On Jan 2, 2012, at 7:38 AM, Daniel Rocha wrote:
How do you know how much go to photons and to neutrinos?
Due to lack of time I'll cut and paste a lot of stuff from prior
posts. I do have to go. I hope it makes sense.
Very little goes to photons because the electron does not have time
to radiate.
When multiple particles are produced, a nuclear reaction splits the
momentum across the products according to mass. When a nuclear
electron (or more) is present, there are always at least two product
particles. The trapped electron thus avoids much energy going into
fast gammas. It does so without even being released as a beta if the
energy deficit number (in brackets) is negative. Neutral particles,
like a neutrino, will carry off most of the prompt energy right away,
due to the low neutrino rest mass. A trapped electron takes time to
radiate energy. If a weak reaction takes place, that time is not
available.
The weak force has an interaction range limited by the lifetime of
the messenger particles, the W bosons, about 10^-18 m. Using r = 2 *
(1.25E-15 m) * A^(1/3), for 59Ni we have r ~= 4.87 x 10^-15 m. The
relativistic trapped electron passes through a cloud of 118 up quarks
to cross the diameter of the nucleus of 59Ni in about 3x10^-23
seconds. A trapped relativistic electron in effect traverses the
nucleus at an initial rate of about 30,000 times per attosecond.
Electrons are not affected by the strong or color forces. They are
affected by quark charges and magnetic fields however, so their paths
should be eventually thermalized. In that process they can cool
reduce kinetic energy and then cool the nucleus via emission of many
photons.
Assuming the electron is a point and the cross section of the up
quark is Pi*(10^-18 m)^2 = 3x10^-36 m^2, and the nuclear density of
the up quarks is 118/((4/3)*Pi*(4.87 x 10^-15 m)^3) = 2.4x10^44/m^3,
we have a mean free path L of:
L = 1/((2.4x10^44/m^3)*(3x10^-36 m^2)) = 1.39 x 10^-9 m
and a mean weak reaction time of about 5x10^-18 seconds, about 5
attoseconds.
To understand the energy dynamics you have to distinguish between the
deflated hydrogen state prior to tunneling to the nucleus via
wavefunction collapse, and the state of the deflated hydrogen
immediately following that tunneling, which involves the trapped
electron state. The electron is trapped not by the hydrogen nucleus,
but by the composite nucleus.
The combined kinetic plus mass plus potential energy qoes nowhere
when the electron deflates, remains unchanged. The deflated state is
a degenerate state. There is no energy exchange involved in the
transition between the deflated state and the normal chemical state
of the hydrogen. There are no x-rays emitted. There are also no
photons emitted from the tunneling process itself because it is a
neutral entity tunneling. However, once the tunneling process is
complete, the electrons are trapped. The joint field energy between
the electron and target nucleus, such energy being vacuum resident,
is depleted. The joint field energy between the the hydrogen's
proton and the target nucleus, which is also vacuum resident, is
increased by an amount equal to the loss of the joint target nucleus
electron field energy. However, the vacuum field energy gained by
the proton's fusion is locked into place via the strong force -
unless a fission can occur, such as an alpha emission. No means
exists for the nuclear potential to immediately transfer energy to
photons from the tunneling process. The field adjustment for the
energy deficit from the electrons is transmitted throughout the
nucleus at light speed. It is especially notable that the potential
energy stored up via the proton's EM field may eventually result in
mass increase of the nucleus, once the electron departs, but does not
result immediately in either a mass increase or released kinetic
energy which can be converted into EM energy or trigger a fission,
because the field energy of the proton is negated by the field energy
of the electron by superposition.
The electron capture energy further subtracts from the energy deficit
by in effect taking it from the trapped electron's kinetic energy.
Ultimately, I think a net energy deficit from a fast electron capture
reaction is made up by nuclear heat, i.e. zero point energy. There
are various heavy element transmutation reactions that have been
observed without enthalpy corresponding to nuclear mass changes, and
without high energy signatures. Only the energy deficit of the
trapped electron can explain this. Some enthalpy may occur due to the
photon radiation that occurs due to interaction of the trapped
electron with the nucleus, but a weak reaction cuts this process
short. A heavy element transmutation can in theory produce no
enthalpy or nuclear signatures at all. Consider Kervan's chickens.
The work of Corentin Louis Kervan:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corentin_Louis_Kervran
indicates biologically induced transmutations occur in nature, and in
chickens in particular in calcium deprived environments. If true,
this is a beautiful example of the energy deficit, the violations of
conservation of energy, that accompany many forms of heavy element LENR.
The fact an egg a day per chicken is produced not only permits
calculation of the nuclear energy involved, but also the nuclear
power which should be produced. A typical egg shell has 750-800 mg
of calcium. In a calcium deprived environment the egg shells are
thin, so we might assume only 200 mg Ca per egg. The reaction
suggested is:
39K19 + p* --> 40Ca20 + 8.328 MeV
but could possibly be some of the following:
39K19 + 2 p* --> 40Ca20 + 1H1 + 8.328 MeV [-5.035 MeV] (B_K:3)
40K19 + 2 p* --> 40Ca20 + 2H1 + 2.753 MeV [-10.503 MeV] (B_K:4)
41K19 + 2 p* --> 42Ca20 + 1H1 + 10.277 MeV [-2.876 MeV] (B_K:12)
where p* is a deflated proton-electron ensemble. The reaction
39K19 + p* --> 40Ca20 + 8.328 MeV [1.928 MeV]
very notably does not have a clear initial energy deficit, unlike
39K19 + p* --> 36Ar18 + 4He2 + 1.289 MeV [-5.112 MeV]
which leaves no calcium. The proposed reaction 39K19 + p* --> 40Ca20
would be feasible with no energy generation if the additional energy
deficit due to deflated quark, as opposed to a deflated proton is
taken into account. An initial two proton hypothesis looks more
sensible here, but the energy deficits have to be recalculated for that.
Now to look at the chicken's conventionally expected fate.
The atomic weight of Ca is 40.078 g/mol, so the energy E produced per
gram of Ca produced, by conventional physics is:
E = (1/(46.078 g/mol)) * N_avrogadro * 8.328 MeV = 4844 kWh
and the energy E_egg produced per egg, by conventional physics is:
E_egg = (4844 kWh/g) * (0.2 g) = 969 kWh
The power P to produce this much energy, and the power the chicken
must dissipate to stay alive is given by dividing by 24 hours:
P = (969 kWh) / (24 h) = 40.4 kW
This is similar to the power of 40 microwave ovens converged on the
chicken. Fully cooked in seconds. Crispy! If this does not kill the
chicken then the radiation damage should.
If there is anything at all to biological transmutation, then
conventional physics involving no electron in the newly fused
nucleus, thus de-energizing it, provides no explanation of the
results. Deflation fusion theory:
http://www.mtaonline.net/~hheffner/CFnuclearReactions.pdf
can account for the live chickens.
The nearby lattice, or even a catalytic lattice or molecule,
absorbing all the nuclear energy from this kind of heavy LENR (and
many others better documented) can clearly not be used as an
explanation for this phenomenon, the lack of heat. The missing heat
still needs an explanation that lattices can not satisfy.
Following is a spreadsheet that can give you an idea of the huge
amounts of energy that should be involved in various Pd or other
cluster fusion reactions that have been observed:
http://www.mtaonline.net/~hheffner/PdFusion.pdf
The Iwamura et al experiments observed transmutations Cs-->Pr, Sr--
>Mo, and Ba --> Sm in a 100 angstrom transmutation zone. Quantities
sufficient for X-Ray Fluorescence spectrometry were created. See:
http://www.lenr-canr.org/acrobat/IwamuraYobservatiob.pdf
Clearly such experiments should be carried out for longer periods,
using larger quantities, and enthalpy balances should be obtained
with sufficient accuracy to determine if conservation of energy (COE)
is being violated. If a violation of COE is confirmed, this is
obviously an important scientific discovery. My theory predicts this
violation of COE will be found.
Whether this 100 angstrom zone Iwamura et al identified is a lattice
or more like a ceramic glass I think is an interesting question.
Similarly, codeposited films in various experiments, such as
SPAWAR's, which involve open cells and thus undoubtedly do not
involve high degrees of purity, may be highly imperfect lattices at
best.
In regards to other non-lattice LENR possibilities, there are very
few LENR experiments where the nuclear active environment is proven
physically to actually be a lattice. The NAE is often destroyed, so
such proof in those cases is impossible. Proof of the nature of the
NAE requires a comprehensive a priori assay of the material. I
suggested that this might in fact be feasible to some extent, by
building surface arrays of nano-pores (e.g by anodizing aluminum) and
loading the pores by co-deposition. If small arrays are used, it is
possible to pre-assay each cell to see if anomalies might be
identified that later cause nuclear reactions.
Use of extremely pure materials, even very pure Pd crystals, has not
proved successful in producing a level of energy production that
could even be considered an indication of the feasibility of
commercial application. Impurities seem to be key, as do nano-
structures. It has to be asked if perfect lattices are actually an
impediment to the nuclear catalysis. In fact, it is reasonable to
ask if perhaps all energy producing NAEs are non-lattices? Perhaps
the surrounding lattice material could be replaced with disordered
glass to the same effect. So little is known with certainty, and
generally agreed upon, experimentally supported, regarding NAEs, that
it is not possible to say with certainty that lattices are required
or even catalytically involved at all.
Until perfect models of the various forms of nuclear catalysis are
formed, the random nature of glasses and highly imperfect, non-
lattice, surface films may be of great use in increasing the
reliability, the repeatability, of experiments. Such repeatability
may be of use in developing useful models, and even lead to
commercial processes.
In review, here I'll treat the heavy atom transmutation deflation
fusion as a process (which it may actually not be) and break it down
into the most simple steps possible, assuming there is a net energy
deficit created in the process.
1. A small hydrogen state, with ordinary chemical energy, call it the
deflated state, precedes subsequent steps. Such a state exists
periodically in ordinary hydrogen containing molecules, because even
the Schrödinger equation, with its limitations in the regard to
relativistic states, magnetic binding, or mutually orbiting heavy
electrons and nuclei, predicts the electron to be close enough to the
nucleus on occasion. My theory shows the duration of this close
proximity can be extended due to magnetic dipole attraction, external
electric fields, and relativistic effects, without net energy
changes. The probability of this state is increased by bathing
absorbed hydrogen in electron currents by various proposed means.
2. The neutral small hydrogen, the deflated hydrogen, tunnels into an
adjacent lattice nucleus. The neutral charge eliminates the
tunneling barrier, thus greatly increases the hopping rate into the
nearby atom over the ordinary hopping rate between the much more
separated lattice sites. The size and other physical parameters of
the deflated hydrogen state are unaffected by the tunneling process
itself. No radiation occurs as a result of the neutral particle
ensemble tunneling.
3. The strong force binds the proton. The electron is trapped
because it still has a small kinetic energy, but now has a huge
negative potential energy. In the case of Ni the electron suddenly
has 29 times less potential energy than it did in the pre-fusion
deflated sate, because it is attracted to a nucleus that now, instead
of containing a single positive charge, contains the 28 Ni protons
plus the deflated hydrogen proton.
4. The trapped electron moves about in or very near the nucleus,
radiating photons.
5. The trapped electron is either involved in a very fast electron
capture, or its kinetic energy drained away sufficiently, i.e. its
wavelength is expanded sufficiently by zero point energy, to occupy
an orbital, generating auger effects, or it is involved with virtual
strange quark pairs.
A quick review:
1. Deflated state hydrogen
2. Tunneling state
3. Initial trapped electron state, fused nucleus state
4. Electron radiating state
5. Final state: auger orbital, electron capture by up quark, or
strange reaction
This 5 step process is non-reversible because the strong force
prevents a reversal. There is no way to go back to state 2 from
state 3. The field energy of the fused, heavy nucleus bound, proton
is negated by superposition with the trapped electron. The binding
energy of the electron has increased by a factor of 29, while the
kinetic energy it brings to the transaction remains fixed. The
*initial* net energy deficit is then equal to the fusion energy plus
the electron energy deficit. The net energy in state 3 is the net
energy I show in brackets in the reaction equations in my reports.
Best regards,
Horace Heffner
http://www.mtaonline.net/~hheffner/
