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Washington Post, March 1, 2020
China compels Uighurs to work in shoe factory that supplies Nike
By Anna Fifield
LAIXI, China — The workers in standard-issue blue jackets stitch and
glue and press together about 8 million pairs of Nikes each year at
Qingdao Taekwang Shoes Co., a Nike supplier for more than 30 years and
one of the American brand's largest factories.
They churn out pair after pair of Shox, with their springy shock
absorbers in the heels, and the signature Air Max, plus seven other
lines of sports shoes.
But hundreds of these workers did not choose to be here: They are ethnic
Uighurs from China’s western Xinjiang region, sent here by local
authorities in groups of 50 to toil far from home.
After intense international criticism of the Communist Party’s campaign
to forcibly assimilate the mostly Muslim Uighur minority by detaining
more than a million people in reeducation camps, party officials said
last year that most have “graduated” and been released.
But there is new evidence to show that the Chinese authorities are
moving Uighurs into government-directed labor around the country as part
of the central government’s “Xinjiang Aid” initiative. For the party,
this would help meet its poverty-alleviation goals but also allow it to
further control the Uighur population and break familial bonds.
The menu at the local Muslim restaurant, which steaming bowls of noodles
and meat in soup, has had the Arabic writing taped over, in accordance
with government directives. The word “halal” in particular has been
scrubbed out across China. (Anna Fifield/The Washington Post)
The menu at the local Muslim restaurant, which steaming bowls of noodles
and meat in soup, has had the Arabic writing taped over, in accordance
with government directives. The word “halal” in particular has been
scrubbed out across China. (Anna Fifield/The Washington Post)
“We can walk around, but we can’t go back [to Xinjiang] on our own,”
said one Uighur woman in broken Mandarin as she browsed the street
stalls at the factory gate on a recent afternoon. Nervous about being
seen talking to a reporter, she quickly scurried away.
When their shifts end, the Uighur workers — almost all women in their
20s or younger — use hand gestures and rudimentary Mandarin to buy dried
fruit, socks and sanitary pads at the stalls. Then they walk around the
corner, past the factory’s police station — adorned with Uighur writing
telling them to “stay loyal to the party” and “have clear-cut
discipline” — to dormitories where they live under constant supervision.
The Uighur workers are afraid or unable to interact with anyone in this
town, north of Qingdao, beyond the most superficial of transactions at
the stalls or in local stores, vendors say. But the catalyst for their
arrival here is well understood.
“Everyone knows they didn’t come here of their own free will. They were
brought here,” said one fruit-seller as she set up her stall. “The
Uighurs had to come because they didn’t have an option. The government
sent them here,” another vendor told The Washington Post.
The Post did not ask for their names, out of concern for their safety
and so they could discuss an issue that is highly sensitive in China.
(While visiting Laixi, this Post reporter was surrounded by seven police
officers, questioned, and ordered to leave town.)
She survived a Chinese internment camp and made it to Virginia. Will the
U.S. let her stay?
The Taekwang factory is one of many where Uighurs are working “under
conditions that strongly suggest forced labor” to make goods for more
than 80 established global brands, according to a forthcoming report
from the Australian Strategic Policy Institute, a Canberra-based think tank.
“The Chinese government is now exporting the punitive culture and ethos
of Xinjiang’s ‘reeducation camps’ to factories across China,” said Vicky
Xiuzhong Xu, the study’s lead author. In some cases, they found evidence
that Uighurs were transferred directly from internment camps to factories.
“For the Chinese state, the goal is to ‘sinicize’ the Uighurs; for local
governments, private brokers and factories, they get a sum of money per
head in these labor transfers,” Xu said.
Asked about Uighur workers in the factory, Nike said that “we respect
human rights in our extended value chain, and always strive to conduct
business ethically and responsibly.”
“We are committed to upholding international labor standards globally,”
said Nike spokeswoman Sandra Carreon-John, adding that its suppliers are
“strictly prohibited from using any type of prison, forced, bonded or
indentured labor.”
Kim Jae-min, chief executive of Taekwang, the factory’s South Korean
parent company, said about 600 Uighurs were among 7,100 workers at the
plant. Nike’s manufacturing map shows that the factory has 4,095
employees, of whom 3,445 are “line workers.”
“The purpose of bringing in migrant Xinjiang workers (in addition to
other migrant Han Chinese workers) is to offset the local labor
shortage, due to increasing number of competing industries for workers
in our area,” Kim said in a statement.
'Listen to the party's words'
The ASPI report conservatively estimates that more than 80,000 Uighurs
were transferred from Xinjiang to work in factories across China
between 2017 and 2019. This figure is consistent with reporting from
China’s state broadcaster, which said in November that the Xinjiang
government wanted to transfer out 100,000 “surplus laborers” between
2018 and 2020.
The fences along the side of the Qingdao Taekwang Shoes Co. factory
include watchtowers with cameras pointed in all directions and high
barbed-wire fences atop the walls. (Anna Fifield/The Washington Post)
The fences along the side of the Qingdao Taekwang Shoes Co. factory
include watchtowers with cameras pointed in all directions and high
barbed-wire fences atop the walls. (Anna Fifield/The Washington Post)
Sending young Uighurs away to work can change their mind-set by
“distancing them from religiously extreme views and educating them,”
said one local government report.
Xinjiang’s Turkic language-speaking, mostly Muslim Uighurs have much
more in common with the cultures of central Asia than with China’s
Mandarin-speaking Han majority, and have long chafed at Beijing’s
oppressive rule.
For China’s embattled Uighurs, a bank transfer abroad can become a
‘terrorism’ ordeal
By the party’s own count, tens of thousands of Uighurs have been sent to
Guangdong and Fujian provinces in the south, and to Zhejiang, Anhui and
Shandong in the east.
State media reports have described “poor farmers and herdsmen” sent to
enterprises inside and outside Xinjiang, portraying them as grateful.
“We will feel the party’s favor, listen to the party’s words and follow
the party wherever and whenever we go,” a 20-year-old called Zulinar
Idris was quoted as saying.
An industry of middlemen has cropped up to facilitate the dispatch of
Uighurs, touting “semi-military-style management” and “government
management with police stationed at factories.”
In its report, ASPI said it had found evidence that Uighurs were being
exploited and that foreign and Chinese companies were involved, possibly
unknowingly, in human rights abuses.
The researchers found 27 factories in nine Chinese provinces that have
used Uighur workers hired through labor transfer programs from Xinjiang
since 2017. The factories are owned by firms that feed into the supply
chain of some of the world’s best-known companies, including Apple, Dell
and Volkswagen, the report finds.
BOE Technology Group, which supplies screens to Apple, and O-Film, which
makes iPhone cameras, both use Uighur labor, either directly or through
contractors, the report found. Apple lists both companies on its latest
supplier list.
Apple said that it has strict requirements for suppliers.
“Apple is dedicated to ensuring that everyone in our supply chain is
treated with the dignity and respect they deserve,” said spokesman Josh
Rosenstock. “We have not seen this report but we work closely with all
our suppliers to ensure our high standards are upheld.”
Volkswagen spokesman Nikolas Thorke said that “none of the mentioned
supplier companies are currently a direct supplier of Volkswagen.”
“We are committed to our responsibility in all areas of our business
where we hold direct authority,” he said.
Dell said it would look into the report’s findings. “Though our current
supplier audit data show no evidence of forced labor in our supply
chain, we take all allegations of this nature seriously and will
investigate fully,” said spokeswoman Lauren Lee.
While ASPI could not categorically confirm that the labor was forced,
their report said there was clear evidence of “highly disturbing
coercive labor practices” that was consistent with the International
Labour Organization’s definition of forced labor.
Factory operates under 'national-level security standards'
At the front gate, the Taekwang factory looks like any other in China.
Rows of long buildings sit behind a gate where three flags flutter: the
company ensign and a Chinese flag, but also a South Korean one,
reflecting the parent company’s home base.
Inside, the workers’ ideology and behavior are closely monitored. At a
purpose-built “psychological dredging office,” officials from Taekwang’s
local women’s federation conduct “heart-to-heart” talks and provide
psychological consulting to encourage integration, according to photos
of the offices published by state media.
Along the side, the facility resembles a prison. There are watchtowers
with cameras pointed in all directions and barbed-wire fences atop the
walls, which feature Communist Party propaganda posters extolling
President Xi Jinping’s “China dream.” “All ethnicities are united as one
family,” says one placard.
There is a special police station equipped with facial-recognition
cameras and other high-tech surveillance that workers must pass through
when they enter and exit the factory.
The Uighurs are segregated from the Han workers, both physically and by
language, according to more than a dozen local merchants and workers who
spoke to The Post about the situation inside the factory.
“They don’t speak Mandarin, and we never have any interaction. We just
happen to work in the same factory,” said one middle-aged Han woman as
she left work for the day.
“We have two cafeterias,” she said. “Chinese workers eat in one and
Xinjiang workers go to a separate one. The Uighur workers are allowed to
wander around near the compound, but have to return to their dorms later.”
The workers live under the watchful eye of their cadre manager in
dormitory buildings opposite the police station.
U.S. report calls for sanctions on China for human rights abuses,
influence operations
They sometimes go to the one Muslim restaurant in town, often ordering
steaming bowls of lamb noodle soup by pointing at the photos on the
wall. Signs saying “halal” and other phrases in Arabic have been taped
over, in line with orders from the authorities.
There is no mosque in the town or in the factory. Bitter Winter, a
website devoted to religious freedom in China, has reported that the
Uighur workers are not allowed to pray or read the Koran.
Instead, they must attend patriotic education and Mandarin classes at a
training school called “Pomegranate Seeds,” the state-run publication
China Ethnic News reported. The school is named after an edict from Xi,
who said that “people of all ethnic groups should hold together like
pomegranate seeds.”
Communist Party officials in Laixi have posted photos of the Uighur
workers studying in the Taekwang factory’s Pomegranate Seeds school, and
sitting in rows waving Chinese flags.
The Uighur workers must enter and exit the factory compound through a
special police station equipped with facial recognition cameras and
other high-tech surveillance. The signs on the outside say in Uighur
language that it is a “People's Service Hall.” (Anna Fifield/The
Washington Post)
Security at the factory is tight. Factory administrators told a Post
reporter this was a Nike requirement — Nike inspectors were visiting
that day — but locals said it was also to monitor the Uighur workers.
“Some would say they use national-level security standards,” one of the
street vendors said. “They keep a detailed account of the workers’
entries and exits, and they have to obey a strict schedule, coming to
work or leaving the compound only at specific hours.”
Taekwang did not respond to questions about whether the Uighurs were
forced to work in the factory under threat of reeducation, nor whether
they could pray or observe religious practices while working at the factory.
The company provides “special food to our employees from Xinjiang” and
“optional Mandarin language for non-Mandarin speakers, that will help
ensure a positive work environment and job success,” said Kim, the chief
executive.
For their part, top party officials are pleased with the efforts.
“By ‘encouraging’ ethnic minorities in Xinjiang to ‘interact and develop
themselves,’” Wang Yang, who is leading the Xinjiang labor policies,
said at a meeting in the Xinjiang city of Hotan, “China has immensely
promoted the interaction and integration among different ethnicities.”
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