Re: [Biofuel] $1-billion worth of water pouring out of leaking lines - Niagara Falls Review - 2007.07.12
You're over-optimistic. A really good, modern coal fired power plant gives 40% thermal efficeicnecy at a high power rating. The line and transformer losses come after that. A combined-cycle natural gas fired plant (gas turbiine with a steam turbine working off the turbine exhaust gases ) will give a maximum of 58%. Doug Woodard St. Catharines, Ontario Paul S Cantrell wrote: Funny thing, that's not funny is, about 50% of the energy contained in coal makes it to the power outlet. The rest is lost to heat loss, line losses and transformer losses. [snip] ___ Biofuel mailing list Biofuel@sustainablelists.org http://sustainablelists.org/mailman/listinfo/biofuel_sustainablelists.org Biofuel at Journey to Forever: http://journeytoforever.org/biofuel.html Search the combined Biofuel and Biofuels-biz list archives (50,000 messages): http://www.mail-archive.com/biofuel@sustainablelists.org/
[Biofuel] Peak phosphorus and our food supply
Be sure to read Bart's Editorial Notes at the end. The question of phosphorous is especially important since most soils seem to need added phosphorous to get the most benefit from nitrogen fixing plants (legumes such as clover and alfalfa) which have been the key to the post-medieval revolution in agricultural production and wealth. Teh necessity to conserve phosphorous has implications for the type of agriculture, implying organic methods to prevent the leaching away of minerals, and the return of human excremnt and its contents including phosphorous and nitrogen to the land. Especially in an energy-frugal future with limited resources for transportation, this suggests a pattern of human settlement more dispersed over the land. Doug Woodard St. Catharines, Ontario http://www.energybulletin.net/33164.html Published on 13 Aug 2007 by Energy Bulletin. Archived on 13 Aug 2007. Peak phosphorus by Patrick Déry and Bart Anderson Peak oil has made us aware that many of the resources on which civilization depends are limited. M. King Hubbert, a geophysicist for Shell Oil, found that oil production over time followed a curve that was roughly bell-shaped. He correctly predicted that oil production in the lower 48 states would peak in 1970. Other analysts following Hubbert's methods are predicting a peak in oil production early this century. The depletion analysis pioneered by Hubbert can be applied to other non-renewable resources. Analysts have looked at peak production for resouces such as natural gas, coal and uranium. In this paper, Patrick Déry applies Hubbert's methods to a very special non-renewable resource - phosphorus - a nutrient essential for agriculture. In the literature, estimates before we run out of phosphorus range from 50 to 130 years. This date is conveniently far enough in the future so that immediate action does not seem necessary. However, as we know from peak oil analysis, trouble begins not when we run out of a resource, but when production peaks. From that point onward, the resource becomes more difficult to extract and more expensive. Physicist Déry applied the technique of Hubbert Linearization to data available from the United States Geological Survey (USGS)[1] to phosphorus production in the following: The small Pacific island nation of Nauru, a former phosphate exporter. The United States, a major phosphate producer. The world. He tested Hubbert Linearization first on data from Nauru to see whether he could have predicted the year of its peak phosphate production in 1973. Satisfied with the results, he applied the method to United States and the world. He estimates that U.S. peak phosphorus occurred in 1988 and for the world in 1989. Phosphorus - its role and nature Phosphorus (chemical symbol P) is an element necessary for life. Because phosphorus is highly reactive, it does not naturally occur as a free element, but is instead bound up in phosphates. Phosphates typically occur in inorganic rocks. As farmers and gardeners know, phosphorus is one of the three major nutrients required for plant growth: nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and potassium (K). Fertilizers are labelled for the amount of N-P-K they contain (for example 10-10-10). Most phosphorus is obtained from mining phosphate rock. Crude phosphate is now used in organic farming, whereas chemically treated forms such as superphosphate, triple superphosphate, or ammonium phosphates are used in non-organic farming. Philip H. Abelson writes in Science: The current major use of phosphate is in fertilizers. Growing crops remove it and other nutrients from the soil... Most of the world's farms do not have or do not receive adequate amounts of phosphate. Feeding the world's increasing population will accelerate the rate of depletion of phosphate reserves. and ...resources are limited, and phosphate is being dissipated. Future generations ultimately will face problems in obtaining enough to exist. It is sobering to note that phosphorus is often a limiting nutrient in natural ecosystems. That is, the supply of available phosphorus limits the size of the population possible in those ecosystems. More information: Understanding Phosphorus and its Use in Agriculture from the European Fertilizer Manufacturers Association. Phosphate Primer by Florida Institute of Phosphate Research. Prospect of a Phosphorus Peak In his frightening book Eating Fossil Fuels [3], Dale Allen Pfeiffer shows that conventional agriculture is as oil-addicted as the rest of society. A decline in oil production raises questions about how we will feed ourselves. In the same way, agriculture is addicted to mined phosphates and would be threatened by a peak in phosphate production. As the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) wrote in summary on phosphates (PDF): There are no substitutes for phosphorus in
Re: [Biofuel] Peak phosphorus and our food supply
Hi Doug, Phosphorus does cycle slowly in the environment. However, I don't think our soils are going to run out anytime soon. It becomes rather tightly bound in the humic acid component of topsoil. Hence it does not show up in most common soil tests. Green manures bring it out by feeding soil bacteria. Monocroppers will have a problem but organic ones should not. Tom Irwin From:Doug Woodard [EMAIL PROTECTED]Reply-To:biofuel@sustainablelists.orgTo:biofuel@sustainablelists.orgSubject:[Biofuel] Peak phosphorus and our food supplyDate:Tue, 14 Aug 2007 05:33:28 -0400 Be sure to read Bart's Editorial Notes at the end. The question of phosphorous is especially important since most soils seem to need added phosphorous to get the most benefit from nitrogen fixing plants (legumes such as clover and alfalfa) which have been the key to the post-medieval revolution in agricultural production and wealth. Teh necessity to conserve phosphorous has implications for the type of agriculture, implying organic methods to prevent the leaching away of minerals, and the return of human excremnt and its contents including phosphorous and nitrogen to the land. Especially in an energy-frugal future with limited resources for transportation, this suggests a pattern of human settlement more dispersed over the land. Doug Woodard St. Catharines, Ontario http://www.energybulletin.net/33164.html Published on 13 Aug 2007 by Energy Bulletin. Archived on 13 Aug 2007. Peak phosphorus by Patrick Déry and Bart Anderson Peak oil has made us aware that many of the resources on which civilization depends are limited. M. King Hubbert, a geophysicist for Shell Oil, found that oil production over time followed a curve that was roughly bell-shaped. He correctly predicted that oil production in the lower 48 states would peak in 1970. Other analysts following Hubbert's methods are predicting a peak in oil production early this century. The depletion analysis pioneered by Hubbert can be applied to other non-renewable resources. Analysts have looked at peak production for resouces such as natural gas, coal and uranium. In this paper, Patrick Déry applies Hubbert's methods to a very special non-renewable resource - phosphorus - a nutrient essential for agriculture. In the literature, estimates before we "run out" of phosphorus range from 50 to 130 years. This date is conveniently far enough in the future so that immediate action does not seem necessary. However, as we know from peak oil analysis, trouble begins not when we "run out" of a resource, but when production peaks. From that point onward, the resource becomes more difficult to extract and more expensive. Physicist Déry applied the technique of Hubbert Linearization to data available from the United States Geological Survey (USGS)[1] to phosphorus production in the following: The small Pacific island nation of Nauru, a former phosphate exporter. The United States, a major phosphate producer. The world. He tested Hubbert Linearization first on data from Nauru to see whether he could have predicted the year of its peak phosphate production in 1973. Satisfied with the results, he applied the method to United States and the world. He estimates that U.S. peak phosphorus occurred in 1988 and for the world in 1989. Phosphorus - its role and nature Phosphorus (chemical symbol P) is an element necessary for life. Because phosphorus is highly reactive, it does not naturally occur as a free element, but is instead bound up in phosphates. Phosphates typically occur in inorganic rocks. As farmers and gardeners know, phosphorus is one of the three major nutrients required for plant growth: nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and potassium (K). Fertilizers are labelled for the amount of N-P-K they contain (for example 10-10-10). Most phosphorus is obtained from mining phosphate rock. Crude phosphate is now used in organic farming, whereas chemically treated forms such as superphosphate, triple superphosphate, or ammonium phosphates are used in non-organic farming. Philip H. Abelson writes in Science: The current major use of phosphate is in fertilizers. Growing crops remove it and other nutrients from the soil... Most of the world's farms do not have or do not receive adequate amounts of phosphate. Feeding the world's increasing population will accelerate the rate of depletion of phosphate reserves. and ...resources are limited, and phosphate is being dissipated. Future generations ultimately will face problems in obtaining enough to exist. It is sobering to note that phosphorus is often a limiting nutrient in natural ecosystems. That is, the supply of available phosphorus limits the size of the population possible in those ecosystems. More information: Understanding Phosphorus and its Use in Agriculture from the European Fertilizer Manufacturers Association. Phosphate Primer by Florida Institute of
Re: [Biofuel] Peak phosphorus and our food supply
We dealt with that a month ago Doug. It's a red herring, unless you think CAWKI is doomed without bags of fertiliser bought from BASF or whoever (which doesn't work anyway, unless you're BASF's accountant). ... phosphorus deficiencies are for amateurs. See: http://www.mail-archive.com/biofuel@sustainablelists.org/msg70477.html Re: [Biofuel] Magic Compost Enhancer 13 Jul 2007 Be sure to read Bart's Editorial Notes at the end. The question of phosphorous is especially important since most soils seem to need added phosphorous to get the most benefit from nitrogen fixing plants (legumes such as clover and alfalfa) which have been the key to the post-medieval revolution in agricultural production and wealth. Teh necessity to conserve phosphorous has implications for the type of agriculture, implying organic methods to prevent the leaching away of minerals, and the return of human excremnt and its contents including phosphorous and nitrogen to the land. Especially in an energy-frugal future with limited resources for transportation, this suggests a pattern of human settlement more dispersed over the land. A lot of other things have been suggesting that too for the last 60 years or so - small, integrated, mixed, sustainable, organic family farms, the answer. It's happening anyway, all over the world, spreading like a weed. Best Keith Doug Woodard St. Catharines, Ontario http://www.energybulletin.net/33164.html Published on 13 Aug 2007 by Energy Bulletin. Archived on 13 Aug 2007. Peak phosphorus by Patrick DÈry and Bart Anderson Peak oil has made us aware that many of the resources on which civilization depends are limited. M. King Hubbert, a geophysicist for Shell Oil, found that oil production over time followed a curve that was roughly bell-shaped. He correctly predicted that oil production in the lower 48 states would peak in 1970. Other analysts following Hubbert's methods are predicting a peak in oil production early this century. The depletion analysis pioneered by Hubbert can be applied to other non-renewable resources. Analysts have looked at peak production for resouces such as natural gas, coal and uranium. In this paper, Patrick DÈry applies Hubbert's methods to a very special non-renewable resource - phosphorus - a nutrient essential for agriculture. In the literature, estimates before we run out of phosphorus range from 50 to 130 years. This date is conveniently far enough in the future so that immediate action does not seem necessary. However, as we know from peak oil analysis, trouble begins not when we run out of a resource, but when production peaks. From that point onward, the resource becomes more difficult to extract and more expensive. Physicist DÈry applied the technique of Hubbert Linearization to data available from the United States Geological Survey (USGS)[1] to phosphorus production in the following: The small Pacific island nation of Nauru, a former phosphate exporter. The United States, a major phosphate producer. The world. He tested Hubbert Linearization first on data from Nauru to see whether he could have predicted the year of its peak phosphate production in 1973. Satisfied with the results, he applied the method to United States and the world. He estimates that U.S. peak phosphorus occurred in 1988 and for the world in 1989. Phosphorus - its role and nature Phosphorus (chemical symbol P) is an element necessary for life. Because phosphorus is highly reactive, it does not naturally occur as a free element, but is instead bound up in phosphates. Phosphates typically occur in inorganic rocks. As farmers and gardeners know, phosphorus is one of the three major nutrients required for plant growth: nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and potassium (K). Fertilizers are labelled for the amount of N-P-K they contain (for example 10-10-10). Most phosphorus is obtained from mining phosphate rock. Crude phosphate is now used in organic farming, whereas chemically treated forms such as superphosphate, triple superphosphate, or ammonium phosphates are used in non-organic farming. Philip H. Abelson writes in Science: The current major use of phosphate is in fertilizers. Growing crops remove it and other nutrients from the soil... Most of the world's farms do not have or do not receive adequate amounts of phosphate. Feeding the world's increasing population will accelerate the rate of depletion of phosphate reserves. and ...resources are limited, and phosphate is being dissipated. Future generations ultimately will face problems in obtaining enough to exist. It is sobering to note that phosphorus is often a limiting nutrient in natural ecosystems. That is, the supply of available phosphorus limits the size of the population possible in those ecosystems. More information:
Re: [Biofuel] Glycerin as an Emulsifier (was GlycerineSettling Time)
Hi Joe, If the answers to questions 2 and 3 are yes then it would explain a lot. I think so. Then the answer to question one could be that although the BD did not pass the QT if it was settled long enough that there is no glycerol it would be consistent with the emergent theory. No? Let us be clear re: The emergent theory. Is it : Very small amounts of unreacted Mono- and Di- Glycerides combined with unsettled Glycerin Mix will produce emulsions, but the same amount of the Glycerides or the Glycerin, alone, do not? (There is an additive/multiplicative/? effect when both are present) I think the results seem to indicate this. Or is the emergent theory: The Glycerin Mix settles more slowly from the product of incomplete reactions? Consistent, yes, but not evidence for the hypothesis. If it turns out to be the case it would be a good example of the old double-whammy effect. Incomplete reactions contribute the unreacted Mono- and Di -Glycerides needed for the emulsion which in turn slow the settling of the Glycerin Mix which also contributes to the problem. The significance of whatever emerges may be dispelling a misconception. I know of people who view No problems with the wash as a sign that they achieved complete reactions. I've been told: I would have gotten emulsions if I had any unreacted oil. A buddy of mine recommends letting the BD settle for a few days a week if you can. It seems to take care of any problems. ?? I tell him: Do a QT try dissolving 25 ml of the BD in 225 ml of methanol. (12.5 ml BD in 112.5 ml methanol). I don't know why homebrewers resist QT-ing their fuel. Good Day to You, Tom P.S. I think we will eventually get to the bottom of the effect of glycerides on settling time. I've stocked up on BD for my car (passed QT) in anticipation of a push to make heating BD. I'll be able to get settling times on quite a few batches of poor quality BD, but won't be running any 'good quality batches, for comparison, for a few weeks. - Original Message - From: Joe Street To: biofuel@sustainablelists.org Sent: Monday, August 13, 2007 4:41 PM Subject: Re: [Biofuel] Glycerin as an Emulsifier (was GlycerineSettling Time) Hi Tom; If the answers to questions 2 and 3 are yes then it would explain a lot. Then the anwer to question one could be that although the BD did not pass the QT if it was settled long enough that there is no glycerol it would be consistent with the emergent theory. No? Joe Thomas Kelly wrote: On Friday 8/10, I noted that: II. Glycerin Cocktail: Time to Separate (wash test) good quality BD + water + glycerin cocktail2 hours* poor quality BD + water + glycerin cocktail2 hours* It almost 2 days for the good quality BD to separate out. There was a very clear soap layer between the BD layer and the water layer. It's almost three days now and the poor quality BD still has an emulsion layer. More than half of the BD layer is emulsion. My thoughts: 1. Glycerin, itself, separated from the cocktail, is not an effective emulsifier 2. Presence of just the glycerin cocktail lengthens the time needed to separate water from BD 3. The glycerin cocktail in combination with even small amounts of unreacted Mono- and Di- Glycerides forms emulsions during wash. ***Keep in mind that my poor quality BD failed the Methanol Solubility Test (the Warnqvist Quality Test), in that the resulting mix was cloudy, and given time, an observable, but difficult to measure, amount of residue (unreacted glycerides) dropped out. There were not globs of residue. This was not real bad BD. It is used in my home heating system. Questions/Comments: 1. Unreacted Mono- and Di- Glycerides have a reputation as being very effective emulsifiers. They are present in the BD that I make to heat my house. Why don't they form emulsions when I stir wash this BD? 2. If glycerin cocktail (unsplit) is present, the same levels of Mono- and Di- Glycerides form emulsions, when they are only shaken . Does this represent a cumulative or synergistic effect? The cumulative/synergistic effect of glycerin cocktail and unreacted glycerides on emulsion formation would explain a couple of observations: a. Incomplete reactions coupled with short (6 - 8 hour) settling times often produce emulsions in the wash. Longer settling times 2 days or more no emulsions. The glycerin has settled out b. After breaking emulsions (1st and even 2nd wash), subsequent washes go well w/o emulsions forming. The Mono- and Di-Glycerides are still present, but the components of the glycerin cocktail have been, for the most part washed out. 3. Does the glycerin cocktail settle out of incomplete reactions
Re: [Biofuel] I'm ready to settle this once and for all
Mike, My thoughts: 1. Increased settling time (2 days or more) allows the soaps in the glycerin mix to settle out and results in easier washing of BD whether from complete reactions or from incomplete reactions. It does NOT remove unreacted glycerides. 2. Because increased settling time usually results in washes that do not produce emulsions, it is essential to do a Quality Test other than the Wash Test in order to assess whether we achieved a complete reaction. Simple, quick, cheap QT: Wanqvist QT: Add 25 ml of BD to 225 ml of methanol. Shake mix. Allow to settle. Any residue at bottom indicates unreacted Glycerides = Incomplete Reaction. (see JtF Quality Testing) Resulting mix/solution can be added to methanol for next batch. Tom - Original Message - From: Mike Weaver [EMAIL PROTECTED] To: biofuel@sustainablelists.org Sent: Thursday, August 09, 2007 7:27 PM Subject: [Biofuel] I'm ready to settle this once and for all Thanks for the write up - has anyone mixed all this discussion up and settled out the most salient points? Joe Street wrote: Thanks a lot Tom for all that work in a short time. You have really shed some light on this discussion. Jumping to your questions at the end, it seems clear then that Jan and Andres were right on and it must be the soap and mono-diglycerides etc rather than the glycerine itself which is the culprit.. It also seems to confirm or at least not in conflict with the theory that glycerin settles more slowly from incomplete reactions. I have never done anything with straight glycerol just the cocktail but it does contain soap al lots of other things. Small amounts of it have a large impact and it appears that incomplete reactions result in a significant amount of it remaining in the fuel after a prolonged period. I normally allow about 12 hours for settling (at least) and when the reaction is good an agressive pump wash is no problem. One of the aims of my project was to reduce cycle time so I really don't want to wait 24 or more hours because sometimes time is not free as Keith had put it. Was going to add more but time's up and the door to my cage is OPEN! Have a good weekend Joe Thomas Kelly wrote: Andres, Jan, Joe, Keith, and anyone else who has been following the saga, It would seem that glycerine, itself, is not an effective emulsifier. I've spent the morning experimenting in the kitchen. I did Wash Tests on BD that passed the QT and BD that failed the QT. I tested one group with glycerine split from the cocktail (using Phosphoric Acid) and another group with unsplit Glycerin cocktail. Volumes used: Biodiesel 150 ml Water 150 ml Glycerin (split and unsplit) 4 ml Temp: 70F (~22C) I. Glycerin split from the cocktail (used Phosphoric Acid): Controls: Time for clear separation (min) good quality BD + water 1 - 2 poor quality BD + water 3 - 4 Experimental: good quality BD + water + glycerine (split) less than 5 poor quality BD + water + glycerine (split) less than 5 II Glycerin Cocktail: good quality BD + water + glycerine cocktail2 hours* poor quality BD + water + glycerine cocktail2 hours* * At 2 hours there is a thin layer of BD (1 - 2 mm) The rest appears to be an emulsion. Andres and Jan, you are correct. Glycerin, itself, did little to retard separation of BD and water. Something in the cocktail does seem to be an emulsifier. (The soaps??) Some questions remain: 1. The BD that failed the QT (incomplete reaction) was obtained from a tank that feeds my heating system. It contains unreacted glycerides, but does not produce an emulsion when shaken in water, nor did it produce emulsions when it was stir-washed. Why not? 2. At Joe Street's suggestion I took a sample of BD that had settled for about 10 hours. Twelve hours later, more glycerin had settled out. Today, still another 24 hours later, even more has settled out. Could this small amount of unsplit glycerine (with associated soaps) be the cause of the emulsions I got when I started making BD? It would explain why settling for a day or more seems to eliminate the problem. 3. Does the glycerine mix (or soaps) settle out more slowly in BD from incomplete reactions? Tom ___ Biofuel mailing list Biofuel@sustainablelists.org http://sustainablelists.org/mailman/listinfo/biofuel_sustainablelists.org Biofuel at Journey to Forever: http://journeytoforever.org/biofuel.html Search the combined Biofuel and Biofuels-biz list archives (50,000 messages): http://www.mail-archive.com/biofuel@sustainablelists.org/
Re: [Biofuel] $1-billion worth of water pouring out of leaking lines - Niagara Falls Review - 2007.07.12
Hey Doug, Good point, the majority of coal plants are in the 40% ballpark, but I was being generous and including the combined cycle coal-fired plants. I've been to one in Columbia, SC that achieves 50% from coal. It also uses cool water from the bottom of the lake for cooling, so that increases efficiency, too. http://www.sceg.com/en/about-sceg/power-plants/fossil-fired/mcmeekin-station/McMeekin-Station.htm They burn 96 tons of coal per hour to generate 252 mWe. At 18 million BTU per ton, that works out to 50% at the power station bus. On 8/14/07, Doug Woodard [EMAIL PROTECTED] wrote: You're over-optimistic. A really good, modern coal fired power plant gives 40% thermal efficeicnecy at a high power rating. The line and transformer losses come after that. A combined-cycle natural gas fired plant (gas turbiine with a steam turbine working off the turbine exhaust gases ) will give a maximum of 58%. Doug Woodard St. Catharines, Ontario Paul S Cantrell wrote: Funny thing, that's not funny is, about 50% of the energy contained in coal makes it to the power outlet. The rest is lost to heat loss, line losses and transformer losses. [snip] -- Thanks, PC He's the kind of a guy who lights up a room just by flicking a switch ___ Biofuel mailing list Biofuel@sustainablelists.org http://sustainablelists.org/mailman/listinfo/biofuel_sustainablelists.org Biofuel at Journey to Forever: http://journeytoforever.org/biofuel.html Search the combined Biofuel and Biofuels-biz list archives (50,000 messages): http://www.mail-archive.com/biofuel@sustainablelists.org/
[Biofuel] self sufficiency
http://www.growitalian.com Imported heirloom seeds from a family owned Italian company founded in the 1700s. - Boardwalk for $500? In 2007? Ha! Play Monopoly Here and Now (it's updated for today's economy) at Yahoo! Games.___ Biofuel mailing list Biofuel@sustainablelists.org http://sustainablelists.org/mailman/listinfo/biofuel_sustainablelists.org Biofuel at Journey to Forever: http://journeytoforever.org/biofuel.html Search the combined Biofuel and Biofuels-biz list archives (50,000 messages): http://www.mail-archive.com/biofuel@sustainablelists.org/
Re: [Biofuel] Biodiesel in V6 diesel engine
Hello all, Has any had experience with using Biodiesel in V6 diesel engine? If so, is there any adverse effect? fox ___ Want ideas for reducing your carbon footprint? Visit Yahoo! For Good http://uk.promotions.yahoo.com/forgood/environment.html ___ Biofuel mailing list Biofuel@sustainablelists.org http://sustainablelists.org/mailman/listinfo/biofuel_sustainablelists.org Biofuel at Journey to Forever: http://journeytoforever.org/biofuel.html Search the combined Biofuel and Biofuels-biz list archives (50,000 messages): http://www.mail-archive.com/biofuel@sustainablelists.org/
Re: [Biofuel] Beyond batteries: Storing power in a sheet of nanocomposite paper
Source: http://physorg. com/news10624516 4.html Beyond batteries: Storing power in a sheet of nanocomposite paper A sample of the new nanocomposite paper developed by researchers at Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute. Infused with carbon nanotubes, the paper can be used to create ultra-thin, flexible batteries and energy storage devices for next-generation electronics and implantable medical equipment. Credit: Rensselaer/Victor Pushparaj Researchers at Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute have developed a new energy storage device that easily could be mistaken for a simple sheet of black paper. The nanoengineered battery is lightweight, ultra thin, completely flexible, and geared toward meeting the trickiest design and energy requirements of tomorrows gadgets, implantable medical equipment, and transportation vehicles. Along with its ability to function in temperatures up to 300 degrees Fahrenheit and down to 100 below zero, the device is completely integrated and can be printed like paper. The device is also unique in that it can function as both a high-energy battery and a high-power supercapacitor, which are generally separate components in most electrical systems. Another key feature is the capability to use human blood or sweat to help power the battery. Details of the project are outlined in the paper Flexible Energy Storage Devices Based on Nanocomposite Paper published Aug. 13 in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. The semblance to paper is no accident: more than 90 percent of the device is made up of cellulose, the same plant cells used in newsprint, loose leaf, lunch bags, and nearly every other type of paper. Rensselaer researchers infused this paper with aligned carbon nanotubes, which give the device its black color. The nanotubes act as electrodes and allow the storage devices to conduct electricity. The device, engineered to function as both a lithium-ion battery and a supercapacitor, can provide the long, steady power output comparable to a conventional battery, as well as a supercapacitors quick burst of high energy. The device can be rolled, twisted, folded, or cut into any number of shapes with no loss of mechanical integrity or efficiency. The paper batteries can also be stacked, like a ream of printer paper, to boost the total power output. Its essentially a regular piece of paper, but its made in a very intelligent way, said paper co-author Robert Linhardt, the Ann and John H. Broadbent Senior Constellation Professor of Biocatalysis and Metabolic Engineering at Rensselaer . Were not putting pieces together its a single, integrated device, he said. The components are molecularly attached to each other: the carbon nanotube print is embedded in the paper, and the electrolyte is soaked into the paper. The end result is a device that looks, feels, and weighs the same as paper. The creation of this unique nanocomposite paper drew from a diverse pool of disciplines, requiring expertise in materials science, energy storage, and chemistry. Along with Linhardt, authors of the paper include Pulickel M. Ajayan, professor of materials science and engineering, and Omkaram Nalamasu, professor of chemistry with a joint appointment in materials science and engineering. Senior research specialist Victor Pushparaj, along with postdoctoral research associates Shaijumon M. Manikoth, Ashavani Kumar, and Saravanababu Murugesan, were co-authors and lead researchers of the project. Other co-authors include research associate Lijie Ci and Rensselaer Nanotechnology Center Laboratory Manager Robert Vajtai. The researchers used ionic liquid, essentially a liquid salt, as the batterys electrolyte. Its important to note that ionic liquid contains no water, which means theres nothing in the batteries to freeze or evaporate. This lack of water allows the paper energy storage devices to withstand extreme temperatures, Kumar said. Along with use in small handheld electronics, the paper batteries light weight could make them ideal for use in automobiles, aircraft, and even boats. The paper also could be molded into different shapes, such as a car door, which would enable important new engineering innovations. Plus, because of the high paper content and lack of toxic chemicals, its environmentally safe, Shaijumon said. Paper is also extremely biocompatible and these new hybrid battery/supercapcit ors have potential as power supplies for devices implanted in the body. The team printed paper batteries without adding any electrolytes, and demonstrated that naturally occurring electrolytes in human sweat, blood, and urine can be used to activate the battery device. Its a way to power a small device such as a pacemaker without introducing any harsh chemicals such as the kind that are typically found in batteries into the body, Pushparaj said. The materials required to create the paper batteries are inexpensive, Murugesan said, but the
Re: [Biofuel] Biodiesel in V6 diesel engine
Ummm. I don't know anyone who makes a V-6 diesel engine. What's it in, how old is it, and who manufactured it. On 8/14/07, fox mulder [EMAIL PROTECTED] wrote: Hello all, Has any had experience with using Biodiesel in V6 diesel engine? If so, is there any adverse effect? fox ___ Want ideas for reducing your carbon footprint? Visit Yahoo! For Good http://uk.promotions.yahoo.com/forgood/environment.html ___ Biofuel mailing list Biofuel@sustainablelists.org http://sustainablelists.org/mailman/listinfo/biofuel_sustainablelists.org Biofuel at Journey to Forever: http://journeytoforever.org/biofuel.html Search the combined Biofuel and Biofuels-biz list archives (50,000 messages): http://www.mail-archive.com/biofuel@sustainablelists.org/ ___ Biofuel mailing list Biofuel@sustainablelists.org http://sustainablelists.org/mailman/listinfo/biofuel_sustainablelists.org Biofuel at Journey to Forever: http://journeytoforever.org/biofuel.html Search the combined Biofuel and Biofuels-biz list archives (50,000 messages): http://www.mail-archive.com/biofuel@sustainablelists.org/
Re: [Biofuel] Biodiesel in V6 diesel engine
Zeke Yewdall wrote: Ummm. I don't know anyone who makes a V-6 diesel engine. What's it in, how old is it, and who manufactured it. Some of the Detroit 2 cycle diesels where, are? available in a V6 configuration. I remember that my dad's first oil well servicing rig was power by a V6 71 DD. Wikipedia reveals that the V configuration was introduced in 1957. Doug, N0LKK Kansas USA inc. ___ Biofuel mailing list Biofuel@sustainablelists.org http://sustainablelists.org/mailman/listinfo/biofuel_sustainablelists.org Biofuel at Journey to Forever: http://journeytoforever.org/biofuel.html Search the combined Biofuel and Biofuels-biz list archives (50,000 messages): http://www.mail-archive.com/biofuel@sustainablelists.org/
