Eric, Tom Passel is not the only source of information. If you want to
make a useful conclusion, I suggest you read the following papers
where tritium was detected.
Ed
1. Bertalot, L., et al. Analysis of tritium and heat excess
in electrochemical cells with Pd cathodes. in Second Annual Conference
on Cold Fusion, "The Science of Cold Fusion". 1991. Como, Italy:
Societa Italiana di Fisica, Bologna, Italy. p. 3.
2. Chien, C.-C., et al., On an electrode producing massive
quantities of tritium and helium. J. Electroanal. Chem., 1992. 338: p.
189-212.
3. Claytor, T.N., et al. Tritium and neutron measurements
of a solid state cell. in NSF/EPRI Workshop on Anomalous Effects in
Deuterated Materials. 1989. Washington, DC: LA-UR-89-39-46. p.
4. Claytor, T.N., et al. Tritium production from palladium
alloys. in The Seventh International Conference on Cold Fusion. 1998.
Vancouver, Canada: ENECO, Inc., Salt Lake City, UT. p. 88-93.
5. Fleischmann, M., S. Pons, and M. Hawkins,
Electrochemically induced nuclear fusion of deuterium. J. Electroanal.
Chem., 1989. 261: p. 301-308 and errata in Vol. 263, 187-188.
6. Gozzi, D., et al. First results from a ten electrolytic
cells experiment. in Anomalous Nuclear Effects in Deuterium/Solid
Systems, "AIP Conference Proceedings 228". 1990. Brigham Young Univ.,
Provo, UT: American Institute of Physics, New York. p. 481.
7. Gozzi, D., et al., Nuclear and thermal effects during
electrolytic reduction of deuterium at palladium cathode. J. Fusion
Energy, 1990. 9(3): p. 241.
8. Guruswamy, S. and M.E. Wadsworth. Metallurgical Aspects
in Cold Fusion Experiments. in The First Annual Conference on Cold
Fusion. 1990. University of Utah Research Park, Salt Lake City, Utah:
National Cold Fusion Institute. p. 314.
9. Itoh, T., et al. Observation of nuclear products under
vacuum conditions from deuterated palladium with high loading ratio.
in 5th International Conference on Cold Fusion. 1995. Monte-Carlo,
Monaco: IMRA Europe, Sophia Antipolis Cedex, France. p. 189.
10. Iyengar, P.K. Cold fusion results in BARC experiments.
in Fifth International Conf. on Emerging Nucl. Energy Ststems. 1989.
Karlsruhe, Germany. p.
11. Iyengar, P.K. and M. Srinivasan, BARC studies in cold
fusion. 1989, BARC, India: Bombay.
12. Iyengar, P.K. and M. Srinivasan. Overview of BARC
Studies in Cold Fusion. in The First Annual Conference on Cold Fusion.
1990. University of Utah Research Park, Salt Lake City, Utah: National
Cold Fusion Institute. p. 62.
13. Iyengar, P.K., et al., Bhabha Atomic Research Centre
studies on cold fusion. Fusion Technol., 1990. 18: p. 32.
14. Matsumoto, O., et al. Detection of neutron and tritium
during electrolysis of D2SO4-D2O solution. in Third International
Conference on Cold Fusion, "Frontiers of Cold Fusion". 1992. Nagoya
Japan: Universal Academy Press, Inc., Tokyo, Japan. p. 495.
15. Notoya, R. Alkali-hydrogen cold fusion accompanied by
tritium production on nickel. in Fourth International Conference on
Cold Fusion. 1993. Lahaina, Maui: Electric Power Research Institute
3412 Hillview Ave., Palo Alto, CA 94304. p. 1.
16. Notoya, R., Y. Noya, and T. Ohnishi, Tritium generation
and large excess heat evolution by electrolysis in light and heavy
water-potassium carbonate solutions with nickel electrodes. Fusion
Technol., 1994. 26: p. 179.
17. Notoya, R., Alkali-hydrogen cold fusion accompanied by
tritium production on nickel. Trans. Fusion Technol., 1994. 26(#4T):
p. 205-208.
18. Packham, N.J.C., et al., Production of tritium from D2O
electrolysis at a palladium cathode. J. Electroanal. Chem., 1989. 270:
p. 451.
19. Ramamurthy, H., et al. Further studies on excess heat
generation in Ni-H2O electrolytic cells. in Fourth International
Conference on Cold Fusion. 1993. Lahaina, Maui: Electric Power
Research Institute 3412 Hillview Ave., Palo Alto, CA 94304. p. 15.
20. Ray, M.K.S., et al., The Fleischmann-Pons phenomenon - a
different perspective. Fusion Technol., 1992. 22: p. 395.
21. Sankaranarayanan, M., et al. Investigation of low level
tritium generation in Ni-H2O electrolytic cells. in Fourth
International Conference on Cold Fusion. 1993. Lahaina, Maui: Electric
Power Research Institute 3412 Hillview Ave., Palo Alto, CA 94304. p. 3.
22. Sankaranarayanan, T.K., et al., Investigation of low-
level tritium generation in Ni-H2O electrolytic cells. Fusion
Technol., 1996. 30: p. 349.
23. Sánchez, C., et al., Nuclear products detection during
electrolysis of heavy water with titanium and platinum electrodes.
Solid State Commun., 1989. 71: p. 1039.
24. Sánchez, C., et al. Cold fusion during electrolysis of
heavy water with Ti and Pt electrodes. in Understanding Cold Fusion
Phenomena. 1989. Varenna. p.
25. Scott, C.D., et al., A preliminary investigation of cold
fusion by electrolysis of heavy water. 1989, Oak Ridge National
Laboratory: Oak Ridge.
26. Srinivasan, M., et al. Tritium and excess heat
generation during electrolysis of aqueous solutions of alkali salts
with nickel cathode. in Third International Conference on Cold Fusion,
"Frontiers of Cold Fusion". 1992. Nagoya Japan: Universal Academy
Press, Inc., Tokyo, Japan. p. 123.
27. Srinivasan, M., et al., Excess heat and tritium
measurements in Ni-H2O electrolytic cells, in preprint. 1994.
28. Storms, E.K. and C.L. Talcott. A study of electrolytic
tritium production. in The First Annual Conference on Cold Fusion.
1990. University of Utah Research Park, Salt Lake City, Utah: National
Cold Fusion Institute. p. 149.
29. Storms, E. and C.L. Talcott, Electrolytic tritium
production. Fusion Technol., 1990. 17: p. 680.
30. Storms, E., My life with cold fusion as a reluctant
mistress. Infinite Energy, 1999. 4(24): p. 42.
31. Szpak, S., P.A. Mosier-Boss, and J.J. Smith. Reliable
procedure for the initiation of the Fleischmann-Pons effect. in Second
Annual Conference on Cold Fusion, "The Science of Cold Fusion". 1991.
Como, Italy: Societa Italiana di Fisica, Bologna, Italy. p. 87.
32. Szpak, S., P.A. Mosier-Boss, and J.J. Smith, On the behavior
of Pd deposited in the presence of evolving deuterium. J. Electroanal.
Chem., 1991. 302: p. 255.
33. Szpak, S., P.A. Mosier-Boss, and J.J. Smith. Comments on
methodology of excess tritium determination. in Third International
Conference on Cold Fusion, "Frontiers of Cold Fusion". 1992. Nagoya
Japan: Universal Academy Press, Inc., Tokyo, Japan. p. 515.
34. Szpak, S., P.A. Mosier-Boss, and R.D. Boss, Comments on the
analysis of tritium content in electrochemical cells. J. Electroanal.
Chem., 1994. 373: p. 1.
35. Szpak, S. and P.A. Mosier-Boss, Nuclear and thermal events
associated with Pd + D co-deposition. J. New Energy, 1996. 1(3): p. 54.
36. Szpak, S., et al., On the behavior of the Pd/D system:
evidence for tritium production. Fusion Technol., 1998. 33: p. 38.
37. Szpak, S. and P.A. Mosier-Boss, On the release of n/1H from
cathodically polarized palladium electrodes. Fusion Technol., 1998.
34: p. 273.
38. Talcott, C.L., et al. Tritium measurements: Methods,
pitfalls, and result. in EPRI/NSF Planning Workshop. 1989. Washington,
DC. p.
39. Violante, V., et al. X-ray emission during electrolysis
of light water on palladium and nickel thin films. in The 9th
International Conference on Cold Fusion, Condensed Matter Nuclear
Science. 2002. Tsinghua Univ., Beijing, China: Tsinghua Univ. Press.
p. 376.
40. Will, F.G., et al. Studies of electrolytic and gas phase
loading of palladium with deuterium. in Second Annual Conference on
Cold Fusion, "The Science of Cold Fusion". 1991. Como, Italy: Societa
Italiana di Fisica, Bologna, Italy. p. 373.
41. Will, F.G., K. Cedzynska, and D.C. Linton. Tritium
generation in palladium cathodes with high deuterium loading. in
Fourth International Conference on Cold Fusion. 1993. Lahaina, Maui:
Electric Power Research Institute 3412 Hillview Ave., Palo Alto, CA
94304. p. 8.
42. Will, F.G., K. Cedzynska, and D.C. Linton, Reproducible
tritium generation in electrochemical cells employing palladium
cathodes with high deuterium loading. J. Electroanal. Chem., 1993.
360: p. 161.
43. Wolf, K.L., et al. A Search for neutrons and gamma rays
associated with tritium production in deuterated metals. in NSF/EPRI
Workshop on Anomalous Effects in Deuterated Metals. 1989. Washington,
DC. p.
On Jun 18, 2013, at 1:43 AM, Eric Walker wrote:
On Sat, Jun 15, 2013 at 1:08 PM, Edmund Storms
<stor...@ix.netcom.com> wrote:
Tritium is made by gas discharge and gas loading where no lithium or
Na is present. The rate is sensitive to the H/D ratio and to the
concentration of hydrogen isotope in the material.
According to Thomas Passell, lithium was present as an impurity in
nearly all palladium samples he assayed using TOF-SIMS in connection
with a 2003 study [1]. Also interesting is the fact that the 7Li/
6Li ratios were highly skewed towards 7Li in some assays. So I
don't think lithium can be ruled out as a source of tritium on the
basis of gas discharge rather than LiOD or LiOH electrolysis. The H/
D ratio would also be pertinent to whether the 6Li(d,t)5Li reaction
was taking place.
Eric
[1]
http://iccf9.global.tsinghua.edu.cn/4effort/5nuclear/PassellTransmutation.pdf
