I looked into the history of this.  We used to have a patch in Debian to
use gethostbyname to address this issue.  It was dropped because it
caused worse problems.  Here's the relevant code snippet from the most
recent postfix release:

    /*
     * If the local machine name is not in FQDN form, try to append the
     * contents of $mydomain. Use a default domain as a final workaround.
     * 
     * DO NOT CALL GETHOSTBYNAME OR GETNAMEINFO HERE - IT MAKES EVERY POSTFIX
     * PROGRAM HANG WHEN DNS SERVICE IS UNAVAILABLE. IF YOU DON'T LIKE THE
     * DEFAULT, THEN EDIT MAIN.CF.
     */
    name = get_hostname();
    /* DO NOT CALL GETHOSTBYNAME OR GETNAMEINFO HERE - EDIT MAIN.CF */
    if ((dot = strchr(name, '.')) == 0) {
        /* DO NOT CALL GETHOSTBYNAME OR GETNAMEINFO HERE - EDIT MAIN.CF */
        if ((domain = mail_conf_lookup_eval(VAR_MYDOMAIN)) == 0)
            domain = DEF_MYDOMAIN;
        /* DO NOT CALL GETHOSTBYNAME OR GETNAMEINFO HERE - EDIT MAIN.CF */
        name = concatenate(name, ".", domain, (char *) 0);
    }
    /* DO NOT CALL GETHOSTBYNAME OR GETNAMEINFO HERE - EDIT MAIN.CF */
    return (name);

So the way to resolve this issue is to edit main.cf as people have
indicated they are doing.  "Fixing" this in postfix is not something we
should do.

** Changed in: postfix (Ubuntu)
       Status: Confirmed => Won't Fix

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https://bugs.launchpad.net/bugs/1657024

Title:
  mydomain gets set to "localdomain"

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