Thanks for the advise...
We are running on Windows, and I just added more memory to my system,
16G I will run the test again with 8G heap.
The load is continues, however, the CPU usage is around 40% with max of 70%.
As for cache, I am not using cache, because I am under the impression
that cache in my case, where the data keeps changing very quickly in and
out of cache, is not a good idea?
Thanks
On 11/4/2010 3:14 AM, Nick Telford wrote:
If you're bottle-necking on read I/O making proper use of Cassandras key
cache and row cache will improve things dramatically.
A little maths using the numbers you've provided tells me that you have
about 80GB of "hot" data (data valid in a 4 hour period). That's obviously
too much to directly cache, but you can probably cache some or all of the
row keys, depending on your column distribution among keys. This will
prevent reads from having to hit the indexes for the relevant sstables -
eliminating a seek per sstable.
If you have a subset of this data that is read more than the rest, the row
cache will help you out a lot too. Have a look at your access patterns and
see if it's worthwhile caching some rows.
If you make progress using the various caches, but don't have enough memory,
I'd explore the costs of expanding the available memory compared to
switching to SSDs as I imagine it'd be cheaper and would last longer.
Finally, given your particular deletion pattern, it's probably worth looking
at 0.7 and upgrading once it is released as stable. CASSANDRA-699[1] adds
support for TTL columns that automatically expire and get removed (during
compaction) without the need for a manual deletion mechanism. Failing this,
since data older than 4 hours is no longer relevant, you should reduce your
GCGraceSeconds>= 4 hours. This will ensure deleted data is removed faster,
keeping your sstables smaller and allowing the fs cache to operate more
effectively.
1: https://issues.apache.org/jira/browse/CASSANDRA-699
On 4 November 2010 08:18, Peter Schuller<peter.schul...@infidyne.com>wrote:
I am having time out errors while reading.
I have 5 CFs but two CFs with high write/read.
The data is organized in time series rows, in CF1 the new rows are read
every 10 seconds and then the whole rows are deleted, While in CF2 the
rows
are read in different time range slices and eventually deleted may be
after
few hours.
So the first thing to do is to confirm what the bottleneck is. If
you're having timeouts on reads, and assuming your not doing reads of
hot-in-cache data so fast that CPU is the bottleneck (and given that
you ask about SSD), the hypothesis then is that you're disk bound due
to seeking.
Observe the node(s) and in particular use "iostat -x -k 1" (or an
equivalent graph) and look at the %util and %avgqu-sz columns to
confirm that you are indeed disk-bound. Unless you're doing large
reads, you will likely see, on average, small reads in amounts that
simply saturate underlying storage, %util at 100% and the avgu-sz will
probably be approaching the level of concurrency of your read traffic.
Now, assuming that is true, the question is why. So:
(1) Are you continually saturating disk or just periodically?
(2) If periodically, does the periods of saturation correlate with
compaction being done by Cassandra (or for that matter something
else)?
(3) What is your data set size relative to system memory? What is your
system memory and JVM heap size? (Relevant because it is important to
look at how much memory the kernel will use for page caching.)
As others have mentioned, the amount of reads done on disk for each
read form the database (assuming data is not in cache) can be affected
by how data is written (e.g., partial row writes etc). That is one
thing that can be addressed, as is re-structuring data to allow
reading more sequentially (if possible). That only helps along one
dimension though - lessening, somewhat, the cost of cold reads. The
gains may be limited and the real problem may be that you simply need
more memory for caching and/or more IOPS from your storage (i.e., more
disks, maybe SSD, etc).
If on the other hand you're normally completely fine and you're just
seeing periods of saturation associated with compaction, this may be
mitigated by software improvements by possibly rate limiting reads
and/or writes during compaction and avoiding buffer cache thrashing.
There's a JIRA ticket for direct I/O
(https://issues.apache.org/jira/browse/CASSANDRA-1470). I don't think
there's a JIRA ticket for rate limiting, but I suspect, since you're
doing time series data, that you're not storing very large values -
and I would expect compaction to be CPU bound rather than being close
to saturate disk.
In either case, please do report back as it's interesting to figure
out what kind of performance issues people are seeing.
--
/ Peter Schuller
--
Alaa Zubaidi
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