Interesting...
I have reproduced a version of Vysotskii's undamped thermal waves
results which he detects using a peizo-electric detector with a high
frequency range (which I could only get from the states). The results
suggest that whatever is being detected is travelling far faster than
the velocity of sound. The detectors are made of PZT = lead zirconate
titanate. Could this unusual property of lead be a clue to what is
going on with the Vysotskii measurements?
Nigel
On 17/04/2018 16:10, JonesBeene wrote:
Despite its 150 year-old history, the lead-acid battery is not as
well-understood as one might suspect. On paper it should hardly work
at all. Tin – a similar metal to lead will not work when substituted.
More recently, in experiments in 2011 it was demonstrated that most of
the power of the lead-acid batter: 80%+ – or roughly 10 V out of the
13 V of the electrical potential- comes from relativistic electron
effects (as opposed to redox chemistry) ! This is due to the unusually
fast 6s orbital of lead and a few other heavy metals. The relativistic
electrons (they are paired) could relate to why lead shielding (or
normal radioactivity) could actually increase the signal from muon
interaction, rather than shielding against it.
https://phys.org/news/2011-01-car-batteries-powered-relativity.html
Possibly - the relativistic electron effect has relevance to LENR in
the form of trace elements found in electrodes by chance- and there
are a few candidate elements which have the 6S electron. But palladium
or nickel do not.
Yet from the earliest days of P&F, some electrodes worked better than
others of the same nominal composition. In their hero effort in France
only 2 of 7 Pd electrodes worked. In commercial metallurgy – anything
less than 1% contamination is seldom reported since it is either not
deemed to be critical or the alloy assay techniques are not accurate
for low percentages.
In fact, “Coolessence” the Colorado Lab now defunct, did some
interesting work with lead and palladium. No one took notice.
The element mercury is another candidate dopant which has the
relativistic 6s electrons. There are at least 4 metals of interest.
Mercury is found in palladium ore (temagamite
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temagamite>) and could inadvertently be
present as a trace element in Pd electrodes as a fractional percent
but never mentioned. The reason Hg is a liquid relates to the
relativistic orbital which is also found in the element bismuth. It is
possible that traces of mercury, lead or bismuth could be the
“mystery element” – the hidden reactant in certain palladium
electrodes which work better than pure metal. BTW - Silver does not
have the relativistic electrons but gold does.
The “inert pair effect” of lead, mercury, gold and bismuth refers to
the tendency in these heavy metals for their 6s electrons in the
valence cloud to resist oxidation - and the effect could possibly be
put to planned use by doping with higher levels. In fact, although not
well known, hydrogen can react with lead to form a gas called
Plumbane, PbH4, but this is not well characterized or studied, since
it is unstable. Lead is a Mills catalyst and so it is reasonable that
densification activity with hydrogen would lead to a more stable form
of the molecule along with excess energy. The chemical instability
could be a plus in terms of asymmetry.
It would be interesting to see if plumbane, which is a gas at ambient
temperature (surprisingly) could be reacted or densified in such a way
that one or more of the four protons drop to the 54.4 eV redundancy
state. This would be a fabulous rocket fuel, even with the high
density of led, no?
The further possibilities of having chemical access to relativistic
electrons and/or as a method to densify hydrogen or turn a heavy
element into a gas are mind boggling. The name ‘Led Zeppelin’ comes
to mind.
