Re: Re: Re: child labor query

2001-03-21 Thread ALI KADRI
According to a WTO offical who was speaking off record: "there is child labour and child labour, now in some mines in Peru only kids can do the job" Things haven't changed much since the days of primitive accumulation. --- Louis Proyect [EMAIL PROTECTED] wrote: Author: Byrne, Iain.

Re: Re: Re: Monetary deflation

2001-03-21 Thread Ellen Frank
Of course, the Fed could have tried to slow the bubble by raising margin requirements. It's not clear this would have worked, but then again, the Fed never tried it. Jim wrote: I didn't finish my thought here. The Fed had a hard job in this situation, which involved a private-sector-led

Re: Re: Japan

2001-03-21 Thread Ellen Frank
Doug wrote: j Japan has been unable to appropriate the serious sums n ecessary to socialize all that bad debt. Or, put another way, the Japanese ruling class has been unable to use the state to bail out Japanese capitalism. I think a betterr way to put it is that the Japanese ruling class

Corrupt union undermines Greengrocer organizing

2001-03-21 Thread Louis Proyect
Village Voice, Week of March 21 - 27, 2001 As Sugar Strike Fails, Longshoremen’s Union Butts Into Greengrocer Campaign The Sweetheart Union by Tom Robbins Don't be asking anyone to sing "Solidarity Forever" over at the International Longshoremen's Association headquarters on Battery Place.

Profits, not public health, explains foot-and-mouth measures

2001-03-21 Thread Louis Proyect
Village Voice, Week of March 21 - 27, 2001 Mondo Washington by James Ridgeway America Braces for Contaminated Beef, Plagues Without Borders The foot-and-mouth disease plaguing European farmers doesn't appear to have reached the U.S., but with an outbreak in Argentina and a case in

White collar sweatshop

2001-03-21 Thread Louis Proyect
Village Voice, Week of March 21 - 27, 2001 DESK SLAVES by Tom Robbins White Collar Sweatshop By Jill Andresky Fraser Norton, 278 pp., $26.95 White-collar workers, particularly those in the upper earnings echelon, have never been high on the list of anyone's grievous causes. They hold no

Re: Re: Re: Monetary deflation

2001-03-21 Thread jdevine
Of course, the Fed could have tried to slow the bubble by raising margin requirements. It's not clear this would have worked, but then again, the Fed never tried it. right, but the officially-"independent" Fed isn't independent of pressure from the financial interests, who hate that kind of

religion and opportunism

2001-03-21 Thread Michael Perelman
"Education and Religion" BY: BRUCE SACERDOTE Dartmouth College Department of Economics National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER), at New York EDWARD L. GLAESER Harvard University Department of

Re: structuralism

2001-03-21 Thread Charles Brown
Yea , there is Claude Levi-Straussian structuralism, which is based on the structural linguistics of Saussure. The idea is that a culture is like a structural grammar. That is customs and traditions are ordered in the way language is by a system of grammatical structures and rules.

NEW SERIES - Debate - Voices from the South African Left

2001-03-21 Thread Franco Barchiesi
_ Get Your Private, Free E-mail from MSN Hotmail at http://www.hotmail.com. Advert for #5NS.doc

Bush's dictionary

2001-03-21 Thread Jim Devine
from SLATE magazine, by Jacob Weisberg, we have a dictionary of Bushisms: Herewith, a first lexicon: Accountability: Federally mandated student testing. "My education improvement package ... will raise standards through local control and accountability."--George W. Bush Affirmative Access:

Re: Re: Re: Japan

2001-03-21 Thread Jim Devine
that is the question: is unused capacity in Japan due to inadequate demand for the product -- or is it due to excessive investment in the past? in the former case, simple Keynesian policies (like those I suggested) might work, while in the latter case, they wouldn't. Chris B. writes: If you

Re: Re: Japan

2001-03-21 Thread Louis Proyect
that is the question: is unused capacity in Japan due to inadequate demand for the product -- or is it due to excessive investment in the past? in the former case, simple Keynesian policies (like those I suggested) might work, while in the latter case, they wouldn't. Speaking of overcapacity,

SC- Death of Employee Rights - Employers Can Force Arbitration on Employees

2001-03-21 Thread Nathan Newman
Today, the Supreme Court signed the death warrant for most employee rights and essentially made most federal and state anti-discrimination and employment rights laws a dead letter. The Supreme Court ruled that employees can be forced to give up their right to ever sue a company in an

Will Fed rate cut rescue Michigan ? Detroit News frontpage

2001-03-21 Thread Charles Brown
Wednesday, March 21, 2001 Will Fed rate cut rescue Michigan? Quick relief unlikely as recession grips state ( Banner front page headline) David Coates / The Detroit News Kevin Hughes gets ready to buy a TV at ABC Warehouse Tuesday. Merchants hope the interest rate cut will spur

RE: Re: Re: Japan

2001-03-21 Thread Forstater, Mathew
first of all, investment may be insensitive to interest rate cuts. but rate cuts are not a good way to address this sour economy, since overcapacity means we don't need more plant and equipment, and record household indebtedness means we don't need consumer spending that is debt-financed. in

RE: SC- Death of Employee Rights - Employers Can Force Arbitration on Employees

2001-03-21 Thread Eric Nilsson
RE the AP report: The arbitration law does not apply to employment contracts for seamen, railroad employees or any other class of workers engaged in foreign or interstate commerce. Circuit City contended that the exception from the arbitration-enforcement law was limited to workers

Re: RE: Re: Re: Japan

2001-03-21 Thread Doug Henwood
Forstater, Mathew wrote: Soemone on another list recently reminded me of ch. 25 of the _Grapes of Wrath_. Food spoiling while people are hungry, the incredible unreasonableness of this sick economic system. Yeah, that's the stuff to focus on, not tales of impending possible collapse. I swear,

RE: Re: structuralism

2001-03-21 Thread Forstater, Mathew
I find the french marxist-structuralist anthropological tradition to be very helpful. Godelier is only the best known, but Rey, Terray, Pierre Bonte, Meillassoux are all worth reading (especially Bonte, who is probably the least well known). All development economists should read this literature.

Re: RE: SC- Death of Employee Rights - Employers Can Force Arbitration on Employees

2001-03-21 Thread Nathan Newman
- Original Message - From: "Eric Nilsson" [EMAIL PROTECTED] To: [EMAIL PROTECTED] RE the AP report: Circuit City contended that the exception from the arbitration-enforcement law was limited to workers actually involved in moving goods from one state to another. -Is this were the

PRICES BYTE, by Dean Baker, 3/21/01

2001-03-21 Thread Robert Naiman
Prices Byte By Dean Baker Prices Byte is published each month upon release of the Bureau of Labor Statistics' reports on the consumer price and producer price indexes. For more information or to subscribe by fax or email contact CEPR at 202 293-5380 ext. 206 or [EMAIL PROTECTED]

Re: RE: Re: structuralism

2001-03-21 Thread Louis Proyect
I find the french marxist-structuralist anthropological tradition to be very helpful. Godelier is only the best known, but Rey, Terray, Pierre Bonte, Meillassoux are all worth reading (especially Bonte, who is probably the least well known). All development economists should read this literature.

Re: Re: Re: Japan

2001-03-21 Thread Doug Henwood
Ellen Frank wrote: A bailout like the US SL bailout would require the liquidation of large banks and with it the loss of status and institutional power of the banks owners. Large banks? I remember a lot of little-to-medium SLs and banks being gobbled up by bigger ones, and also lots of mergers

Re: Re: Re: Re: Japan

2001-03-21 Thread Ellen Frank
Sorry - I meant that an SL-style bailout in Japan would require the liquidation of large Japanese banks. That the SLs were small banks was precisely what made it possible to liquidate and merge them. The owners -- at least many of them - had operated the banks as personal cash machines and were

Re: SC- Death of Employee Rights - Employers Can Force Arbitration on Employees

2001-03-21 Thread Ken Hanly
Aren't these forced arbitration agreements a good reason for unionising? Unions presumably would not agree to employees signing away the right to sue and certainly would not let the employer alone choose the arbitration system. By the way, I don't see in the decision that it is implied that the

Re: Re: RE: Re: Re: Japan

2001-03-21 Thread Joel Blau
Yes, I'll admit to the need for a certain amount of intellectual vindication: it gives me some satisfaction to witness the breaking of a delusional fever that has persisted for many years. But I can readily set aside any personal feelings I have for political ends. While the contradictions of

BLS Daily Report

2001-03-21 Thread Richardson_D
RELEASED TODAY: The Consumer Price Index for All Urban Consumers (CPI-U) increased 0.4 percent in February, before seasonal adjustment, to a level of 175.8 (1982-84=100), BLS reported. For the 12-month period ended in February, the CPI-U increased 3.5 percent. On a seasonally adjusted basis,

FW: [baker-data-commentary] PRICES BYTE, 3/21/01

2001-03-21 Thread Richardson_D
-- From: [EMAIL PROTECTED][SMTP:[EMAIL PROTECTED]] Sent: Wednesday, March 21, 2001 10:26 AM To: [EMAIL PROTECTED] Subject: [baker-data-commentary] PRICES BYTE, 3/21/01 Prices Byte By Dean Baker Prices Byte is published each month upon release of

Re: Re: Re: Re: Re: Japan

2001-03-21 Thread Doug Henwood
Ellen Frank wrote: Sorry - I meant that an SL-style bailout in Japan would require the liquidation of large Japanese banks. That the SLs were small banks was precisely what made it possible to liquidate and merge them. The owners -- at least many of them - had operated the banks as personal

Re: Re: Re: RE: Re: Re: Japan

2001-03-21 Thread Doug Henwood
Joel Blau wrote: Yes, I'll admit to the need for a certain amount of intellectual vindication: it gives me some satisfaction to witness the breaking of a delusional fever that has persisted for many years. But I can readily set aside any personal feelings I have for political ends. While the

re: SC- Death of Employee Rights - Employers Can Force Arbitration on Employees

2001-03-21 Thread Nathan Newman
10% of private sector employees are under such mandatory arbitration-- basically the same number as covered by union collective bargaining agreements. And the former is growing fast and the latter is dropping. As to the employer picking the arbitration system, that has been upheld in other

RE: Re: maximization

2001-03-21 Thread Brown, Martin (NCI)
In general, when firms have market power, short-run porfit maximization does not equal long-run profit maximization. For example, there is a literature on dynamic limit pricing for monopoly and oligopoly firms that says firms with market power charge below the short-run profit maximizing price

United University Professions Union Joins World Bank Bond Boycott

2001-03-21 Thread Robert Naiman
From: Neil Watkins [EMAIL PROTECTED] (www.worldbankboycott.org) March 21, 2001 At their most recent Delegate Assembly, the delegates of United University Professions, the largest public higher education union in the world, representing more than 24,000 academic and other professional faculty

Some Professors Are Filthy Rich (was Re: Exploitation ofacademics)

2001-03-21 Thread Yoshie Furuhashi
Gordon says: It strikes me as odd, though, that the ruling class would be blowing off its most disciplined intellectual-worker class at a time when intellectual goods and services are becoming more and more important. Or is that merely an appearance? What's happening is the corporatization of

RE: Re: Re: Re: RE: Re: Re: Japan

2001-03-21 Thread Forstater, Mathew
when I was at the Levy Institute, people would crowd around the teevee when the Dow was falling, practically rooting for it to crash. It seemed to me like since Levy is so bearish and doomsdayish that it was looking for a kind of vindication. what's the alternative to rooting for it to

Re: Re: Re: Re: RE: Re: Re: Japan

2001-03-21 Thread Joel Blau
Doug: We have two chances: slim and none. As long as a significant number of people hold to the psychotic fantasy of the market as their personal touchstone, we'll drift rightward. Puncturing this fantasy is the sine non qua of any new political possibility. Moreover, as you yourself have said,

Re: RE: SC- Death of Employee Rights - Employers Can Force Arbitration on Employees

2001-03-21 Thread Justin Schwartz
I am lawyer. Since the official justification for Title VII (the employment discrimination law) and most other federal regulatory law is Congress' right to regulate interstate commerce, this is far worse than the restriction of employment discrimination rights through artibtration. That might

Re: RE: Re: maximization

2001-03-21 Thread Louis Proyect
In general, when firms have market power, short-run porfit maximization does not equal long-run profit maximization. For example, there is a literature on dynamic limit pricing for monopoly and oligopoly firms that says firms with market power charge below the short-run profit maximizing price

Re: Re: Re: Re: Re: Re: Japan

2001-03-21 Thread Ellen Frank
The question isn't whether banks liquidating/merging banks disturbs the class structure, in general. The question is whether Japanese banks can be liquidated/merged without disturbing the Japanese class structure. The Japanese system is very different from the US. First,

RE: Re: RE: Re: structuralism

2001-03-21 Thread Forstater, Mathew
I agree completely, Louis. We have to avoid both unproductive romanticization and paternalism and also 'universalistic' moralizing. But I do think that some of the greatest lessons for post-capitalist society are in studying non-capitalist societies. The non-capitalist examples of the past can

Flow of Funds Review Analysis: Q4 2000

2001-03-21 Thread Finmktctr
Financial Markets Center release: March 21, 2001 Flow of Funds Review Analysis: Q4 2000 As the economy stalled, debt grew in the fourth quarter, compounding household borrowing burdens, weakening corporate financial ratios and expanding already unprecedented leverage in the financial sector

Japan

2001-03-21 Thread Charles Brown
Why is everyone convinced that a depression in the U.S. would have benign political consequences? Africa's been in savage depression for 20 years - where's the revo? Russia's utterly collapsed, and the best they can do is some red-brown coalition. Germany in the 1920s, well, the less said

Re: re: SC- Death of Employee Rights - Employers Can Force Arbitration on Employees

2001-03-21 Thread Justin Schwartz
Pay no attention to my previosu post on Circuit City; I hadn't raed the case. Nathan is right on the commerce clause issue in it. Nathan, you are right that unorganized workers don't have the individual power to resist arbitrartion clauses, but there has been work on how the individualist

Re: RE: Re: Re: Re: RE: Re: Re: Japan

2001-03-21 Thread Doug Henwood
Forstater, Mathew wrote: when I was at the Levy Institute, people would crowd around the teevee when the Dow was falling, practically rooting for it to crash. It seemed to me like since Levy is so bearish and doomsdayish that it was looking for a kind of vindication. what's the alternative to

Re: Bush's dictionary

2001-03-21 Thread Sabri Oncu
Just received this from a friend. This picture would go well with the dictionary I thought. Sabri __ Do You Yahoo!? Get email at your own domain with Yahoo! Mail. http://personal.mail.yahoo.com/

Re: Re: Re: Re: Re: Re: Re: Japan

2001-03-21 Thread Doug Henwood
Ellen Frank wrote: First, most of the Japanese banks are insolvent by US standards So the government should buy their worst loans and hive off the less-bad stuff and sell it to vultures. They could do it without disturbing the class structure significantly. How can a capitalist class sustain

Re: Japan

2001-03-21 Thread Anthony DCosta
Dear Friends: This discussion of Japan is interesting and pertinent for the paper I am writing. The abstract is appended below. I am interested in how neo-liberalism is being internalized in Japan, knowing fully well that Japanese social system is very different from the Anglo-Am one. As my

Re: Re: Re: Re: RE: Re: Re: Japan

2001-03-21 Thread Jim Devine
Doug asks: So what's the upside of throwing 10 or 20 million out of work? none, except that, in the US at least, _after the fact_ people had a more balanced attitude toward the "free market" vs. "government." This doesn't mean that increased statism automatically is a good thing (cf. Nazi

Re: Japan

2001-03-21 Thread Ellen Frank
[EMAIL PROTECTED] writes: Ellen Frank wrote: First, most of the Japanese banks are insolvent by US standards So the government should buy their worst loans and hive off the less-bad stuff and sell it to vultures. They could do it without disturbing the class structure significantly. How can a

New York City social indicators

2001-03-21 Thread Louis Proyect
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY (full report at www.columbia.edu) New York City Social Indicators 1997 - A Tale of Many Cities By Irwin Garfinkel and Marcia K. Meyers In this inaugural report of the Columbia University New York City Social Indicators Survey, we use data collected in a telephone survey in

Re: Re: RE: Re: Re: Japan

2001-03-21 Thread Michael Perelman
None of us are about to hoop and holler about the suffering of innocent people. On the other hand, A. G. Frank has maintained that during the Depression countries in Latin America did much better because the United States and was too preoccupied to do as much damage. In addition, the powers

Re: New York City social indicators

2001-03-21 Thread Doug Henwood
Louis Proyect wrote: EXECUTIVE SUMMARY (full report at www.columbia.edu) New York City Social Indicators 1997 - A Tale of Many Cities The 1999 report is just out; see http://www.columbia.edu/cu/ssw/projects/surcent/publications_3_20_01.html for links. Doug

RE: Re: RE: Re: Re: Re: RE: Re: Re: Japan

2001-03-21 Thread Forstater, Mathew
Doug wrote: Uh-oh, you're sounding like Paul Davidson now and it's scaring me. In relation to profits, what else? right, thanks for insisting we bring it down to earth. (that's why i said "some people think...") at times i am seduced by the notion that even profitability becomes delinked from

ergonomics, etc.

2001-03-21 Thread Jim Devine
George Dubya, the titular head of the US state, recently got headlines by okaying the veto by Congress of Clinton-era ergonomic rules in the workplace. I wonder: isn't part of this reversal Clinton's fault? After all, Big Bill left this proposal to the end of his years, so that its actual

Re: Japan

2001-03-21 Thread Jim Devine
At 04:36 PM 3/21/01 -0500, you wrote: Ellen Frank wrote: First, most of the Japanese banks are insolvent by US standards So the government should buy their worst loans and hive off the less-bad stuff and sell it to vultures. They could do it without disturbing the class structure

Burkett and Hart-Landsberg on Japan and East Asia

2001-03-21 Thread J. Barkley Rosser, Jr.
[long] I have finished reading a very stimulating and provocative book on the East Asian situation in general and would like to throw its observation into the discussions occurring on both these lists. The book is _Development, Crisis, and Class Struggle: Learning from Japan and East

Re: Re: Japan

2001-03-21 Thread Anthony DCosta
My question below: Anthony P. D'Costa Associate Professor Ph: (253) 692-4462 Comparative International Development Fax: (253) 692-5718 University of

Re: RE: Re: RE: Re: Re: Re: RE: Re: Re: Japan

2001-03-21 Thread Doug Henwood
Forstater, Mathew wrote: I just was hanging out with Anwar Shaikh, with who i have had an ongoing conversation over the years, and who I think has a good handle on this idea that capitalism does have these basic tendencies Last time I talked to Anwar - and it was 2 or 3 years ago - he was

Re: Re: Japan

2001-03-21 Thread Doug Henwood
Jim Devine wrote: I don't think this proposed change "disturbs the class structure" as much as it goes against individual capitalists' particularistic self-interests. Well yeah, but isn't that what the executive committee of the bourgeoisie is supposed to take care of? What kind of ruling

The wealth effect in academia

2001-03-21 Thread Michael Perelman
Some time ago, some people here were expressing some skepticism about the wealth effect. I went to faculty party about a year and a half ago in which the main topic of conversation was: "what are you going to retire?" Since the stock market has backed off, a good number of these people have

Re: Japan

2001-03-21 Thread Chris Burford
At 09:16 21/03/01 -0500, Ellen Frank wrote: I think a betterr way to put it is that the Japanese ruling class has been unable to use the state to bail out Japanese capitalists while still retaining the status and wealth of said capitalists. This seems similar to the point that Michael was

Re: Re: Japan

2001-03-21 Thread Chris Burford
It needs to be seen as not one aspect, or the other, but as a contradiction. Marx related crises to contradictions: they are "always only momentary and violent solutions of existing contradictions." There is the contradiction between consumption and production. This is sharpened by the

Re: Re: Japan

2001-03-21 Thread Michael Perelman
I was wondering why nobody seemed to find this article of interest. On Wed, Mar 21, 2001 at 11:55:13PM +, Chris Burford wrote: under certain internal and international conditions for a period of time.) At 10:56 15/03/01 -0800, Michael wrote: I just found this article

It's official: Cheney has lost the rest of his mind

2001-03-21 Thread Lisa Ian Murray
http://www.commondreams.org/headlines01/0321-03.htm ``We do not support the approach of the Kyoto treaty,'' Cheney said. ``If you're really serious about greenhouse gases, one of the solutions to that problem is to go back, and let's take another look at nuclear power, use that to generate

Japanese CP's proposal for ending crisis

2001-03-21 Thread Louis Proyect
[From John Manning] Fuwa calls to break through economic crisis with three-point policy change TOKYO MAR 19 JPS -- Japanese Communist Party Central Committee Chair Fuwa Tetsuzo on March 17 called for three changes in Japan's economic policy to get the economy out of the critical situation. In

Re: Re: Re: Japan

2001-03-21 Thread Carrol Cox
Doug Henwood wrote: Jim Devine wrote: I don't think this proposed change "disturbs the class structure" as much as it goes against individual capitalists' particularistic self-interests. Well yeah, but isn't that what the executive committee of the bourgeoisie is supposed to take

Re: structuralism

2001-03-21 Thread jdevine
Louis wrote: Although Stern is an excellent source of information on the Incan society, he tends to project contemporary understandings of class relations where it probably doesn't belong. Instead of calling attention to the achievements of Incan civilization, Stern mourns the fate of conquered

Re: Re: structuralism

2001-03-21 Thread Louis Proyect
I don't see why we have to pay attention to _either_ the Incan conquest of other tribes _or_ the Spanish conquest of the Incas. Why not both? both are examples of class society. -- Jim Devine Because Incan class society was relatively benign, while Spanish colonial class society was genocidal.

Re: Re: Re: Japan

2001-03-21 Thread jdevine
I wrote: I would guess (note the verb) that there's a deadlock between those neoliberals (at the Bank of Japan?) who want to remodel the entire financial system in the US mould and those who are trying to preserve individual positions... Anthony asks: But what brings about this actual

Re: Japan

2001-03-21 Thread Michael Perelman
As I mentioned before, I think that the agreement to adopt the Basil Accords regarding banking practice was a crucial factor, just as S. Korea's willingness to open up its financial mistake was an error. Am I wrong here? On Thu, Mar 22, 2001 at 02:45:29AM +, [EMAIL PROTECTED] wrote: I

Re: Re: Re: Re: Japan

2001-03-21 Thread jdevine
Doug wrote: Well yeah, but isn't that what the executive committee of the bourgeoisie is supposed to take care of? What kind of ruling class can't use the state to promote its general class interest? Carrol answsered: John Adams warned that one should never trust England to know and act in

Re: Re: Re: structuralism

2001-03-21 Thread jdevine
I wrote: I don't see why we have to pay attention to _either_ the Incan conquest of other tribes _or_ the Spanish conquest of the Incas. Why not both? both are examples of class society. Louis answers: Because Incan class society was relatively benign, while Spanish colonial class society was

NASDAQ Question

2001-03-21 Thread Seth Sandronsky
Hi Penners, A Mar. 21 MSNBC report says "Since March of 2000, when NASDAQ prices peaked, the tech sector collapse has wiped out an astonishing $4.7 trillion from investment portfolios." Is this accurate? Thanks in advance, Seth Sandronsky

Cheney

2001-03-21 Thread Seth Sandronsky
Thanks to Cheney, all is clear now. Saving the Earth is bad for business. Seth It's official: Cheney has lost the rest of his mind by Lisa Ian Murray 22 March 2001 01:29 http://www.commondreams.org/headlines01/0321-03.htm ``We do not support the approach of the Kyoto treaty,'' Cheney said.

Re: NASDAQ Question

2001-03-21 Thread Timework Web
Seth Sandronsky wrote, No. Assuming the calculation is right, the $4.7 trillion would represent a value that could never be realized because if investors tried to liquidate their portfolios, prices would come down and they would "lose" the $4.7 trillion that they never had in the first place.

RE: Cheney

2001-03-21 Thread Lisa Ian Murray
Thanks to Cheney, all is clear now. Saving the Earth is bad for business. Seth * Or, as some of the technerds in Redmond and Kirkland, WA I've met over the past three years say [poking fun at enviro-devastation]: "earth first, we'll get to the other planets later." Ian

RE: Re: RE: SC- Death of Employee Rights - Employers Can Force Arbitration on Employees

2001-03-21 Thread David Shemano
Nathan Newman wrote: --- -Is this were the Supremes are headed--a radical -reduction in the proportion of firms covered by -federal law by this new reading of the meaning of -the term "interstate commerce."? Actually, no. The decision is more absurd that

Re: Japanese CP's proposal for ending crisis

2001-03-21 Thread Chris Burford
At 20:31 21/03/01 -0500, you wrote: [From John Manning] TOKYO MAR 19 JPS -- Japanese Communist Party Central Committee Chair Fuwa Tetsuzo on March 17 called for three changes in Japan's economic policy to get the economy out of the critical situation. Describing the nation's economy as being