Deflation Fusion, a process whereby a ground state electron bound to
a hydrogen nucleus for attosecond durations, the initial deflated
state, makes breaking the Coulomb barrier feasible. This concept
was published as "Speculations Regarding the Nature of Cold
Fusion",Infinite Energy (I.E.), Volume 14, Issue 80, July/August
2008, and here:
http://www.mtaonline.net/%7Ehheffner/DeflationFusion2.pdf
The purpose here is to further examine the nature of the initial
deflated state, and to propose the possible role of the proton's up
quark in this state.
Even in the deuteron or triton, the proton, having a positive charge,
has to be the focus, the nucleator, of the electron deflated state.
Beyond that, the up quark in the proton, being the positive quark
type in the proton, singly or as a pair, must be the nucleator of the
deflated state. The following calculation is intended to be a rough
estimate showing the feasibility of at least a momentary up quark
plus electron bound state (U e)* within the proton, thus creating a
(p e)*, (d e)* or (T e)* state in the hydrogen nucleus in which the
proton resides:
http://www.mtaonline.net/~hheffner/FusionUpQuark.pdf
This calculation demonstrates that, ironically, the more collapsed,
i.e. the smaller, the wavefunction leading to cold fusion, the higher
the field densities and potential for high energy vacuum exchanges,
high mass virtual particle formation, and weak interactions. Such
weak interactions are not expected from the catalyzing deflated
hydrogen state, because it is too brief. However, following tunneling
with/to another nucleus, the greatly de-energized resulting nucleus
provides enough time for weak reactions to occur. Such candidate
reactions have been described in Giancarlo Gazzoni's article on
electroweak interactions as they apply to cold fusion and half-life
reductions:
http://philica.com/display_article.php?article_id=160
These reactions, especially in a highly de-energized nucleus, result
in low energy gammas, which are characteristic of cold fusion
reactions. A wide variety of such reactions are made possible by the
frequent presence of strange quark pairs, created periodically and
momentarily from the vacuum, in the proton nucleus. See:
http://arxiv.org/PS_cache/arxiv/pdf/0904/0904.4009v2.pdf
The positive strange quark can act as a nucleator for the deflated
state as well.
Nuclear events need not only come from D or T nuclei, though these
have a higher probability due to the probably role of the strong
force. There have been hints of the possibility of "cold" proton
reactions in various experiments. It is suggested here that neither
the conventional hot p-p nor the conventional hot p-e-p reactions
could be expected to have reaction rates that explain excess heat,
because they are weak reactions and have clear signatures. It is
expected strong lattice element x transmutations of the form p-e-x to
be many orders of magnitude more probable, and that such
transmutations would produce far less excess heat than the nuclear
reactions and mass loss would normally indicate. Further, the
following reaction might produce excess heat by extracting it from
the vacuum:
p + e + p -> (p e)* + p -> (p e p)* -> (p e p)* + gamma -> p + e
+ p + gamma
Here the "gamma" is only called gamma because it is radiation issued
from a composite of sub-atomic size, but it consists of many photons
in the EUV range. The electron in the (p e p)* state is massive and
small in wave length, and capable of radiation as well as expanding
its wave form via zero point energy. The binding energy of the (p e
p)* state is electromagnetic and possibly electroweak, with a
significant portion being magnetic, i.e. a relativistic retarded
virtual photon exchange, with energy borrowed from the vacuum for
momentary heavy particle creation. The mechanism of photon creation
is thought to be spin flipping during interactions of the electron
with quarks.
Both lattice transmutation and the radiating (p e p)* states can be
expected to be preceded by formation of a briefly existing deflated
state hydrogen state, i.e.:
p + e <-> (p e)*
and catalyzed by the resulting (p e)* complex. The (p e)* deflated
state is a neutral energy state, a degenerate quantum state that
coexists with the p + e state. However, once, by tunneling, such a
complex combines with a positive nucleus, the resulting complex, (p e
p)* or (p e x)* is highly de-energized by an amount dependent upon
the initial wavelength of the state that results from the tunneling
and wave function collapse. This de-energizing is not energy
conservative. The field energy is momentarily returned to the
vacuum. Considering the cold fusion version of the p-e-p reaction we
would most commonly have:
p + e + p -> (p e)* + p -> (p e p)* -> p + e + p + gamma
where gamma is multiple EUV photons derived from vacuum energy. The
gammas are produced from vacuum energy, as the electron goes through
a process of expanding its wave length and radiating, even though the
initial (p e p)* complex state is highly de-energized.
Similarly, the electron catalyzed p(x,y)gamma transmutation reaction
would occur as follows:
p + e + x -> (p e)* + x -> (p e x)* -> y + e + gamma
where the energy released in the form of multiple gammas has far less
to do with the mass change from x to y than the size of the initial
collapsed (p e x)* wave function.
The amount and probability of zero point energy, nuclear heat, in the
form of photons, depends on the duration of the electron's existence
in the nucleus. As noted in the Deflation Fusion article above, the
existence time for the deflated (p e)* or (D e)* state is
attoseconds, though its probability of existence can be high, due to
a high repetition rate. This attosecond existence time greatly
reduces the probability of photon emission from this state. Not so
the post tunneling created de-energized composite structures, (p e p)
*, (p e D)*, (D e D)*, (p e X)*, or (D e X)*, the existence of which
is prolonged by the electron not having enough kinetic energy to
escape. The half life of the de-energized states may also be
prolonged by momentary and vacuum enabled electroweak reactions in
the nucleus, some of which may in fact produce photons. Various of
such reactions have been proposed by Giancarlo Giazzoni:
http://philica.com/display_article.php?article_id=160
It appears likely that zero point energy is available to a small
wavelength electron in a nucleus, especially within Ni or Al
cathodes, i.e. from a (p e Ni)* or (p e Al)* state, or in association
with Li absorbed in cathodes. See:
http://mtaonline.net/~hheffner/NuclearZPEtapping.pdf
http://mtaonline.net/~hheffner/HeisenbergTraps.pdf
The existence of at least a brief small wavelength (p e)* or (D e)*
state, of some kind, whether as specified here or not, can not be
denied. Electrons in fact exist within the nucleus with small
probability even in ordinary hydrogen. Electrons exist in nuclei
prior to electron capture. Such electrons have high kinetic energy,
high (relativistic) mass, and small size. Electrons pass through the
nucleus with very high probabilities, i.e. high repetition rates, in
some molecules and it appears there is a high probability of such
transits associated with partial orbitals that are created in the
lattice. See:
http://mtaonline.net/~hheffner/PartOrb.pdf
especially the addendum.
The reaction:
p + e <-> (p e)*
has no associated energy unless a photon emission occurs, but then
that is another reaction entirely. The (p e)* state has an
attosecond order existence. The transformation to and from the
deflated (p e)* state is thus rapid and may in fact exist only in a
probabilistic quantum wave form sense. It requires no stretch of
imagination or credulity to accept the possibility a (p e)* state
complex can tunnel as a whole, or be tunneled to, by a charged
particle. Even paired electrons in semiconductors have the ability to
tunnel as pairs. Engineering excess heat is thus largely a matter of
engineering high probabilities of deflated states, and high tunneling
rates within the lattice.
Proton based reaction may account for change in thorium and other
decay rates in ultrasonic cavitation experiments. An article about
this:
http://www.newscientist.com/article/mg20327190.100-nuclear-decay-
puzzle.html
States:
"The most dramatic change in radioactive decay has, however, recently
been observed by Fabio Cardone and others on the decay of thorium-228
by using ultrasonic cavitation in water (Physics Letters A, vol 373,
p 1956). In this case, the radioactive decay rate was increased by a
whopping factor of 10,000."
The capture of a deflated state hydrogen (p e)* by Th229 provides a
surprisingly rational explanation for the results. No extra energy
is required for the tunneling. The reactions are:
(p +e)* + 228Th -> (229Pa e)* -> 229Th
The 229Th has a 7900 year half-life, with a 5.52 MeV alpha decay, so
it might not be noticed unless the experiment were run much longer.
It is a notable coincidence that 229Pa has a 1.5 day half-life. Also
notable is that 229Pa has two decay modes: electron capture, which is
normally 99.8% probable, with 0.31 MeV released, and alpha decay,
which is 0.2% probable, with 5.836 MeV released. However, the (229Pa
e)* state is highly de-energized, with the electron in continual
proximity, so electron capture with no high energy radiation would be
the principal result.
Best regards,
Horace Heffner
http://www.mtaonline.net/~hheffner/
