There is a claim that successive transmutations threw addition of
protons or deuterons actually is an mass spectroscopy error made from
formations of molecules.
Some controls of the Japan result may have
been made in US.
I do not remember where I have read this.
On Sat,
7 Dec 2013 11:49:53 -0800, Eric Walker wrote:
On Fri, Dec 6, 2013 at
9:34 AM, Sunil Shah wrote:
This would produce a number of more (or
less) likely chains of reactions, that together yield the EXACT mass
spectrum of the transmutation products.
I like this idea, too.
Keeping track of potential transmutations is relatively recent --
perhaps the last five or ten years I think? The results are
inconclusive, because there are always questions about "contamination"
(I wonder in this context how much is actually contamination, however).
When I was doing an informal review of some of the papers that dealt
with transmutations, I came to these tentative conclusions:
* There
are some real difficulties in measuring relative amounts of
transmutations.
* The transmutations seen are across the board in
terms of isotopes on the lower end of atomic masses.
* Some
transmutations are up in atomic mass or number, and others are down;
perhaps mostly up, but this is just an impression.
* In some cases it
looks like there might be fission of larger isotopes happening.
*
There is little in the way of the kind of activation you would see from
adding neutrons, so this doesn't seem to be a significant activity.
*
My own impression is that transmutations are generally to stable
isotopes and rarely to short-lived ones.
* A lot of the potential
transmutations look like what you would get with the successive addition
of protons -- X + p, (X + p) + p, etc.
* Some of the transmutations
look like what you would get with the successive addition of deuterons
-- X + d, (X + d) + d, etc.
* There's a general conclusion that the
amount of energy that would be generated by the transmutations that are
seen is not of the right order of magnitude to account for the heat that
is measured, suggesting that transmutations are a side process.
It took
a while for me to go along with (7) and (8). It was only after I
convinced myself that there really is something unusual happening that
does not look like normal fusion that I became open to them. If these
two items are true, then pinning down the specific reactions that are
going on might not be a simple matter of finding a signature or two in
the transmutations and then using them to constrain the possibilities. I
think you would have to come up with some sophisticated Monte Carlo
simulations and make some important assumptions about the rates at which
these processes occur, and even then while you could gain some insight
into the overall process, it would not necessarily disclose it with any
assurance. Whatever that process or processes are, in the context of PdD
they appear to lead to the generation of 4He (although not in every
case), and in the context of NiH, no one but Rossi and Defkalion really
seems to know.
(There are some downsides to this approach of course.
Heat is measured now, transmutation products are measured later. For
transmutation we need to subtract effects of external ionizing radiation
(cosmic, for example), and natural isotope spread of the bulk material,
and uncertainties due to impurities.)
I'm going to guess that the
variance in transmutation measurements from one trial to another is very
high. For this reason it seems like a lot of trials are needed to obtain
reliable numbers for any relative ratios of isotopes before and after.
Eric
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