*Experimentally measuring hot spot energy concentration.* In a seminal Nanoplasmonics paper, the ability of hot spots to concentrate power is experimentally determined for the first time. http://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&frm=1&source=web&cd=2&cad=rja&sqi=2&ved=0CD4QFjAB&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.castl.uci.edu%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2FSingle%2520Nanoparticle%2520SERES_Galley%2520Proof_121712.pdf&ei=kslFUYK3I8eX0QH9u4DwCQ&usg=AFQjCNE52ebdjSPkC101MgD1Obse3dYAvA&sig2=h58oP-5AUJVw13xOhIhVEw Structure Enhancement Factor Relationships in Single Gold Nanoantennas by Surface-Enhanced Raman Excitation Spectroscopy Some select nanoparticle configurations (called nanoantenna in the parlance of Nanoplasmonics) can concentrate and amplify incoming EMF from a laser by a factor of 500,000,000 in the near infrared range to a sub-nano-sized region that we have been calling a hot spot. Even though the enhancement factors obtained are mind blowing, they are far from the maximum’s that might eventually be reached. The gap between two nanowires (called nanoantenna) measuring at or under .5 NM can concentrate an EMF field by a factor of 10 to the 13 power. This ability to concentrate EMF quantified in experiments exceeds quantum mechanical predictions by a factor of 3. This can result in an EMF singularity limited only by electron tunneling through the gap. The size of the gap is proportional to the energy of the free electrons on the surface of the micro-particles. Special Relativity shows that the mass of an object appears to increase as its speed *v* (relative to the rest frame) increases. Higher energy electrons gain mass with speed. Heavier electrons can support a smaller hot spot gap, which means higher EMF confinement from surface plasmoids. One of the most commonly found and widely exploded hot spots in Nanoplasmonics is due to the lightning rod effect, a nonresonant enhancement that generates a high local field at the point of a sharp tip. As stated in the study, the experimental techniques used there were at a disadvantage in maximizing concentration and associated enhancement of EMF for a couple of reasons. First, laser excitation of the nanoparticles is poor at producing the resonance pattern that generates the most enhancements. From the document, it states. “A dipole within the near-field of the nanoparticles allows for excitation of plasmon resonances, which are difficult to excite with plane wave irradiation.” A laser produces plane wave irradiation only; on the other hand, dipole excitation will really get the enhancement rolling. The only way that the experimenters got the enhancement up to as high as it eventually got was to produce secondary excitement using the laser to pump up a dipole emitter close to the hot spot. Another problem for the experimenters was that the enhancement is most powerful at longer wavelengths into the deeper infrared than the experimenters could produce. The lasers used by the experimenter could not get that deep into the infrared. The most enhancements came from nanoparticles that were connected by a sub Nano scale solid connection between the nanoparticles. When there is some space between the particles, power is broadcast like a radio station to far places. This is called far field radiation. When the particles were connected by a thin channel of material, a resonance process forces all the EMF into the ultra-small region between the nanoparticles. This is called near field radiation. The most powerful nano-particles emitters look like a dumbbell with the thinnest possible thread of solid material to connect them. We can see that a highly entangled nanowire system of micro-particles is an ideal engineering application of this research. In the case where the particles touch or connected, little radiation escaped to the far field. Most all of the radiation was directed into the near field region between the particles. I speculate that if the experiment was run using the optimum infrared radiation wavelength and the properly connected nanoparticles, the system could increase its enhancement levels by a few more orders of magnitude into the billions or trillions. The experimenter also confirmed that multi particle connectivity increased the enhancement factor as explained in an aforementioned section. You can see that a well-built LENR system has all the prerequisites to produce a very powerful infrared and electron current enhancements because of its dipole radiation profile. Another interesting paradox explained in the study is that the more laser energy that is pumped into the system, the less enhancement that results. The nanoparticles want to work smarter not harder. What is really important in determining the enhancement level of the system is the specific geometry of the system. The wavelength of the EMF and the associated resonance of the system are mainly determined by the details of its geometry. The study states as follows: “Differences can be explained based on previous work by McMahon et al., which showed that these structures commonly exhibit LSPR maxima at wavelengths above 900 nm and that the exact wavelength of each resonance is extremely sensitive to antenna geometry. In the simulation there are small gaps between the gold nanoparticles which are not evident in the TEM images, so the appearance of a resonance beyond 900 nm (Figure 3B) can be attributed to sub-nanometer variations between the simulated and the experimental structures.” Like any antenna system, tuning the antenna to the desired wavelength is critical in achieving powerful resonance.
On Sun, Nov 10, 2013 at 3:04 PM, <pagnu...@htdconnect.com> wrote: > Axil wrote (in two postings): > > > It’s a matter of simple proportions. A one nanometer nanoparticle that > > bends a infrared light wave whose wavelength is 1 mm into a spherical > > soliton would pack the optical energy of that infrared wave into that > > small > > soliton at an amplification of 1,000,000 times. > > [...] > > Axil, > Show me the math, or a good reference. This sounds very wishful. > > > By the way, that nanoparticle would convert that infrared wave into an > > x-ray. > > A charged particle receiving a momentum "superkick" (if they exist) would > probably radiate higher frequency photon(s) when slowed by collisions, > i.e., there would be some up-conversion. Maybe some small amount of > x-rays. This should be testable. Maybe certain surfaces, cavities, or > other geometries which reflect and refract a monochromatic beam correctly > could set up standing "optical vortices". > > -- Lou Pagnucco > > > > > > > >
