Igel




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[biofuel] Bio-D in a wick lamp-safe for use in teh house??

[kline]

I was hoping someone could settle a disagreement my brother and I are
having.  In preparation for Hurricane Charley, I broke out the wick lamp
and first off started with biodiesel.  As Keith says on his website, it is
hard to get top travel up the wick, but I was able to soak the wick enough
to get it to light and it burned great.  Because my brother is afraid of
burning it in the house, I switched to kerosene and now he'ss aying teh
whole system is contaminated.  So I have 2 questions.  First, if I burn
biodiesel in a wick lamp like this, am I risking CO poisoning or any other
noxious fumes?  Second, if for some reason it is mixed with kero, does it
become more toxic than either chemical alone.  Thanks-
J.D.



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[biofuel] Five-day Biodiesel Intensive Course, North Carolina, September 10-13

[girl mark]

Please forward to any other relevant lists...
**

Biodiesel Homebrew Intensive Course
September 10-13, 2004
Pittsboro, North Carolina (near Chapel Hill)
$100
With Rachel Burton of Piedmont Biofuels and Maria 'Mark' Alovert of 
www.LocalB100.com
For more information please email [EMAIL PROTECTED]

Join us for all or part of an intensive five-day immersion course in 
biodiesel production techniques.

  This unique course is entirely hands-on and you will gain hours of 
homebrew biodiesel production and testing experience. Students will make 
biodiesel with different feedstocks, techniques, alcohols, and catalysts, 
test resulting fuel for quality, perform experiments to troubleshoot 
'problems', build equipment and processors, and see a variety of 
technologies in use. We will discuss the biodiesel industry, 
appropriate-technology applications for biodiesel, and biodiesel 
co-ops.  The solar-heated homebrew demonstration facility where the course 
takes place- Piedmont Biofuels Co-op, conducts small-scale oilseed 
research, acts as a distribution point for commercial biodiesel, and is a 
central information clearinghouse for biodiesel users in this area.

Rachel Burton is head of the automotive department at Central Carolina 
Community College and co-teaches the 's Biofuels program www.biofuels.coop

Maria "Mark" Alovert teaches biodiesel homebrewing courses, co-organized a 
conference on sustainability within commercial biodiesel, and is the author 
of a selfpublished book on homebrewing, the Biodiesel Homebrew Guide. 
www.localB100.com

This is a five-day class, although it is possible to attend just the 
Friday-Sunday classes. Info on area accommodations is available, with some 
limited free camping possible.

Below is the syllabus that we are covering. More details will be available 
at www.localB100.com soon.

Introduction to biofuels
Fuel properties
Diesel engines overview
Safety
Simple lab equipment and small reactors
Titration
1-liter batches
"Failures" and recovering failed batches
Ethanol and KOH
Quality testing
Bubblewashing and mistwashing
Troubleshooting and fixing emulsion
Acid-base biodiesel
Site tour of two homebrew 'plants' (Piedmont Biofuels and Mark's portable 
demonstration system)
Equipment: materials compatibility
Safety in equipment design
Build a water heater-based reactor
'Bring your own tank'- universal plumbing design
Wash tanks, standpipe and dip tube separations vessels
Separation factors for glycerol
'Glycerol-water remix' prewash method ("University of Idaho glycerol remix")
Build a methanol recovery system for Piedmont Biofuels
Ventilation basics and site safety
Oil collections and grease handling/straining/pumping
Dewatering oil
Solar heat for biodiesel process (working example on site)
Composting glycerol, other uses and safe handling of glycerol byproduct
Chemical purification of glycerol
Materials handling- options for moving barrels and other "weight", pumping 
fluids, drum grounding, handling methanol safely
Suppliers for equipment
Hands-on diesel fuel filter change and fuel system hose discussion
Oil burners, heat exchangers, and safe heating with burners
Oil crops discussion (on-site feedstock growing research)



*
www.LocalB100.com

www.veggieavenger.com/media- open-design homebrew biodiesel equipment plans

www.groups.yahoo.com/group/local-b100-biz-biodiesel co-ops and 
biodiesel small business discussion forum

www.groups.yahoo.com/group/biodieselbasics  -the alternative Yahoo 
biodiesel list


[Non-text portions of this message have been removed]




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Re: [biofuel] Accusorb beads- fraud?

[mmeeks1]

hello girl mark i have few questions, first i have been homebrewing for the
last 6months and running my truck on unwashed biodiesel. for the last 3
weeks i have been washing the fuel  but i think the initial quality could be
better ex.  when i shake unwashed bio and let it sit it takes more than a
half hour to separate and it doesnt split nice and clean also since the
weather has gotten warmer idont get a hard glycerin layer on the bottom
anymore even after two days its still semi-liquid  should the reaction stage
be sealed? is methanol evaporating to quickly in the summer heat?  should i
use more methanol? however it does clean up in two-three washes ph is 7
after the second wash i do not use acid  or anything else in the process ive
been bubble washing by the way thanks mike>On Fri, 13 Aug 2004 11:29:26
-0700 girl mark <[EMAIL PROTECTED]> wrote.
>After much online speculation about "Acusorb beads" and the overblown 
>advertising they were hawked with, I finally met someone who bought the 
>package- and it didn't work at all. Acusorb was the company that claimed 
>that you only need to run oil through their magic beads and it'll turn into

>something resembling biodiesel (my words). Here's what the unfortunate 
>buyers had to say:
>
>In our experience, the beads do NOT work. We are trying to resolve this 
>issue with the manufacturer after getting the run around for 7 weeks with 
>the distributor (Survival Unlimited). We just yesterday received an email 
>address for the manufacturer and are pursuing them now so will post any 
>additional results regarding our problem here.
>I was attempting to get the water out of some WVO with their system to run 
>my oil hot water heater on it (Meredith wouldn't let me near the VW TDI). 
>Long story short we didn't have any hot water for a few days; the oil was 
>actually cloudier coming out of the beads than going in! So, looks like I'm

>the big fool.
>We threatened Survival Unlimited with bad publicity on multiple websites so

>here we go . STAY AWAY FROM THE BEADS..the pumps work well but you 
>can find them cheaper elsewhere, same with the biopass filter...STAY 
>AWAY FROM THE BEADS..!!! -Adlai & Meredith
>
>Here is a link to a discussion in which these folks talk about what 
>happened and the lame excuse from the manufacturer:
>
>http://www.forums.biodieselnow.com/topic.asp?TOPIC_ID=3243
>
>Mark
>
>
>
>
>*
>www.LocalB100.com
>
>www.veggieavenger.com/media  - open-design homebrew 
>biodiesel equipment plans
>
>www.groups.yahoo.com/group/local-b100-biz-biodiesel co-ops and 
>biodiesel small business discussion forum
>
>www.groups.yahoo.com/group/biodieselbasics   -the alternative 
>Yahoo biodiesel list
>
>
>
>
>
>
>Biofuel at Journey to Forever:
>http://journeytoforever.org/biofuel.html
>
>Biofuels list archives:
>http://infoarchive.net/sgroup/biofuel/
>
>Please do NOT send Unsubscribe messages to the list address.
>To unsubscribe, send an email to:
>[EMAIL PROTECTED] 
>Yahoo! Groups Links
>
>
>
> 
>




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[biofuel] Environment

[Ross Cannon]

Global Warming
By John Carey, with Sarah R. Shapiro in New York
AUGUST 16, 2004
 
http://www.businessweek.com/magazine/content/04_33/b3896001_mz001.htm
 
Consensus is growing among scientists, governments, and business that
they must act fast to combat climate change. This has already sparked
efforts to limit CO2 emissions. Many companies are now preparing for
a carbon-constrained world 
 
The idea that the human species could alter something as huge and
complex as the earth's climate was once the subject of an esoteric
scientific debate. But now even attorneys general more used to
battling corporate malfeasance are taking up the cause. On July 21,
New York Attorney General Eliot Spitzer and lawyers from seven other
states sued the nation's largest utility companies, demanding that
they reduce emissions of the gases thought to be warming the earth.
Warns Spitzer: "Global warming threatens our health, our economy, our
natural resources, and our children's future. It is clear we must
act." Advertisement
 
The maneuvers of eight mostly Democratic AGs could be seen as a
political attack. But their suit is only one tiny trumpet note in a
growing bipartisan call to arms. "The facts are there," says Senator
John McCain (R-Ariz.). "We have to educate our fellow citizens about
climate change and the danger it poses to the world." In January, the
European Union will impose mandatory caps on carbon dioxide and other
gases that act like a greenhouse over the earth, and will begin a
market-based system for buying and selling the right to emit carbon.
By the end of the year, Russia may ratify the Kyoto Protocol, which
makes CO2 reductions mandatory among the 124 countries that have
already accepted the accord. Some countries are leaping even further
ahead. Britain has vowed to slash emissions by 60% by 2050. Climate
change is a greater threat to the world than terrorism, argues Sir
David King, chief science adviser to Prime Minister Tony Blair:
"Delaying action for a decade, or even just years, is not a serious
option."
 
There are naysayers. The Bush Administration flatly rejects Kyoto and
mandatory curbs, arguing that such steps will cripple the economy.
Better to develop new low-carbon technologies to solve problems if
and when they appear, says Energy Secretary Spencer Abraham. And a
small group of scientists still argues there is no danger. "We know
how much the planet is going to warm," says the Cato Institute's
Patrick J. Michaels. "It is a small amount, and we can't do anything
about it."
 
But the growing consensus among scientists and governments is that we
can -- and must -- do something. Researchers under the auspices of
the National Academy of Sciences and the Intergovernmental Panel on
Climate Change (IPCC) have pondered the evidence and concluded that
the earth is warming, that humans are probably the cause, and that
the threat is real enough to warrant an immediate response. "There is
no dispute that the temperature will rise. It will," says Donald
Kennedy, editor-in-chief of Science. "The disagreement is how much."
Indeed, "there is a real potential for sudden and perhaps
catastrophic change," says Eileen Claussen, president of the Pew
Center on Global Climate Change: "The fact that we are uncertain may
actually be a reason to act sooner rather than later."
 
Plus, taking action brings a host of ancillary benefits. The main way
to cut greenhouse-gas emissions is simply to burn less fossil fuel.
Making cars and factories more energy-efficient and using alternative
sources would make America less dependent on the Persian Gulf and
sources of other imported oil. It would mean less pollution. And many
companies that have cut emissions have discovered, often to their
surprise, that it saves money and spurs development of innovative
technologies. "It's impossible to find a company that has acted and
has not found benefits," says Michael Northrop, co-creator of the
Climate Group, a coalition of companies and governments set up to
share such success stories.
 
That's why there has been a rush to fill the leadership vacuum left
by Washington. "States have stepped up to fill this policy void, as
much out of economic self-interest as fear of devastating climate
changes," says Kenneth A. Colburn, executive director of Northeast
States for Coordinated Air Use Management. Warning of flooded coasts
and crippled industries, Massachusetts unveiled a plan in May to cut
emissions by 10% by 2020. In June, California proposed 30% cuts in
car emissions by 2015. Many other states are weighing similar
actions.
 
Curbing Carbon
Remarkably, business is far ahead of Congress and the White House.
Some CEOs are already calling for once-unthinkable steps. "We accept
that the science on global warming is overwhelming," says John W.
Rowe, chairman and CEO of Exelon Corp. (EXC ) "There should be
mandatory carbon constraints."
 
Exelon, of course, would likely benefit as the nation's largest
operator of commercial nuclear power plants. 

No attack - was Re: [biofuel] who is trying what

[Keith Addison]

>I got a confirmation unsubscribe message from Yahoo, that said that I
>unsubscribed from the group. I have not done so and I wonder who is so
>screwed up that he tries this kind of things. Obviously someone is trying
>to disrupt and destroy the list.
>
>Hakan

It's just a virus Hakan, nobody's trying to disrupt and destroy the 
list. It's the entire Internet that's at risk - more than 70 million 
computers are constantly spewing out viruses and spam and their 
owners don't even know it. A security company did a survey of one 
million business computers in the US and found the average number of 
worms and viruses per computer was (IIRC) 28. That despite all the 
assurances that if you keep your "patches" and anti-virus software 
updated you'll be just fine.

If your email address is in the address book of just one of those 
infected computers then you'll be a target. So your email address is 
in one, the Biofuel list's address is in another, that's all. You 
have a website, which makes it worse - you're in correspondence with 
more people than most, and your email address is on your site for 
crawlers to find, and use for spamming.

There's nothing to be done about it. I've received emails allegedly 
from myself, [EMAIL PROTECTED], warning me that my address - 
also [EMAIL PROTECTED] - is being used for spam and my ISP - 
journeytoforever.org - will close my account unless I do something 
about it as explained in the attachment (which is of course a virus). 
Just lies and false addresses. And, yes, we've had emails claiming to 
come from Yahoo! Groups about unsubscription. It gave you a url to 
visit, didn't it? Don't go there! Don't open any attachments!

Just don't take any notice. If you receive such messages and you're 
in any doubt about it, ask us first, no need to alarm the whole list 
over nothing.

Best wishes

Keith



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