Re: [Vo]:From Russia, with love
This is probably just a coincidence, but Ni-63 is used in krytons to make avalanche electrical breakdowns more predictable. See: Electric discharge in gases http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_discharge_in_gases Krytron http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krytron Lots of reported LENR results appear to involve arcing and dielectric/vacuum breakdown. Pardon if this has already been covered. -- Lou Pagnucco Jones Beene wrote: Courtesy of SPECTRE ... err... make that the new Kurchatov Institute Possible Way To Industrial Production of Nickel-63 and the Prospects of Its Use Tsvetkov, et al. Research-Industrial Enterprise BIAPOS, Moscow, Russia, Formerly Kurchatov Institute, Moscow, Russia Nickel-63 (a pure beta-emitter with a half-life of 100 years) is one of the most promising radionuclides that can be used in miniature autonomous electric power sources with a service life of above 30 years (nuclear batteries) working on the betavoltaic effect. This effect is analogous to the photoelectric effect, with the difference that electron-hole pairs are produced in a semiconductor with p-n-transition under the action of beta-particles rather than optical radiation. In addition to 63Ni, among all variety of radionuclides only tritium 3H (half-life 12.3 years; Emax = 18.6 keV; Eav = 5.7 keV) and promethium l47Pm (half-life 2.62 years; Emax = 230 keV; Eav = 65 keV) can be considered as candidates for the betavoltaic converter All other beta-emitters are unsuitable for any of several reasons: 1)accompanying gamma-radiation; 2)strong bremsstruhlung, which requires the use of radiation protection; http://isotope.info/wp-content/uploads/2008/04/possible-way-to-industrial-pr oduction-of-nickel-63-and-the-prospects-of-its-use.pdf
Re: [Vo]:From Russia, with love
The evanescent wave As experimentally demonstrated, there is an EMF power amplification factor of up to 10 to the 15 power demonstrated by nanolenzes formed by nanowires and nanoparticles. What EMF amplification that the Ni/H reactors produce is undoubtedly higher. The question is “how does such a concentration of power occur?” An evanescent wave exits in the near-field of a reflecting surface with an intensity that exhibits exponential decay with distance from the boundary at which the wave was formed. Evanescent waves are a general property of wave-equations, and can in principle occur in any context to which a wave-equation applies. They are formed at the boundary between two media with different wave motion properties, and are most intense within one third of a wavelength from the surface of formation. This is the reason why electric arching and dielectric boundaries are important in LENR. EMF amplification involves solutions of Maxwell’s equations and boundary conditions where imaginary solutions are manifest. See http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evanescent_wave Total internal reflection of light In the context of Ni/H LENR+, the boundary between nickel and pressurized hydrogen forms a boundary trap where the capacitive EMF(electrons) accumulate because there is a Total internal reflection of this EMF at the boundary of the metal hydrogen interface. These electron waves accumulate and superimpose constructively. This EMF wave function has no solution that transmits energy away from the boundary. Mathematically, evanescent waves can be characterized by a wave vector where one or more of the vector's components have an imaginary value. This coupling between the hydrogen dielectric and the nickel is directly analogous to the coupling between the primary and secondary coils of a transformer, or between the two plates of a capacitor. Mathematically, the process is the same as that of quantum tunneling, except with electromagnetic waves instead of quantum-mechanical wavefunction. This near surface interface boundary is the zone were electrons accumulate by a power concentration factor of up to one trillion. It is this charge concentration that produces coulomb barrier lowering in the boundary layer where the evanescent wave forms. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fano_resonance Fano resonance is the mechanism that mixes the electron and light waveforms together. The infrared radiation and dielectric oscillations of the excitons are the two waveforms involved. An exciton is a bound state of an electron and an electron hole which are attracted to each other by the electrostatic Coulomb force. The Fano resonance line-shape is due to interference between two scattering amplitudes, one due to scattering within a continuum of states (the background process) and the second due to an excitation of a discrete state (the resonant process). The energy of the resonant state must lie in the energy range of the continuum (background) states for the effect to occur. Near the resonant energy, the background scattering amplitude typical varies slowly with energy while the resonant scattering amplitude changes both in magnitude and phase quickly. It is this variation that creates the asymmetric profile. The Fano resonance is how increased infrared stimulation of the micro powder increases LENR activity. When DGT removes the hydrogen from their reactor, the Fano resonance is destroyed. On Sun, May 5, 2013 at 4:37 PM, pagnu...@htdconnect.com wrote: This is probably just a coincidence, but Ni-63 is used in krytons to make avalanche electrical breakdowns more predictable. See: Electric discharge in gases http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_discharge_in_gases Krytron http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krytron Lots of reported LENR results appear to involve arcing and dielectric/vacuum breakdown. Pardon if this has already been covered. -- Lou Pagnucco Jones Beene wrote: Courtesy of SPECTRE ... err... make that the new Kurchatov Institute Possible Way To Industrial Production of Nickel-63 and the Prospects of Its Use Tsvetkov, et al. Research-Industrial Enterprise BIAPOS, Moscow, Russia, Formerly Kurchatov Institute, Moscow, Russia Nickel-63 (a pure beta-emitter with a half-life of 100 years) is one of the most promising radionuclides that can be used in miniature autonomous electric power sources with a service life of above 30 years (nuclear batteries) working on the betavoltaic effect. This effect is analogous to the photoelectric effect, with the difference that electron-hole pairs are produced in a semiconductor with p-n-transition under the action of beta-particles rather than optical radiation. In addition to 63Ni, among all variety of radionuclides only tritium 3H (half-life 12.3 years; Emax = 18.6 keV; Eav = 5.7 keV) and promethium l47Pm (half-life 2.62 years; Emax = 230 keV; Eav = 65 keV) can be considered as candidates for the
Re: [Vo]:From Russia, with love
Axil, If LENR is real, then certainly some energy concentration is occuring via some unexpected pathway. Fano resonance looks promising. If the modelling is too sophisticated, few (if any) will even try to understand it. We need a very simple model that is not too esoteric and intimidating -- otherwise, only experimental success will be convincing. Cheers, Lou Pagnucco Axil wrote: The evanescent wave As experimentally demonstrated, there is an EMF power amplification factor of up to 10 to the 15 power demonstrated by nanolenzes formed by nanowires and nanoparticles. What EMF amplification that the Ni/H reactors produce is undoubtedly higher. The question is how does such a concentration of power occur? An evanescent wave exits in the near-field of a reflecting surface with an intensity that exhibits exponential decay with distance from the boundary at which the wave was formed. Evanescent waves are a general property of wave-equations, and can in principle occur in any context to which a wave-equation applies. They are formed at the boundary between two media with different wave motion properties, and are most intense within one third of a wavelength from the surface of formation. This is the reason why electric arching and dielectric boundaries are important in LENR. EMF amplification involves solutions of Maxwells equations and boundary conditions where imaginary solutions are manifest. See http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evanescent_wave Total internal reflection of light In the context of Ni/H LENR+, the boundary between nickel and pressurized hydrogen forms a boundary trap where the capacitive EMF(electrons) accumulate because there is a Total internal reflection of this EMF at the boundary of the metal hydrogen interface. These electron waves accumulate and superimpose constructively. This EMF wave function has no solution that transmits energy away from the boundary. Mathematically, evanescent waves can be characterized by a wave vector where one or more of the vector's components have an imaginary value. This coupling between the hydrogen dielectric and the nickel is directly analogous to the coupling between the primary and secondary coils of a transformer, or between the two plates of a capacitor. Mathematically, the process is the same as that of quantum tunneling, except with electromagnetic waves instead of quantum-mechanical wavefunction. This near surface interface boundary is the zone were electrons accumulate by a power concentration factor of up to one trillion. It is this charge concentration that produces coulomb barrier lowering in the boundary layer where the evanescent wave forms. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fano_resonance Fano resonance is the mechanism that mixes the electron and light waveforms together. The infrared radiation and dielectric oscillations of the excitons are the two waveforms involved. An exciton is a bound state of an electron and an electron hole which are attracted to each other by the electrostatic Coulomb force. The Fano resonance line-shape is due to interference between two scattering amplitudes, one due to scattering within a continuum of states (the background process) and the second due to an excitation of a discrete state (the resonant process). The energy of the resonant state must lie in the energy range of the continuum (background) states for the effect to occur. Near the resonant energy, the background scattering amplitude typical varies slowly with energy while the resonant scattering amplitude changes both in magnitude and phase quickly. It is this variation that creates the asymmetric profile. The Fano resonance is how increased infrared stimulation of the micro powder increases LENR activity. When DGT removes the hydrogen from their reactor, the Fano resonance is destroyed. On Sun, May 5, 2013 at 4:37 PM, pagnu...@htdconnect.com wrote: This is probably just a coincidence, but Ni-63 is used in krytons to make avalanche electrical breakdowns more predictable. See: Electric discharge in gases http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_discharge_in_gases Krytron http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krytron Lots of reported LENR results appear to involve arcing and dielectric/vacuum breakdown. Pardon if this has already been covered. -- Lou Pagnucco Jones Beene wrote: Courtesy of SPECTRE ... err... make that the new Kurchatov Institute Possible Way To Industrial Production of Nickel-63 and the Prospects of Its Use Tsvetkov, et al. Research-Industrial Enterprise BIAPOS, Moscow, Russia, Formerly Kurchatov Institute, Moscow, Russia Nickel-63 (a pure beta-emitter with a half-life of 100 years) is one of the most promising radionuclides that can be used in miniature autonomous electric power sources with a service life of above 30 years (nuclear batteries) working on the betavoltaic effect. This effect is analogous to the
