The result is not plausible, actually if you burn 1kg hydrogen, the heat of combustion will suffice to evaporate ~20kg water. But this is an easily measurable quantity.
Peter On Wed, Jan 19, 2011 at 7:37 AM, Rich Murray <rmfor...@gmail.com> wrote: > Correctio -- I should say, 36 -- 216 kg/hour H2... > > On Tue, Jan 18, 2011 at 10:21 PM, Rich Murray <rmfor...@gmail.com> wrote: > > a challenge for skeptics -- hidden H2 source would have to supply > > 36--216 kg H2 to make Rossi heat: Rich Murray 2011.01.18 > > > > [ Rich Murray: "100 to 600 more than the sensitivity of the scale", > > which may be 0.1 gm, gives 10 -- 60 gm/second ranges of H2 used -- > > 36,000 -- 216,000 gm = 36 -- 216 kg H2 -- that would be a lot to deliver > from a > > hidden source... ] > > > > " The first measurements Levi described were energy measurements to > > determine the > > input of energy inside the reactor and the output of energy of the > > reactor. “I don't have > > conclusive data on radiation but absolutely we have measured ~12 kW > > (at steady state) of > > energy produced with an input of about just 400 watts. I would say > > this is the main result. > > We have seen also this energy was not of chemical origin, by checking > > the consumption > > of hydrogen. There was no measurable hydrogen consumption, at least > > with our mass 2 > > measurement.” By measuring with a very sensitive scale, within a > > precision of a 10 th > > of a gram, Levi measured the weight of the hydrogen bottle before and > > after the experiment > > “If the energy was of chemical origin you would have expected to > > consume about 100 to > > 600 more than the sensitivity of the scale. You measure the bottle > > before and after and > > then you see in your measurements there was almost no hydrogen consumed.” > " > > > > > > > > http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/MacyMspecificso.pdf > > > > Macy, M., Specifics of Andrea Rossi's "Energy Catalyzer" Test, > > University of Bologna, January 14, 2011. > > 2011, LENR-CANR.org. > > > > Specifics of Andrea Rossi’s “Energy Catalyzer” Test, > > University of Bologna, 1/14/2001 > > > > Marianne Macy > > > > On January 14, 2011, Andrea Rossi submitted his “Energy Catalyzer” > > reactor, which > > burns hydrogen in a nickel catalyst, for examination by scientists at > > the University of > > Bologna and The INFN (Italian National Institute of Nuclear Physics). > > The test was > > organized by Dr. Giuseppe Levi of INFN and the University of Bologna > > and was assisted > > by other members of the physics and chemistry faculties. This result > > was achieved > > without the production of any measurable nuclear radiation. The > > magnitude of this result > > suggests that there is a viable energy technology that uses commonly > > available materials, > > that does not produce carbon dioxide, and that does not produce > > radioactive waste and > > will be economical to build. > > > > The reactor used less than 1 gram of hydrogen, less than 1,000 W of > > electricity to > > convert 292 grams of water per minute at ~20°C into dry steam at > > ~101°C. The unit was > > turned ON and began producing some steam in a few minutes, and once it > > reached steady > > state continued producing steam until it was turned OFF. The amount of > > power required > > to heat water 80°C and convert it to steam is approximately 12,000 > > watts. Dr. Levi and > > his team will be producing a technical report detailing the design and > > execution of their > > evaluation. > > > > A representative of the investment group stated that they were looking > > to produce a > > 20 kW unit and that within two months they would make a public > announcement. He > > declared that their completed studies revealed a “huge, favorable > > difference in numbers” > > between the cost to produce the Rossi Catalyzer and other green > > technologies. “We had a > > similar demonstration six months ago with the same success we’ve had > > today. We are > > almost ready with the industrialized product, which we think is going > > to be a revolution. > > It is a totally green energy.” The representative offered that the > > company was called > > Defkalion Energy, named for the father of the Greco Roman empire, and > > was based in > > Athens. > > > > Giuseppe Levi, PhD in nuclear physics at the University of Bologna and > > who works at > > INFN, offers exclusive comments on the test, which he deemed “an open > > experiment for > > physicists. The idea was like a conference: to tell everybody what was > > going on and > > eventually to start new research programs on that topic.” > > > > The first measurements Levi described were energy measurements to > determine the > > input of energy inside the reactor and the output of energy of the > > reactor. “I don't have > > conclusive data on radiation but absolutely we have measured ~12 kW > > (at steady state) of > > energy produced with an input of about just 400 watts. I would say > > this is the main result. > > We have seen also this energy was not of chemical origin, by checking > > the consumption > > of hydrogen. There was no measurable hydrogen consumption, at least > > with our mass 2 > > measurement.” By measuring with a very sensitive scale, within a > > precision of a 10 th > > of a gram, Levi measured the weight of the hydrogen bottle before and > > after the experiment > > “If the energy was of chemical origin you would have expected to > > consume about 100 to > > 600 more than the sensitivity of the scale. You measure the bottle > > before and after and > > then you see in your measurements there was almost no hydrogen consumed.” > > > > [ Rich Murray: "100 to 600 more than the sensitivity of the scale", > > which may be 0.1 gm, gives 10 -- 60 gm/second ranges of H2 used -- > > 36,000 -- 216,000 gm = 36 -- 216 kg H2 -- that would be a lot to deliver > from a > > hidden source... ] > > > > The workings of the Rossi reactor was, Levi explained, unknown to them > > because of > > “industry secrets.” He said: “What we've done is to measure the water > > in the flux and we > > are heating and making steam for that water. We are measuring the water > flux and > > carefully checking that all the water was converted into steam, then > > it is easy to calculate > > power that was generated. You are measuring the power that was going > > in the system by > > quite a sensitive power meter. Initially the system started up and we > > had 1 kW of input > > and then we reduce the input to just 400 W. The output energy was > > constant at about > > 12 kW.” > > > > The flow rate, Levi continued, was measured with a high precision > > scale. “The flow > > rate was 146 g in 30 seconds. Using a simple measurement gives a > > simple result. There > > was a pump putting in a constant flux and what I have done is – with the > reactor > > completely off take measurements – we spent two weeks of the water that > flowing > > through the system to be certain of our calibration. After this > > calibration period I have > > checked that the pump was not touched and when we brought it here for > > the experiment it > > was giving the same quantity of water during all the experiment. The > > water was coming > > from an Edison well and the pump was putting it in the system. Then we > > were releasing > > the steam into the atmosphere; there was not a loop.” > > > > To determine if the steam was coming out dry and at atmospheric > > pressure, Professor > > Gallatini, a specialist in Thermochemics and a former head of the > > Chemical Society of > > Italy, verified that all the water came out as steam. “There was no > > water in the steam,” > > Levi certified. “The outer temperature measured was 101° centigrade at > > atmospheric > > pressure.” The instrument he used was a Delta OHM # HD37AB1347 Indoor > > Air Quality > > Monitor. Gallantini inserted the probe inside the exit pipe with the > steam. > > > > Levi was asked: How did you compute the thermal energy production by the > Energy > > Catalyzer (ECat)? > > He responded, “The calculation is very, very simple. Because you know > > the number of > > grams of water per second delivered to the ECat you know you must > > raise the water to > > 100°C, this is the transient phase of operation. Once the water is at > > 100°C the energy is > > used to make the water into steam. It takes 2272 joules per gram to > > convert water at > > 100°C to steam. Because the ECat provided more energy the steam became > hotter, > > 101°C. So our conservative estimate of the steady state thermal output > > of the ECat, > > neglecting thermal radiation and other losses, is just 2272 joules per > > gram multiplied by > > the 4.9 grams per second = 11, 057 joules per second or Watts. When > > you realize that you > > have to add the energy to raise the temperature of the water you get > > by about 80°C and > > the steam by another 1°C the total thermal power the ECat releasing is > > about 12,400 > > Watts. These are not our refined estimate but they indicate that the > > input electrical power > > of 400 W produces using an amount of hydrogen less than a gram in a > > couple hours of > > operation we are seeing a system with a power gain = 12,400/400 = 31.” > > > > > >
