Re: [Biofuel] Keith Addison passed away
My sincere condolences to you Midori. Keith´s life work has been of immense importance to many people and we are all in debt to him for his comittment and doings. Jan Warnqvist -Ursprungligt meddelande- From: David Penfold Sent: Thursday, November 06, 2014 2:28 PM To: sustainablelorgbiofuel@lists.sustainablelists.org Subject: Re: [Biofuel] Keith Addison passed away Sincere condolences to you, Midori, and anyone who knew Keith. He has been an inspiration and helped spark my interest in many alternative technologies. David Penfold ___ Sustainablelorgbiofuel mailing list Sustainablelorgbiofuel@lists.sustainablelists.org http://lists.eruditium.org/cgi-bin/mailman/listinfo/sustainablelorgbiofuel ___ Sustainablelorgbiofuel mailing list Sustainablelorgbiofuel@lists.sustainablelists.org http://lists.eruditium.org/cgi-bin/mailman/listinfo/sustainablelorgbiofuel
[Biofuel] Energy Storage Will Soon Replace Simple Cycle Combustion Turbine Peaker Plants
http://www.renewableenergyworld.com/rea/news/article/2014/11/energy-storage-will-soon-replace-simple-cycle-combustion-turbine-peaker-plants?cmpid=WNL-Friday-November7-2014 Energy Storage Will Soon Replace Simple Cycle Combustion Turbine Peaker Plants Chet Lyons, Principal, Energy Strategies Group November 05, 2014 Power grids need extra generating capacity to work properly. For example, about 20 percent of New York State’s generation fleet runs less than 250 hours a year. Because they don’t run much, “peaker plants” are by design the cheapest and least efficient fossil generators. When they do run they cost a lot to operate and produce more air pollution than other types of fossil generation. Wouldn’t it be great if we had a cost-effective and environmentally sustainable substitute for dirty fossil-based peakers? As has happened with solar PV, the costs for multi-hour energy storage are about to undergo a steep decline over the next 2 to 3 years. This cost trend will disrupt the economic rationale for gas-fired simple cycle combustion turbines (CTs) in favor of flexible zero emissions energy storage. This will be especially true for storage assets owned and operated by vertical utilities and distributed near utility substations. Simple cycle gas-fired CTs have been a workhorse utility asset for adding new peaker capacity for decades. But times and technologies change, and the power grid’s long love affair with gas-fired CTs is about to be challenged by multi-hour energy storage. Flow batteries that utilize a liquid electrolyte are especially cost-effective because the energy they store can be easily and inexpensively increased just by adding more electrolyte. CTs cost from $670 per installed kilowatt to more than twice that much for CT’s located in urban areas. But the economics of peaking capacity must also reflect the benefits side of the cost/benefit equation. Distributed storage assets can deliver both regional (transmission) and local (distribution) level energy balancing services using the same storage asset. This means the locational value and capacity use factor for distributed storage can be significantly higher compared to CTs operated on a central station basis. These points are discussed in Energy Strategies Group’s white paper, “Guide to Procurement of Flexible Peaking Capacity: Energy Storage of Combustion Turbines.” As noted in the paper, Capex for a 4-hour storage peaker is projected to be $1,390 by 2017, or $348 per (installed) kilowatt-hour of capacity. Factoring in the added value of locating storage on the distribution grid and ownership and operation by a vertical utility, 4-hour energy storage will win over CTs at the high end of the CT cost range by 2017. By 2018 the cost of ViZn Energy’s 4-hour storage solution, which was selected by Energy Strategies Group as a proxy for the lowest cost multi-hour storage solutions currently being commercialized, is projected to be $974 per kW, nearly identical to that of a conventional simple cycle peaker. For a 4-hour storage resource – that translates to $244 per (installed) kilowatt-hour of capacity. Given the added benefits of installing storage in the distribution network, by 2018 storage will be a winner against the mid-range cost for a simple cycle CT and clearly disruptive compared to higher cost simple cycle CTs. The disruptive potential of energy storage as a substitute for simple cycle CTs has been recognized. For example, Arizona Public Service (APS) and the Residential Utility Consumer Office (RUCO) recently filed a proposed settlement which, if approved, would require that at least 10% of any new peaker capacity now being planned as simple cycle combustion turbines would instead need to be energy storage — as long as the storage meets the cost effectiveness and reliability criteria of any CTs being proposed. When selecting new peaking capacity, utility planners can choose between assets that better fit the emerging distributed grid architecture or the older and disappearing centralized approach to grid design. The choices we make today should be consistent with current and long-term cost-performance trends in fossil-based generation, solar PV and energy storage. Lower cost solar PV and its rising penetration in all market segments will have a profoundly disruptive effect on utility operations and the utility cost-of-service business model. This has already started to happen. Storage offers a way for utilities to replace lost revenues premised on margins from kilowatt-hour energy sales by placing energy storage into the rate based and earning low-risk regulated returns. ___ Sustainablelorgbiofuel mailing list Sustainablelorgbiofuel@lists.sustainablelists.org http://lists.eruditium.org/cgi-bin/mailman/listinfo/sustainablelorgbiofuel
[Biofuel] Same Price, More Renewables: San Diego’s Fight for Community Controlled Energy
http://www.renewableenergyworld.com/rea/blog/post/2014/11/same-price-more-renewables-san-diegos-fight-for-community-controlled-energy?cmpid=WNL-Friday-November7-2014 [links in on-line article, podcast available] Same Price, More Renewables: San Diego’s Fight for Community Controlled Energy John Farrell November 05, 2014 “San Diego and its community choice energy district would be able to offer a diverse energy mix with all of the solar, biodiesel, biogas, and energy storage resources that we have in San Diego. A product that is price competitive and yet at the same time would strive for and achieve a higher level of renewable content.” See how this southern California city is striving for more clean energy and more local control in this interview with Lane Sharman, co-founder and chair of the San Diego Energy District Foundation. This podcast was recorded via Skype on May 21, 2014. Listen to the Local Energy Rules Podcast: Play in new window | Download | Embed A Fight Against ‘Solar Taxes’ The rise of the San Diego Energy District Foundation was in response to fees proposed on solar customers by San Diego Gas and Electric in October 2011. Thanks to the efforts of Lane, Bill Powers, and others in and outside of the foundation, the solar-crushing “Network Usage Fees” were not adopted. It was a particularly important win, because the fees would have applied to those customers who had already installed solar, with the expectation that they wouldn’t pay extra for going solar. Pursuing More Local Energy Control The Energy District Foundation wasn’t satisfied with stopping their monopoly utility from implementing bad policy, it wanted to create an energy system that put the community in charge of implementing policy that was positive for the economy and the environment. In 2012, members of the Foundation worked with Protect Our Communities, a nonprofit organization focused on using California’s community choice aggregation law, to create a local entity in charge of greening up the city’s energy supply with local power. They hope to follow in the footsteps of Marin County and Sonoma County in prioritizing local control of a cleaner energy system, at competitive prices. Why Public Power? The interest in local control over energy purchases is rooted in the inherent conflict of interest between ratepayers and their existing for-profit utility. Utilities in California make money by investing in hardware (power plants, power lines, and the like) and not finding the cleanest, lowest cost power for their ratepayers. In part, this is because taxpayers pick up the tab for pollution from fossil fuels. A public entity is more likely to incorporate those externalities. Water, sewage, and education all provide examples of where the public sector provides excellent local service. How Renewable Can San Diego Be? A 2010 study called the San Diego Regional Plan for 100 percent Renewable Energy outlines the technical potential for clean energy in the region. But it’s the market prices for clean power than are most encouraging. Open bids for new energy in Texas, for example, had solar bidding in at 5¢ per kilowatt-hour compared to retail energy prices of 15¢ or more. The county has approved (in 2013) a comprehensive energy plan that will include an investigation of a local energy aggregation. A ‘Monopoly Protection Act’ Incumbent utilities don’t much like the San Diego Energy District Foundation and its plan for local control of the energy system. The big three corporate monopoly utilities in California are behind a new bill (AB 2145) that would completely undermine community choice aggregation by changing a key provision of implementation. Currently, when a local government establishes a local aggregation to purchase power on behalf of its residents and small businesses, these individuals may opt out. If AB 2145 passes, all potential participants would have to opt in. It effectively shields the monopoly utilities from competition, requiring a yet-to-be-operational local utility to spend thousands of dollars to attract customers before it sells a single kilowatt-hour. Furthermore, it would make energy procurement nearly impossible for the local utility, which would be unable to effectively plan and purchase power without a reasonable estimate of their market share. For more information on community choice aggregation, Lane recommends the San Diego Sierra Club, the local 350.org, the Local Energy Aggregation Network, and the San Diego Energy District Foundation This is the 23rd edition of Local Energy Rules, an ILSR podcast with Senior Researcher John Farrell that shares powerful stories of successful local renewable energy and exposes the policy and practical barriers to its expansion. Other than his immediate family, the audience is primarily researchers, grassroots organizers, and grasstops policy wonks who want vivid examples of how local
[Biofuel] Indian Railways to go for Bio Diesel in a Big Way | Business Standard News
http://www.business-standard.com/article/government-press-release/indian-railways-to-go-for-bio-diesel-in-a-big-way-114110500702_1.html Indian Railways to go for Bio-Diesel in a Big Way - Gowda Delhi November 5, 2014 With a concern for cleaner environment, Indian Railways has decided to promote use of alternative fuels like bio-diesel in a big way for powering our vast fleet of over 4000 Diesel locomotives. This was stated by the Minister of Railways Shri D.V.Sadananda Gowda at the inauguration of Bio-Fuels - 2014 Conference with a theme 'Energize growth Business opportunities in Biodiesel sector in India' organized by Bio-Diesel Association of India (BDAI) here today, Shri Gowda said that Indian Railways, is the single largest bulk consumer of diesel in the country and as mentioned in Railway Budget 2014-15, Indian Railways will start using Bio-Diesel up to 5% of the total fuel consumption in diesel locomotives. This will save precious foreign exchange substantially. Diesel locomotives cater to a large segment of rail traffic in the country, hauling both passenger and freight trains. Indian Railways consume over two billion litres of diesel every year. For this Railways have to foot a bill of over Rs.15000 crore annually. Therefore, even a small reduction in fuel consumption through blending with Bio-Diesel will result in a substantial savings in the fuel bill. In addition, the attendant benefits of a cleaner environment would also accrue on account of lower carbon emission, without requiring any change in the locomotive design. Extensive trials have already been conducted by RDSO using bio-diesel in different proportions on railway locomotives and results have been found very encouraging, Shri Gowda said. Railway Minister said that Indian Railways initially attempted blending of High Speed Diesel (HSD) with Bio-Diesel extracted from the Jatropha plant. Jatropha oil had been used in India as biodiesel in remote rural and forest communities; Jatropha oil can be used directly after extraction i.e. without refining in diesel generators and engines. The Minister said that Indian Railways will consider exploring possibilities of planting Jatropha plants along the railway tracks. However, these forays by Indian Railways met with limited success. Indian Railways have also set up an Indian Railways Organisation for Alternate Fuels (IROAF) to promote Bio-Diesels and other environmentally benign alternate fuels. They have also been given the mandate to facilitate setting up of trans-etherification facilities for converting plant residues into Bio-Diesels. These facilities could be set up in the country on the PPP mode. Shri Gowda further said that Bio-fuels also have a role to play in our efforts to address environmental concerns, particularly where we cannot otherwise easily decarbonise, like in the transport sector. However, it is crucial that the bio-fuels used must be genuinely sustainable and cost effective. Unless these two imperatives are met, we would not be able to proliferate Bio-Diesels in the manner we intend to. Shri Gowda hoped that the deliberations in this conference would bring out solutions needed to chalk out a path, both by the policy makers and the industry to make this environmentally benign natural resource our fuel of the future. Speaking on the occasion, the Minister of State for Railways, Shri Manoj Sinha said that in order to generate interest in bio-diesel, adequate quantities of bio-diesel will have to be made available at competitive and attractive prices. To achieve this, setting up of raw material supply chain would be necessary. This is a big challenge in a country where neither edible oils nor other oils are surplus to the requirement. In case the availability is unsatisfactory, the interest of common user would not get generated. Shri Sinha said that as of now there is no retail of bio diesel and thus no network for countrywide availability of bio diesel. In case it is to be made popular with not only with railways but with road transport also, countrywide distribution and storage infrastructure will have be set up. ___ Sustainablelorgbiofuel mailing list Sustainablelorgbiofuel@lists.sustainablelists.org http://lists.eruditium.org/cgi-bin/mailman/listinfo/sustainablelorgbiofuel
[Biofuel] Hawaiian Electric expects to sign biodiesel contract by end of 2014 - Pacific Business News
http://www.bizjournals.com/pacific/news/2014/11/04/hawaiian-electric-expects-to-sign-biodiesel.html Duane Shimogawa Reporter- Pacific Business News Hawaiian Electric Co. expects to sign a contract and submit an application for approval to Hawaii regulators by the end of the year for a biodiesel developer to supply up to five million gallons per year of the renewable fuel at several Oahu locations. The state's largest utility told the Hawaii Public Utilities Commission in a letter on Friday that the supply from the developer could come as early as November 2015. Proposals from several firms were received by HECO, although it redacted the section of the letter naming the firms. The deadline for proposals was July 31. The locations where the biodiesel would be used includes HECO's 110-megawatt West Oahu Campbell Industrial Park generating station and the 8-megawatt Honolulu International Airport Emergency Power Facility. In late May, HECO issued the request for proposals for a contract term of three years. ___ Sustainablelorgbiofuel mailing list Sustainablelorgbiofuel@lists.sustainablelists.org http://lists.eruditium.org/cgi-bin/mailman/listinfo/sustainablelorgbiofuel
[Biofuel] Guardian News Website - UN orders phaseout of ‘fossil fuels’ by 2100
http://www.ngrguardiannews.com/news/national-news/185469-un-orders-phaseout-of-fossil-fuels-by-2100 [Hmmm, that does not seem well aligned with Canada's plan to unleash the bitumen carbon bomb in the next few decades.] UN orders phaseout of ‘fossil fuels’ by 2100 Tuesday, 04 November 2014 17:43 Written by Chukwuma Muanya • Report warns continued use will cause ‘ irreversible’ impacts globally • Urges govts to cut carbon dioxide emissions further IN its latest assessment of global warming which was published Monday, the United Nations (UN) through its Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) warned that the use of fossil fuels must be phased out by the end of the century. The IPCC’s Synthesis Report was published on Sunday in Copenhagen, after a week of intense debate between scientists and government officials. The IPCC issued stark predictions that continued greenhouse gas emissions would cause “severe, pervasive and irreversible” impacts around the world. It urged governments to cut carbon dioxide emissions by up to 70 per cent by 2050 and asked them to be less reliant on mining for fossil fuels such as coal, oil and gas. The authors said fossil fuels would need to be phased out completely from electricity production by 2100 unless new technology could safely bury carbon dioxide from power stations underground to prevent it from being released into the atmosphere. At the presentation of the IPCC Report, the UN Secretary General, Ban Ki-Moon, said he hoped it would help world leaders decide how to tackle climate change when they meet in Peru for a UN climate summit next month. He said: “Science has spoken. There is no ambiguity in the message. Leaders must act. Time is not on our side. “There is a myth that climate action will cost heavily. But inaction will cost much more.” According to Wikipedia, fossil fuels are fuels formed by natural processes such as anaerobic decomposition of buried dead organisms. The age of the organisms and their resulting fossil fuels is typically millions of years, and sometimes exceeds 650 million years. Fossil fuels contain high percentages of carbon and include coal, petroleum, and natural gas. A greenhouse gas (sometimes abbreviated GHG) is a gas in an atmosphere that absorbs and emits radiation within the thermal infrared range. This process is the fundamental cause of the greenhouse effect. The primary greenhouse gases in the Earth’s atmosphere are water vapor, carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, and ozone. In Nigeria, oil prices have been in a free fall since June after peaking at $115 per barrel. However, the price has steadily and consistently declined over the last four months to about $86 per barrel on Friday. It is feared that there is very high likelihood of the prices plummeting further to about $80 per barrel before enjoying some semblance of stability. Indeed, the sudden drop in crude oil prices has attracted mixed feelings. While many Western countries have been rejoicing over the development, which has resulted in lower pump price of fuel for their citizens, the reverse is the case in countries that depend almost exclusively on oil revenues as they have been experiencing a reduction in earnings. In Nigeria, the plummeting price of oil has exacerbated the dwindling revenues occasioned by the rising theft of the product the country is battling with. This has resulted in a decline in what accrues to all the tiers of governments from the Federation Account and already some states are finding it difficult to pay salaries. Meanwhile, critics warn that growing reliance upon renewable energy to replace fossil fuels would increase the risk of outages in Nigeria. They also said that consumers would see their energy bills soaring to pay for the new technologies outlined in the report. The report comes at a time when Nigeria is already facing a growing risk of electricity blackouts as the country attempts to switch to renewable forms of energy. Also, the BP’s Statistical Review of World Energy published in mid-2013 says that the world has in reserves 861 billion tonnes of coal, 187 trillion cubic meters of natural gas, and 1669 billion barrels of crude oil. These numbers seem to be huge at a glance, but taking into account today’s level of extraction proves reserves of coal will be exhausted in 109 years. The last cubic meter of natural gas will be extracted in 2068. And by 2065 there will be no reserves of crude oil. Chairman of the IPCC, Rajendra Pachauri, warned that the cost of delaying action to tackle climate change would be ‘proportionally higher’. Pachauri said: “The world needs a combination of adaptation and mitigation. We will not be able to adapt to the impacts of climate change if we don’t do anything to tackle the root of the problem. The impacts
[Biofuel] Biodiesel to Play Role in Lower Heating Oil Prices | Domestic Fuel
http://domesticfuel.com/2014/11/07/biodiesel-to-play-role-in-lower-heating-oil-prices/ Biodiesel to Play Role in Lower Heating Oil Prices Posted on November 7, 2014 by John Davis Biodiesel is expected to play a role in lower home heating oil prices this winter. The National Oilheat Research Allianace (NORA) cites a conference from last month where the U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA) predicted the lower prices for consumers. John Huber, President of [NORA], described the efforts of the heating oil industry to improve its product. He reported on the efforts of the Northeastern states to move to a low-sulfur heating oil product which improves efficiency and dramatically reduces emissions. He said that this step would also lead to long-term improvements in heating equipment as it is offered to consumers. Additionally, Mr. Huber described the efforts of the Oilheating industry to move to ever-increasing blends of heating oil and renewable biodiesel. These steps will reduced greenhouse gas emissions and position the industry to be a long-term solution as a renewable fuel for millions of American customers. NORA says that EIA predicts homeowners will spend, on average, 15 percent less, on average, than last year if long-term weather forecasts hold. Other factors cited for expected overall lower energy prices this winter include pipeline and other infrastructure developments in the U.S., more shale oil coming onto the market, and speculators trading crude oil for less. ___ Sustainablelorgbiofuel mailing list Sustainablelorgbiofuel@lists.sustainablelists.org http://lists.eruditium.org/cgi-bin/mailman/listinfo/sustainablelorgbiofuel
[Biofuel] Latin American Herald Tribune - Uruguayan Firm Launches Project to Convert Used Cooking Oil into Biodiesel
http://www.laht.com/article.asp?ArticleId=2359595CategoryId=23620 Uruguayan Firm Launches Project to Convert Used Cooking Oil into Biodiesel MONTEVIDEO – State-owned company Alcoholes de Uruguay (Alur) has launched a pilot project to recycle used cooking oil and convert it into biodiesel. The head of Alur’s oleaginous products and derivatives unit, Nicolas Ferrari, told Efe Wednesday that a “smart” container already has been installed to gather used cooking oil at a school in Montevideo and the idea is to gradually set up others nationwide. The project, which uses a green-colored “smart” glass container that receives used cooking-oil containers and provides clean ones in return, is modeled on recycling systems implemented by the company Ekogras in the northern Spanish city of San Sebastian. The goal is to leverage the capacity of Alur’s new plants in Uruguay to produce biodiesel from used cooking oil, “as Europe has been doing for some time,” Ferrari said. Alur has already signed its first agreements with fast-food chains and supermarkets in Montevideo, while other individual collectors are dispersed in various parts of Montevideo, a city of some 1.2 million inhabitants, and allow people to sell their used cooking oil. Ferrari said Uruguayan society is interested in the program because people often do not know what to do with their used oil and end up pouring it down the drain, which complicates water treatment processes and clogs pipes. “One liter of oil contaminates 1,000 liters of water and in Uruguay each inhabitant uses an average of 15 liters year, 3 of which end up as waste,” he said. Awareness-raising and education are part of this recycling initiative. The next step will be to increase the number of smart containers in Montevideo to 10 by February or March of next year and install others in the towns of Canelones and Piriapolis. ___ Sustainablelorgbiofuel mailing list Sustainablelorgbiofuel@lists.sustainablelists.org http://lists.eruditium.org/cgi-bin/mailman/listinfo/sustainablelorgbiofuel
[Biofuel] Dahr Jamail | As Casualties Mount, Scientists Say Global Warming Has Been Hugely Underestimated
http://truth-out.org/news/item/26909-as-casualties-mount-scientists-say-global-warming-has-been-hugely-underestimated [lots of links in on-line article] Dahr Jamail | As Casualties Mount, Scientists Say Global Warming Has Been Hugely Underestimated Monday, 20 October 2014 11:07 By Dahr Jamail, Truthout | Report As we look across the globe this month, the signs of a continued escalation of the impacts of runaway anthropogenic climate disruption (ACD) continue to increase, alongside a drumbeat of fresh scientific studies confirming their connection to the ongoing human geo-engineering project of emitting carbon dioxide at ever-increasing rates into the atmosphere. A major study recently published in New Scientist found that scientists may have hugely underestimated the extent of global warming because temperature readings from southern hemisphere seas were inaccurate, and said that ACD is worse than we thought because it is happening faster than we realized. As has become predictable now, as evidence of increasing ACD continues to mount, denial and corporate exploitation are accelerating right along with it. The famed Northwest Passage is now being exploited by luxury cruise companies. Given the ongoing melting of the Arctic ice cap, a company recently announced a 900-mile, 32-day luxury cruise there, with fares starting at $20,000, so people can luxuriate while viewing the demise of the planetary ecosystem. This, while even mainstream scientists now no longer view ACD in the future tense, but as a reality that is already well underway and severely impacting the planet. It is good that even the more conservative scientists have come aboard the reality train, because a recent National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration-led (NOAA) study published by the Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society has provided yet more evidence linking ACD with extreme heat events. To provide perspective on how far along we are regarding runaway ACD, another recent study shows that the planet's wildlife population is less than half the size it was four decades ago. The culprits are both ACD and unsustainable human consumption, coupling to destroy habitats faster than previously thought, as biodiversity loss has now reached critical levels, according to the report. More than half of the vertebrate population on the planet has been annihilated in just four decades. Let that sink in for a moment before reading further. Meanwhile, the situation only continues to grow grimmer. NASA announced that this August was the hottest globally since records began in 1880. Days later, NOAA confirmed this and added that 2014 is on track to become the hottest year on record. Shortly thereafter, NASA announced that this September was the hottest since 1880. And emissions only continue to increase. Global greenhouse gas emissions rose this last year to record levels, increasing 2.3 percent. The effects of all these developments are especially evident in the Arctic, where sea ice coverage reached its annual minimum on September 17, continuing a trend of below-average years. According to the NASA-supported National Snow and Ice Data Center, Arctic sea ice coverage this year is the sixth lowest recorded since 1978. Equally disconcerting and symptomatic of the aforementioned, 35,000 walruses crowded onto land near the Northwest Alaska village of Point Lay late last month, when they couldn't find their preferred resting grounds of summer sea ice. Earth The European Space Agency announced that, due to billions of tons of ice loss, a dip in the gravity field over the Western Antarctic region has occurred, making even gravity itself the latest casualty of ACD. A recent analysis of 56 studies on ACD-related health problems revealed that increasing global temperatures and extreme weather events will continue to deleteriously impact human health on a global scale. On a micro-scale, another report showed how Minnesota's warming (and increasingly wetter) climate is escalating the risk of new diseases in the area, according to the Minnesota Climate Change Vulnerability Assessment. Further north, warming temperatures continue to disrupt the fragile ecological balance in the Canadian Arctic, which is warming faster than most of the rest of the planet. Canada's minister for natural resources provided a new report detailing the impact ACD is having on that country's forests, which are being impacted faster than the global average. In neighboring Alaska, summer heat and invasive insects are taking a similar toll on interior Alaska birch trees, according to experts there. Wildlife populations continue to struggle to adapt to the dramatic changes wrought by ACD. In California, one of the largest populations of state-protected Western pond turtles in the southern part of that state is struggling to survive as its habitat, a natural two-mile long lake, has become
