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The Israeli military mission to Uganda wasn't far away from these
movments, but it was practicing it's "duty" from somewhere else.
It's leader Col. Burr Barsefer and some other men from the
Mossad
extended connection bridges with South Sudanese men who where
working
with the
Sudanese army. We can say that israel's support
for the separtist
movement in the
south went through five stages
which where: throughout the 50's Israel
concentrated on two things
firstly giving (humanitarian aid to the
south
Sudanese...medicine,
food stuff, doctors) and secondly investing in the
separation between
south Sudanese themselves, and deepening the differences between the
south and
north Sudanese.
In the 60's the following
happened: Israeli weapon deals started
flowing
to South Sudan
through Uganda. The first deal was in 1962 and most of
it was
light Russian weapon that Israel stole from Egypt after the 1956 war,
in
addition to the Israeli Uzi.....the scope of training South
Sudanese
militias in
Uganda, Ethiopia and Kenya expanded. Ethiopia
was the biggest base
through which
weapons and ammunition was sent
to South Sudan. Sending weapons through
other
neighboring
countries also increased and when Uri> lobraiani? the
engineer of
the containment and break through plan took over, gained the position
of
Israeli ambassador to Uganda then to Ethiopia that support
evolved
until some
Israeli special air force leuitenat went to
train separatists in south
Sudan.
Third stage which
extends from mid 60's till 70's, through it the
flow of
weapons
continued through an Israeli mediator called "gabi shafeek" who
used
to work for the mossad.
Some of these weapons were Russian
that Israel stole during the
1967 war
and cargo planes dropped on
the main separtist camp in orange k pool??.
Israel also
established a school for ground soldiers in "wangi
kabul??"
to
graduate cadets to lead the separatist groups. Israeli forces used
to
join
in the fight in some battles to show there experience to the
south
separatists.
(if the timing of 1969 the level of the
separtist movement backed
down
...israel used it's influence back
then to insure the separtist
fighting goes
on, by making the
separatists picture that there struggle is a fateful
one
between
an occupying Arabic Muslim north, and an African Christian
south.
The fourth stage extends from the late 70's and throughout the
80's
and
in it armed support started under the leadership of
colonel Jon Qarnak,
starting from 83. The situation had relatively
calmed down then after a
reconciliation deal that was signed in a year
and which offered the
south self rule. In
that time petrol
72????????????? was discovered in south Sudan which
encouraged
the
support of foreign parties to the separatists in the south. In it
all
Ethiopia doubled its support to the Southerners with weapons and
through giving
them there own radio station. Also Israel laid a
lot of weight next to
the John
Karnak army, it gave them advanced
weapons and trained ten of his
pilots to fly
light fighter planes
to attack government buildings in the south of
Sudan in
addition
to providing him with pictures of the government forces that
satellite
pictures took.
Israel even sent some of it's experts to lay
out plans and
strategies to
fighting with the separatists, five of
these leuitants were killed in
the end
of 1988 and two of them
were mossad Colonels. it was proven that the
Israeli of
ficers
joined in the operations that led to the occupation of some of
the
South's cities in 1990, and these three cities are "mambio, andara and
tambo????"
Fifth stage: started in the end of 1990 and
continued until now.
This
stage is considered the picking the
fruits stage, of cutting off after
pulling if
we use the words of
this study.
In it the Israeli support for the "Sudanese liberation
army" and
its
leader Jon Karnak reached its peak. Kenya became the
bridge where the
two connect
instead of Ethiopia.
Through
it Israel submerged the "liberation army" with money and
weapons
to solidify the movments stand when it comes to negotiations with the
north's
government, until it became militarily stronger than it.
The thing that
lead
the movement to a point where it could
separate or go further than that
and
impose its will on the
government in Khartoum. It succeeded in the
second option
where it
extended it's influence from Goba the capital of the south to
Khartoum
the capital of all the country.
(4)
A person can stop at
other important information Moshe F(v)ergie
included in his book most
importantly:
That Israel bet on Jon Karnak after the Mossad
officer made a few
interviews with him to study his personality. The
US embassies in
Kenya, Uganda,
Zaire had recommended adopting him.
He got an American scholarship
which enabled
him to get a
doctorate in economic agriculture, and enabled him to get
(military
courses??) there. After that he joined the college of
national
security in
"israel" a country he visited three times and kept good
relations with
israel's ambassadors in the surrounding countries
specially Kenya.
That israel used to pay the salaries of the
leaders and colonels of
the
"Sudanese liberation army" the
military magazine "ma'rahon?" rounded
the amount
Israel gave to
the south liberation army around 500 million dollar, the
US
paid
the bigger part of this sum.
That israel is who convinced the
southerns to stop the "gongali"
channel
project, which would have
ensured the digging of a channel in the top
of the
Nile to move
water to a new area between "gongali and malklal" to store
5
million cubic meters of water annually, and this project was supposed
to help liven
up the northern part of the country and the Egyptian
economy. Israel
told the
southerners that they are the people who
should benefit from this water
not
anyone else, then it pretended
there is a plan to send 6 million
Egyptian
farmer to the south
(like what happened in Iraq) to change the
demography of that
area
to Arabic Muslim advantage. Just as petrol showed up in the south
in
the
beggingin of the 80's Israel sent one of it's greatest experts,
professor
Eliahu Lonf(v)ski to study his possibilities which were
around 7
billion barrels.
Due to this Southereners asked
for there share in this wealth, and
objected to an oil refinery in one
of the northern states.
That israel in its support for John
Karnak placed under his
authority
last year(2003) a group of
officers of Ethiopian origin that immigrated
to it in
the 80's
(flasha jews), the writer mentioned the name of some of these.
That John Karnak after tightening his hold on the south got
ready
to
declare independence and his own independent country. and
told the USA,
israel and
surrounding countries about it. He even
asked Washington to officially
intervene on his behalf if the Sudanese
army attacked him for that.
That the US
defense minstry ordered
its forces in Kenya and eritreia to get ready
to intervene
in
Sudan if they had to after the last deal that everyone celebrated.
John Karnak has become the vice president, and his movement
has
become
part of the ruling force in Khartoum, the back door of
Egypt. The
question now
is how is Karnak going to return favor for
those who made him and
supported him
and made him reach where he
did, until he achieved what he dreamt of
and even
more than that?
and from this come two more questions which are: how is
this
going
to reflect on the "new Sudan"? then "what does all this mean for
Egypt
national security?
Uganda
had friendly relations with Israel until the late 1960s, when
Obote
strengthened ties with Sudan and tried to prevent the Israelis
from
continuing to use Ugandan territory to supply the southern
Sudanese
liberation movement.
However, Amin, then head of the
army and increasingly at odds with
Obote, helped keep these supply
routes open. Amin, who may have
received some help from the Israeli
military mission in Uganda in
his 1971 coup, immediately restored
friendly relations with Israel
after he seized power. But in March
1972, after peace was restored
in Sudan and Amin's request for
military equipment was rebuffed, he
expelled resident Israelis from
Uganda, broke diplomatic relations,
and established ties with Libya
and other Arab nations. Israel
promptly imposed a trade embargo on
Uganda, and in July 1976, the
Israeli government mounted a surprise
rescue operation of air
passengers hijacked to the airport at Entebbe
by the Popular Front
for the Liberation of Palestine (PFLP). Following
Amin's overthrow,
Ugandan governments, including Museveni, continued
to support the
African boycott of Israel.
Sudan Table
of Contents
The origins of the civil war in the south date back to
the 1950s. On August 18, 1955, the Equatoria Corps, a military unit
composed of southerners, mutinied at Torit. Rather than surrender to
Sudanese government authorities, many mutineers disappeared into hiding
with their weapons, marking the beginning of the first war in southern
Sudan. By the late 1960s, the war had resulted in the deaths of about
500,000 people. Several hundred thousand more southerners hid in the
forests or escaped to refugee camps in neighboring countries.
By
1969 the rebels had developed foreign contacts to obtain weapons and
supplies. Israel, for example, trained Anya Nya recruits
and shipped weapons via Ethiopia and Uganda to the rebels.
Anya Nya also purchased arms from Congolese rebels and international arms
dealers with monies collected in the south and from among southern
Sudanese exile communities in the Middle East, Western Europe, and North
America. The rebels also captured arms, equipment, and supplies from
government troops.
Militarily, Anya Nya controlled much of the
southern countryside while government forces occupied the region's major
towns. The guerrillas operated at will from remote camps. However, rebel
units were too small and scattered to be highly effective in any single
area. Estimates of Anya Nya personnel strength ranged from 5,000 to
10,000.
Government operations against the rebels declined after
the 1969 coup. However, when negotiations failed to result in a
settlement, Khartoum increased troop strength in the south to about 12,000
in 1969, and intensified military activity throughout the region. Although
the Soviet Union had concluded a US$100 million to US$150 million arms
agreement with Sudan in August 1968, which included T-55 tanks, armored
personnel carriers, and aircraft, the nation failed to deliver any
equipment to Khartoum by May 1969. During this period, Sudan obtained some
Soviet-manufactured weapons from Egypt, most of which went to the Sudanese
air force. By the end of 1969, however, the Soviet Union had shipped
unknown quantities of 85mm antiaircraft guns, sixteen MiG-21s, and five
Antonov-24 transport aircraft. Over the next two years, the Soviet Union
delivered an impressive array of equipment to Sudan, including T-54, T-55,
T56 , and T-59 tanks; and BTR-40 and BTR-152 light armored vehicles.
In 1971 Joseph Lagu, who had become the leader of southern forces
opposed to Khartoum, proclaimed the creation of the Southern Sudan
Liberation Movement (SSLM). Anya Nya leaders united behind him, and nearly
all exiled southern politicians supported the SSLM. Although the SSLM
created a governing infrastructure throughout many areas of southern
Sudan, real power remained with Anya Nya, with Lagu at its head.
Despite his political problems, Nimeiri remained committed to
ending the southern insurgency. He believed he could stop the fighting and
stabilize the region by granting regional selfgovernment and undertaking
economic development in the south. By October 1971, Khartoum had
established contact with the SSLM. After considerable consultation, a
conference between SSLM and Sudanese government delegations convened at
Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, in February 1972. Initially, the two sides were far
apart, the southerners demanding a federal state with a separate southern
government and an army that would come under the federal president's
command only in response to an external threat to Sudan. Eventually,
however, the two sides, with the help of Ethiopia's Emperor Haile
Selassie, reached an agreement.
The Addis Ababa accords guaranteed
autonomy for a southern region--composed of the three provinces of
Equatoria (present-day Al Istiwai), Bahr al Ghazal, and Upper Nile
(present-day Aali an Nil)--under a regional president appointed by the
national president on the recommendation of an elected Southern Regional
Assembly. The High Executive Council or cabinet named by the regional
president would be responsible for all aspects of government in the region
except such areas as defense, foreign affairs, currency and finance,
economic and social planning, and interregional concerns, authority over
which would be retained by the national government in which southerners
would be represented. Southerners, including qualified Anya Nya veterans,
would be incorporated into a 12,000-man southern command of the Sudanese
army under equal numbers of northern and southern officers. The accords
also recognized Arabic as Sudan's official language, and English as the
south's principal language, which would be used in administration and
would be taught in the schools.
Although many SSLM leaders opposed
the settlement, Lagu approved its terms and both sides agreed to a
cease-fire. The national government issued a decree legalizing the
agreement and creating an international armistice commission to ensure the
well-being of returning southern refugees. Khartoum also announced an
amnesty, retroactive to 1955. The two sides signed the Addis Ababa accords
on March 27, 1972, which was thereafter celebrated as National Unity Day.
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The Darfur Crisis - Looking Beyond the
Propaganda
The Sudan People's Liberation Army SPLA leader
John Garang is a Christian of the minority Dinka tribe with a degree from
Grinell College (Iowa) and advanced degrees from Iowa State, and with
military training from the U.S. Army's Fort Benning in Georgia. Originally
based in Ethiopia, the SPLA shifted to South Sudan and Uganda after rebel
leader Yoweiri Museveni seized power by force in Uganda in 1987. Several
factions often at war with one another, the SPLA has for years received
covert military support from the U.S. and its clients.
In 1996,
the U.S. sent nearly $20 million in military hardware through the front
line states of Eritrea, Ethiopia and Uganda. Since then the US has
escalated its covert support but U.S. military assistance is also routed
through Egypt and Israel, who have trained rebels and shipped weapons via
Eritrea, Uganda and Ethiopia. In 1998, U.S. military assistance to Egypt
was $500 million, and to Israel $1000 million. Uganda has contracted
Israel to refurbish four Russian Mig fighter aircraft recently acquired.
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The Mulindwas Communication Group
"With
Yoweri Museveni, Uganda is in
anarchy"
Groupe de communication Mulindwas
"avec Yoweri Museveni, l'Ouganda est dans
l'anarchie"
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