Re: [Vo]:More on Pycno
on Thu, 21 Jan 2010 12:08:39 -0800 Jones Beene said [snip] More basic query: Is there a progression of this phenomenon (which can be mistaken for Millsean shrinkage) whereby compound unnatural molecules seem to grow in mass and shrink in volume when in confinement ? IOW as they grow in mass to 6,8, and 10 amu and beyond - at the same time the unit also shrinks in effective dimension due to this same modality above: which is that the average positive nuclear charge is being spread out over a greater core volume, thus attracting valence electrons at tighter average dimension? [end snip] Yes but Big M not small m . The Naudts interpertation is a relativistic environment which includes Casimir cavities, defects in the lattice and even the interstitial spaces which act like tributaries. A via forms between small cavities and lattice nuclei forming Casimir geometry where the resistance pressure to moving virtual particles Puthoff atomic model) accumulates beyond the ability of the small cavity to exhaust. This creates a permanent venturi of virtual particles through the tributaries and out the cavities that is many time the nominal rate. I use the word rate cautiously since it may well be the rate at which virtual particles intersect with the spatial axis that defines our awareness of time. The point is the atom can remain stationary but experience equivalent motion as these VP permeate through it at an accelerated rate. Note this is different than the equivalent acceleration of a spaceship parked on a high G surface which we know slows time / rate of VP , I suggest that Catalytic action may represent the opposite case where the rate of VP permeating through the Present is increased. this makes us the spacefaring twin by comparison and we appear to slow down relative to an observer inside a catalyst. Fran
[Vo]:More on Pycno
First, a basic factoid which may be of interest regarding deuterium loading in the LENR active matrix, and the unexpected high density of what is being called pycnodeuterium, following Arata's introduction of the term. The atomic radius of deuterium is 78 pm (roughly spherical) while the covalent radius is 30 x 45 pm (oblong) - a surprisingly large shrinkage without any below-ground-state shenanigans; and yet the average charge is unchanged - net neutral, but it is spread out over a larger core area so that electrons are pulled-in more. In effect the atomic weight of the 'unit' has doubled and the effective volume decreased by about 10 fold; so already the apparent density is higher. Is this the start of a *trend* and does that trend continue with the appearance of (putative) higher allotropes? When deuterium is loaded in an atomic ratio of 1:1 within a metal, it must be in molecular form, and seldom atomic form, as was once thought (and taught) since the molecule is so much smaller than the atom. Given what has gone on in LENR over the years, this 1:1 ratio is probably a threshold level for fusion to happen. More basic query: Is there a progression of this phenomenon (which can be mistaken for Millsean shrinkage) whereby compound unnatural molecules seem to grow in mass and shrink in volume when in confinement ? IOW as they grow in mass to 6,8, and 10 amu and beyond - at the same time the unit also shrinks in effective dimension due to this same modality above: which is that the average positive nuclear charge is being spread out over a greater core volume, thus attracting valence electrons at tighter average dimension? Note: the orbitals would thereby appear to be below ground state but that is completely deceptive and unconnected to Mills' theory, since there is no stability outside of the matrix confinement. This can be better worded: Could there be a novel mechanism, which can be called confinement allotropy and previously not described in the literature, whereby unnaturally large molecules of hydrogen and its isotopes can be bound with moderate stability when within a metal matrix? A basic assumption is that the host matrix can absorb hydrogen without strong binding into the valence 'smear' of the metal atoms, as in a true hydride. That low binding level is a fine distinction, and the range of binding energy required is not apparent. When shuttled back and forth between open interstitial gaps in an active zone - the kinetic activity of all bound species takes place as molecules in these metals; and it follows that this cannot be limited to two atom molecules in high loading situations. This outcome of more than two atoms in a confined molecular allotrope is defensible for a number of experimental reasons, primarily because Arata, Kitamura and several other replications have seen stable loading above a 4:1 ratio. BTW this high ratio seems rock solid, since there are numerous published and unpublished reports in the same range. Note: tetrahedrons are a favored natural form - thus the average near four may be no accident. Bottom line, there should be significant amounts of D3 and D4 (and up) in the LENR matrix (those being the first two confined allotropes and going to the next semantic distinction: that is what pycno really consists of (i.e. an unusual bound-allotrope, requiring confinement for longer term stability). Next step: These new orbitals will need to mesh somehow with classical orbital dynamics (s, p, d, f) presumably, so long as the spectroscopic lines: sharp, principal, diffuse, and fundamental are unchanged but heck, that is the least of the problems faced by this emergent hypothesis. More later, Jones
Re: [Vo]:More on Pycno
At 03:07 PM 1/21/2010, Jones Beene wrote: When deuterium is loaded in an atomic ratio of 1:1 within a metal, it must be in molecular form, and seldom atomic form, as was once thought (and taught) since the molecule is so much smaller than the atom. Given what has gone on in LENR over the years, this 1:1 ratio is probably a threshold level for fusion to happen. Holy moly! The biggest argument against Takahashi's Tetrahedral Symmetric Condensate Theory is the supposed rarity of the molecular form in the metal. If D2 is common, then, from his calculations, all it takes is some tiny occurrence of double confinement, two molecules in a lattice site, which will naturally assume the tetrahedral configuration, for a very short time, and the two collapse and fuse, 100%. Is there any source confirming this statement about the molecular form in the metal? If it's true, then real ratio for fusion is 2:1, but that would take place only in one site at a time, because it collapses and fuses within roughly a femtosecond, Takahashi's calculation. At 1:1, any attempt to increase the loading ratio would either cause lattice disruption -- the interatomic spacing of the metal would increase beyond some limit, internal voids forming, perhaps, so the true ratio in intact lattice would still be 1:1, or it would cause fusion, and the fusion rate would be proportional to how rapidly one could bump up the loading. I wonder. What would happen if high pressure were applied to resist the disruption of the lattice by increased deuterium pressure? Could that be done? I mean *really high* pressure. What would this do to the predominant species, i.e., how does the molecular form sit in the lattice at 1:1? It would have to be occupying two sites, straddling them, one deuteron in one site, the other in the other, sharing their electrons.
Re: [Vo]:More on Pycno
On Jan 21, 2010, at 11:07 AM, Jones Beene wrote: First, a basic factoid which may be of interest regarding deuterium loading in the LENR active matrix, and the unexpected high density of what is being called pycnodeuterium, following Arata's introduction of the term. The atomic radius of deuterium is 78 pm (roughly spherical) while the covalent radius is 30 x 45 pm (oblong) - a surprisingly large shrinkage without any below-ground-state shenanigans; and yet the average charge is unchanged - net neutral, but it is spread out over a larger core area so that electrons are pulled-in more. In effect the atomic weight of the 'unit' has doubled and the effective volume decreased by about 10 fold; so already the apparent density is higher. Is this the start of a *trend* and does that trend continue with the appearance of (putative) higher allotropes? When deuterium is loaded in an atomic ratio of 1:1 within a metal, it must be in molecular form, and seldom atomic form, as was once thought (and taught) since the molecule is so much smaller than the atom. Given what has gone on in LENR over the years, this 1:1 ratio is probably a threshold level for fusion to happen. A proton or deuteron is much smaller than an atom or a molecule. There is a huge amount of evidence that absorbed hydrogen is exists rarely in molecular form. Molecular form H2 greatly distorts the Pd lattice even in the octagonal sites. It would be a very good idea to read a copy of Hydrogen in Metals III. I worked out some of the geometry for various lattices here: http://mtaonline.net/~hheffner/AtomicExpansion.pdf http://www.mtaonline.net/~hheffner/CCP.pdf I should have included drawings. Just about all my articles need revisiting and reworking. Now I'm even more depressed. Sigh. Best regards, Horace Heffner http://www.mtaonline.net/~hheffner/
