Magnetism and fermions have a special relationship. Electrons will absorb magnetic flux lines in order to reduce that energy that it takes for these electrons to move together. Magnetism can reduce the charge of an electron so that electrons can maintain their distance from each other together using less coulomb energy. This magnetic influence on the nature of the fermion is what the Fractional Quantum Hall Effect is all about.
Quarks are fermions too. They also have a special relationship to magnetic field lines but not the same as that of the electrons. Quarks can change their nature when they encounter magnetic knots that develop inside the nucleon when these knots are formed in response to twisting of unequal magnetic field lines. These knots are explained here https://phys.org/news/2017-06-magnetic-nanoknots-evoke-lord-kelvin.html Magnetic nano knots evoke Lord Kelvin's vortex theory of atoms How can the formation of these knots be controlled? I wonder what the nature of the magnetic lines lines must be like to from knots inside a nucleon. A gamma ray can come out of a nucleus and that EMF has a high frequency and extreme power…is that a clue? Does the magnetic knot localized inside a nucleon require magnetic field lines of extreme density in order for the magnetic flux to make an impact? The change in nucleons do not show up in ordinary applications of magnetism, so what kinds of changes in magnetism produce nucleon effects? Protons and neutrons are each about 1.4*10–15 m in diameter. A quark is smaller yet. It is, as one might expect, very small indeed. The data tell us that the radius of the quark is smaller than 43 billion-billionths of a centimeter (0.43 x 10e−16 cm). That’s 2000 times smaller than a proton radius, which is about 60,000 times smaller than the radius of a hydrogen atom. The job that is needed to be done is to get enough magnetism inside the nucleon to make a difference. But the density of magnetic flux that is required to interact with a quark is truly huge. Everyday sources of magnetism cannot produce the density in the magnetic flux that is large enough for the quark to feel it. The way to satisfy the high power requirement for magnetic flux is concentration of magnetic radiation similar to how light is concentrated by a laser. There are certain structures in nature that can convert, store, and focus spin, the fundamental basis of magnetism in open ended quantity. This structure operates on the Nano level which is close to the nucleons that are the target of this intense magnetism so that the inverse square law works to the advantage of magnetic amplification. The feasibility of nucleon decay depends on the existence of proper nanoscale structures that are able to concentrate, amplify, and focus spin on the scale that can be meaningful and interactive with the various nuclear components. Another factor that makes the organization of spin more complicated is the effect of entanglement, coherence, condensation, and superconductivity on these nano-scale structures that might support super-strong magnetic flux projection. Here super-radiance becomes an issue where the power of the magnetic field is multiplied by the number of nano-scale structures in the condensate. This number in indeterminate and can conceivably be huge. Metallic hydrogen forms a superconductive wire like nanostructure that can produce all the requirements necessary to produce huge highly focused and dense nano-scale magnetic field flux lines. Referemce: The influence of strong magnetic fields and instantons on the phase structure of the two-flavor NJL model. https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=1&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0ahUKEwiAtZzm2d7UAhUIdT4KHcVFAKgQFggkMAA&url=https%3A%2F%2Farxiv.org%2Fabs%2F0911.2164&usg=AFQjCNGKqdh9heztdwjbq5C3caAmAi8H8g Abstract: Both in heavy-ion collisions as in magnetars very strong magnetic fields are produced, which has its influence on the phases of matter involved. In this paper we investigate the effect of strong magnetic fields (B _ 5m2_/e = 1.7×1019G) on the chiral symmetry restoring phase transition using the Nambu-Jona-Lasinio model. It is observed that the pattern of phase transitions depends on the relative magnitude of the magnetic field and the instanton interaction strength. We study two specific regimes in the phase diagram, high chemical potential and zero temperature and vice versa, which are of relevance for neutron stars and heavy-ion collisions respectively. In order to shed light on the behavior of the phase transitions we study the dependence of the minima of the effective potential on the occupation of Landau levels. We observe a near-degeneracy of multiple minima with differing occupation numbers, of which some become the global minimum upon changing the magnetic field or the chemical potential. These minima differ considerably in the amount of chiral symmetry breaking and in some cases also of isospin breaking. It has been experimentally shown in quark plasmas that the interaction between quarks (fermions) and magnetic field change the charge/spin, color, and mass of the quark. These changes affect the stability of the nucleon resulting in the disintegration of the nucleon into mesons. On Tue, Jun 27, 2017 at 1:25 PM, Jones Beene <jone...@pacbell.net> wrote: > There is a growing consensus among theoreticians that LENR begins with a > change in the electron orbital of hydrogen atoms, resulting in temporary or > semi-permanent "densification." Following this step, other phenomena > including nuclear reactions may poised to happen. IOW - densification is a > necessary first stage - which is catalytic but probably energy-neutral and > can be short-lived. > > Randell Mills has championed a method of densification which involves > Rydberg resonance for thermal gain resulting in a permanent hydrino state, > but notably Mills has never produced physical evidence to convince other > scientists of this - and that is probably because he is fundamentally > wrong. Even if he is seeing thermal gain with the SunCell, he could be > wrong on the theory and no doubt will see nuclear reactions ... which he > cannot explain away. Expect further delays until he realizes this. > > One of the other unproved densification concepts involves fractional > charge. That is the subject of this speculation. It could be coincidental, > but the Hall effect could be responsible. > > A proton with two fractional electrons in tight orbitals could still act > like a neutron even if not completely neutral and in fact, the remnant of a > slight charge of either polarity could have advantages. One type of dense > hydrogen isomer has been labeled a "quasi-neutron". In some ways this > concept fits experimental findings better than anything else - and a short > lived QM particle could be the true identify of what Widom and Larsen have > labeled an "ultra-low momentum neutron". Its low momentum could be a > function of residual positive charge ... since when trapped in the negative > cloud (near-field effect of a host matrix) it essentially "freezes" where > it forms. > > In ferromagnetic materials like nickel, the Hall effect can include an > additional contribution, known as the anomalous Hall effect (or the > extraordinary Hall effect), which is particularly large in nickel near the > Curie temperature and involves spin and magnetic oscillation. The Curie > temperature of nickel is around 350C and has been associated with > triggering anomalous LENR heating in the past. With nickel, the anomalous > Hall coefficient is about 100 times larger than the ordinary Hall > coefficient. > > When combined with the implications of the fractional quantum Hall effect > or FQHE, we may be looking at a new mechanism for hydrogen densification > involving both the anomalous Hall effect AHE combined with FQHE in a single > step, resulting in a quasi-neutron which has slight charge. > > The FQHE is a physical phenomenon in which the Hall conductance of > electrons shows precisely quantized plateaus at fractional charge values, > such as -1/3 or -2/3. A quasi-neutron composed of same would have two > fractional electron values added and which when combined in pairs, permit > slight residual charge such +1/3 or -1/3. > > In the case of nitinol alloys the Curie point can be near room > temperature. A lower value almost certainly happens with other alloys of > nickel as well. Nitinol would therefore be a candidate for demonstrating a > Hall mechanism. In fact, nitinol came up for other reasons as a LENR > matrix, but the experiments apparently went nowhere. Jack Cole was not > successful with an attempt. Here is a reference to another of several > proposals. The problem with them is that a magnetic field - a fairly weak > magnetic field, must be in place for the above mechanism to work. > > http://www.quantumheat.org/index.php/en/forum/welcome-mat/ > 24-nitinol-the-possible-optimum-lenr-fuel > > IMHO, even if the Ni-Ti alloy has not shown decent results, it could be > made to work in LENR eventually ... but probably a better use of resources > is to find an alloy of nickel which has both the low Curie point and > additionally is more reactive with quasi-neutrons. Based on normal > neutrons, the cross section for nickel and titanium could be too low to see > thermal gain even if quasi-neutrons do form. > > This mechanism would open up another possibility for a nickel silver > alloy, which is why it came up. Even if not a true alloy, a nano-mixture of > Ni and Ag could shine, so to speak. That would assume the Curie point drops > sufficiently. Another possibility is an alloy of nitinol and silver. > > >
