On Dec 16, 2011, at 2:35 AM, Daniel Rocha wrote:
But, what about transmutation in general? Even without WL theory,
there should be an explanation for that.
--
Daniel Rocha - RJ
danieldi...@gmail.com
I have my own take on that, my deflation fusion theory. If I had
not spent so much time on Rossi I would have had a FAQ on that.
Following is a quick summary of what deflation fusion is all about.
HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF DEFLATION FUSION THEORY
My theory has evolved from this:
http://www.mtaonline.net/~hheffner/DeflationFusion.pdf
http://www.mtaonline.net/~hheffner/FusionSpreadDualRel.pdf
http://www.mtaonline.net/~hheffner/DeflationFusionExp.pdf
http://www.mtaonline.net/~hheffner/FusionUpQuark.pdf
to this:
http://www.mtaonline.net/~hheffner/CFnuclearReactions.pdf
http://www.mtaonline.net/~hheffner/dfRpt
http://www.mtaonline.net/~hheffner/FusionUpQuark.pdf
http://www.mtaonline.net/~hheffner/PdFusion.pdf
MAGNETISM AND DEFLATION FUSION
Magnetic orbitals involving electrons with either deuterons, protons,
or positive quarks, are the essence of Deflation Fusion concepts.
The magnetic force due to spin coupling is a 1/r^4 force, while the
Coulomb force is a 1/r^2 force. At close radii, the magnetic binding
between electron and nucleating particle greatly exceeds the Coulomb
force, though magnetically bound orbitals are intrinsically unstable,
due to their 1/r^4 nature. The hydrogen electron is momentarily
bound to its nucleus in a very small magnetic orbital periodically,
but briefly, on the order of an attosecond. This is the deflated
state. This magnetically bound small state, being neutral, but
having a very large magnetic moment for a nucleus, has a
significant probability of tunneling to any adjacent nucleus that has
a magnetic moment. The magnetic gradients provide the net energy for
tunneling of the neutral deflated state hydrogen to the adjacent
nucleus. Heavy lattice nuclei magnetic moments are periodically
enhanced by electrons which enter the nucleus in their ordinary
orbital states. That orbital electrons enter nuclei is evidenced by
the facts that (1) they are point particles in valid QM treatments,
with non-zero nucleus residence probabilites, and (2) evidenced by
the existence of electron capture. The magnetic moment of an
electron is 3 orders of magnitude larger than typical nuclei. Some
nuclei have no magnetic moment at all. Orbital electrons, when in a
heavy nucleus, have the ability to form momentary small deflated
state nuclear components within the heavy nuclei, and thus provide
extremely large nuclear magnetic moments, three orders of magnitude
larger than typical nuclei, to the heavy nuclei. When in the
nucleus, the electrons can momentarily magnetically bind to nuclear
particles, such as protons or quarks, including strange quarks,
sometimes resulting in weak reactions between an electron and strange
quark, thereby leaving behind unpaired strange matter. Strange
quark pairs are produced from the vacuum in nuclei. If one strange
quark is weakly transmuted, or catalytically extracted, then the
paired strange quark remains behind in a potentially long term stable
form. By my theory, nuclear electrons have the ability to catalyze
strange particle production from the vacuum and separate them, as
well as produce low energy state and thus stable product particles.
See:
http://www.mtaonline.net/~hheffner/CFnuclearReactions.pdf
This strange matter catalysis process, which is primarily magnetic
force based, has the potential to produce and store antimatter, and
to dwarf the capacity and energy density of all other methods of
energy storage and production. The momentary extremely low energy
state of deflated nuclei in a heavy nucleus reaction has the
potential to produce stable and separated matter and antimatter
strange particles, hyperons, and hyper nuclei. That is perhaps the
most significant part of deflation fusion theory.
The formation of the deflated state in bare hydrogen nuclei, e.g.
lattice absorbed nuclei, is feasible in an electron flux provided
the flux density is high enough. I theorized this some years ago.
What is new, and related to Brian Ahern's work, is the significance
of magnetic vortices, i.e. electron vortices. These vortices produce
a dense electron flux in the vicinity of absorbed hydrogen nuclei,
and thus can be expected to greatly enhance the probability of the
deflated state hydrogen nuclei in their presence.
Once an electron is momentarily trapped in a heavy lattice nucleus,
and the nucleus has orders of magnitude larger magnetic moment, that
nucleus can act as a nucleating point for numerous other deflated
state hydrogen nuclei to tunnel into that heavy nucleus, thus
trapping multiple new hydrogen nuclei and, their magnetically bound
electrons, from every lattice locus nearby. In a dense lattice with
a high deflated nucleus probability, this can be 4 or 8 hydrogen
nuclei. Depending on the duration the lattice nucleus retains a high
magnetic moment, additional hydrogen nuclei can tunnel into the
vicinity to occupy the sites vacated by the now fused hydrogen This
general process can be called cluster fusion.
Non-magnetic material can be made magnetic within nanopores, by
creation of rings of free electrons at the nanopore metal boundary.
Nickel itself can be magnetic or not, depending on the chemical
loading processes and chemical nature of the nanopores in which it is
embedded, and depending on the presence sometimes of a single iron atom.
These are some of the facts and theories behind my post regarding E-
cats etc. last April:
http://www.mail-archive.com/vortex-l@eskimo.com/msg44662.html
Magnetism, especially magnetic *gradient* induced tunneling of
neutral particles with high magnetic moments, is key to LENR. It is
notable that this has been a key difference between my theory and
Windom Larsen theory. If an electron has a weak reaction with a
proton, creating a slow neutron, prior to its fusion with a heavy
nucleus, then the 3 orders of magnitude larger electron magnetic
moment is lost. The massive magnetic gradients permitting tunneling
into lattice element nuclei is lost. The reactions themselves, and
their products, can be expected to have massive and in some cases
long lasting signatures. No energy deficit is brought to the
composite nucleus, as it is with deflation fusion. No prospect
exists for follow-on weak reactions because the electron no longer
exists.
Magnetism is the key. Magnetic orbitals at nuclear radii or less are
key. This theme runs throughout deflation fusion theory.
TRAPPED ELECTRON LENR
One difficulty with the credibility of the Deflation Fusion model is
the feasibility of the deflated state hydrogen itself, a state which
precedes fusion. This preliminary state can possibly be dispensed
with, thereby providing a theory with fewer assumptions.
The deflated state hydrogen is neutral, and thus cloaked to Coulomb
force interaction. Type 1 fusion, ordinary hydrogen fusion, D+D, p
+D, p+T, etc, then can occur via tunneling of a nearby ordinary
hydrogen nucleus to the cloaked hydrogen lattice site location, a
normal process with or without the cloaked hydrogen present, but made
energetically more likely by the magnetic potential available in the
transaction. What distinguishes the deflated state, and is
necessary to the cloaking, is the small radius at which the electron
exists, made feasible at ground state energy by magnetic binding when
the electron is at close range to the hydrogen nucleus. In type 2
fusion, heavy element transmutation, the neutral deflated state
hydrogen tunnels into a nearby lattice nucleus. This tunneling is
enabled at atomic distance by the lack of any Coulomb barrier, and by
the magnetic potential available because the deflated state hydrogen
has a large magnetic moment due to its included electron. In the case
of target nuclei with no magnetic moment, some magnetic potential is
provided by its hadrons, but very large magnetic potentials are
provided by the simultaneous tunneling of two or more nearby deflated
state hydrogen ensembles to the target nucleus. It is a fundamental
assumption of deflation fusion theory that the tunneling involved is
in the form of wavefunction collapse. This wavefunction collapse
involves an ordinary uncloaked nucleus and one or more deflated state
nuclei. In the resulting collapsed ensemble, a strong force reaction
occurs involving one or more hydrogen nuclei, as energetically
feasible, trapping an associated number of electrons in the new
composite nucleus. Deflated nuclei not involved in a strong force
reaction can leave the nucleus by reverse tunneling with their
magnetically bound partner electrons. While in the deflated ensemble
the nucleus can called a deflated nucleus, deflated proton, deflated
deuteron, etc, and the electron referred to as a deflated electron.
Post wavefunction collapse, the deflated electrons energetically
trapped, as quantified in my "Deflation Fusion" and "Deflation Fusion
Reactions" articles, are called trapped electrons.
The existence of deflated state hydrogen is not essential to
providing an explanation of many LENR phenomena. The deflated state
is essential only to explaining type 1 fusion. It is possible type 1
fusion does not even exist. For example, a net D+D-->He reaction can
be explained by the nuclear catalytic reaction as defined in:
http://www.mtaonline.net/~hheffner/dfRpt
It is feasible that all LENR reactions are type 2 reactions. If so,
the deflated state itself need not exist to provide an explanation of
LENR. The electrons involved in the joint wavefunction collapse with
the target nucleus and involved hydrogen nuclei need not be close to
each other; they merely need to have sufficient joint wavefunction
overlap with the target nucleus to make the joint collapse
energetically feasible. The electrons involved could be any itinerant
electrons [see "Electrons in Metals" for definition if itinerant
electrons]. If a high electron fugacity is obtained, energy is even
supplied by the lattice environment to make the joint wavefunction
collapse feasible. If the hydrogen density is high, lattice
distortion provides energy to assist the wavefunction collapse. These
things can make not only simple fusion possible, but cluster fusion
possible.
This kind of type 2 fusion, where no small state hydrogen is a
necessary pre-state, should simply be called "trapped electron
fusion", or "trapped electron LENR". It is notable that the existence
of deflation fusion and the existence of trapped electron fusion is
not mutually exclusive. A composite nucleus with trapped electrons
formed by type 2 deflation fusion should be identical to one formed
by trapped electron fusion wherein the source of the involved
particles is diverse. The same follow-on fast electron capture and
fast weak-strange reactions should be feasible.
This then leaves the major assumptions required of the trapped
electron theory: (1) the wavefunction collapse interpretation of QM,
which might be replaced by other interpretations provided the
required simultaneity is preserved, (2) the ability of Schrodinger
pressure, zero point energy, to free the trapped electrons, and (3)
the ability of the trapped electrons to generate photons in small
energy increments, by spin flipping, when moving within the composite
nucleus.
STRONG REACTION PRECEDES WEAK REACTIONS
Except for purely strange matter reactions, the initial (post
hydrogen tunneling) nuclear fusion reaction is almost always strong
force based. The electron trapped in the new composite nucleus
provides the opportunity for a very fast follow-on weak reaction,
provided the energy is available for that to happen. The trapped
electron post strong force reaction is not near the nucleus, it is
inside of it. The electron only expands its orbital to reach outside
the nucleus if a weak reaction does not quickly follow the strong
reaction. This orbital expansion is driven by zero point energy.
The proximity of the electron to the hydrogen nucleus, and its high
kinetic energy and mass, prior to tunneling into a heavy nucleus, are
for practical purposes random variables. The resulting associated
values post tunneling are thus also random variables. The energy
balance for individual LENR reactions are therefore also random
variables. Energy does not appear to be conserved, because vacuum
energy transactions are involved. Time of electron near the nucleus
is a random variable, and one which, along with the other random
variables, affect the branching ratios.
DEFLATION FUSION VS WINDOM & LARSEN THEORY
The deflated state requires no preliminary weak reaction. Such a
reaction would produce a neutron. This is the opposite of what is
suggested, because neutrons can not explain the energy deficits of
heavy LENR, neutrons activate heavy nuclei, neutrons can not explain
the unusual branching ratios, cluster fusion, etc. etc. etc.
The deflated hydrogen state is explicitly stated to exist for
attosecond order durations, but, where LENR occurs to any observable
degree, the state is repeated with a high frequency so as to make the
state sufficiently probable, and the lattice half life of the
hydrogen appropriate.
DEFLATION FUSION VS HYDRINO THEORY
The main difference between the deflated state and Mill's hydrino is
that the deflated state is primarily magnetically bound, and thus a
much smaller state.
Mill's hydrino also requires no weak reaction to form. It requires a
catalyst molecule or ion or atom which can remove the precise amount
of energy required to form a fractional quantum state orbital. This
is necessary because fractional state changes in Mill;s theory do not
involve radiating photons. The radii of Mill's hydrinos are huge
compared to the dimensions of deflated hydrogen. Deflated hydrogen
state requires no photon emission or other energy transaction to
form. The deflated state is thus a degenerate state of the hydrogen
within its environment. The fusion tunneling probability is raised
in Mill's theory by the reduced hydrogen atom radius. The fusion
probability in deflation fusion is raised by the vastly increased
*combined* ensemble tunneling probability of the hydrogen-nucleus-
electron pair, which retains at all times a low Coulomb binding
energy, and its vary small size.
Deflation fusion is not initially a weak force reaction. What it is
suggested to do is create a highly de-energized nucleus via a strong
force reaction, this de-energized nucleus has trapped within it an
electron. An electron energetically trapped within a nucleus
provides the possibility of a very short half-life weak reaction. I
have published numerous prospective strong force only heavy LENR
reactions here:
http://www.mtaonline.net/~hheffner/dfRpt
along with an approximation (in brackets) of the resulting energy
deficit based on the composite nucleus radius. To look at weak
reaction prospects it is only necessary to assume a weak reaction
follows and then compute the product masses and energies involved.
DEFLATION FUSION AND MIRROR MATTER
I think mirror matter has a negative gravitational charge. See:
http://www.mtaonline.net/~hheffner/CosmicSearch.pdf
http://www.mtaonline.net/~hheffner/GravityPairs.pdf
This is of some relevance with regard to LENR. If LENR can create
low mass neutral particles, like K0 kaons, then there is a
possibility it can create long lasting mirror matter. Small neutral
particles like K0 kaons can oscillate state, like neutrinos. If the
oscillations include mirror symmetry, then mirror particles could be
created before kaon disintegration or absorption. Anti-gravitational
mirror matter could be manufactured by LENR. Mirror matter radiates
mirror photons which travel through ordinary matter unimpeded. There
is no means to insulate mirror matter, so it causes matter to which
it is coupled to spontaneously cool. If enough mirror matter is
created, and bound by the very small mirror matter couplig constant,
it can be detected by this thermal property. For a sample experiment
see:
http://www.mtaonline.net/~hheffner/Mirror4
Best regards,
Horace Heffner
http://www.mtaonline.net/~hheffner/
