FYI- A recent IBM systems journal was dedicated to Java.. http://www.research.ibm.com/journal/sj39-1.html There are a couple of interesting papers describing the IMB JIT engine and the Jalepeno project which is a JVM written 99% in Java that bootstraps and JITs itself. -Archie ___________________________________________________________________________ Archie Cobbs * Whistle Communications, Inc. * http://www.whistle.com