http://www.jupiterscientific.org/sciinfo/bosonsfermions.html
Elementary particles such as electrons, quarks, neutrinos, protons and neutrons are fermions. Photons are examples of bosons. Elementary particles have an intrinsic spin or turning motion, which must be a multiple of 1/2 due to quantum mechanics. Bosons are particles with integer spin such as 0, 1, 2, and so on. Fermions are particles with half-integer spin such as 1/2, 3/2, 5/2, and so on. A particle with spin 0 does not spin at all. Since electrons, quarks, neutrinos, protons and neutrons have spin 1/2, they are fermions. A bound state consisting of two fermions is a boson because the spins of the two fermions add or subtract to give an integer spin. For example, a bound state of two quarks has spin 1 if the two quarks spin in the same direction. If they spin in opposite directions, the spins subtract and the bound state has spin 0. In either case, a boson is obtained. In general, a bound state of an even number of fermions is always a boson. For example, since the helium-4 nucleus consists of four fermions -- two protons and two neutrons, it is a boson. In general, a bound state of an odd number of fermions is always a fermion. For example, since the helium-3 nucleus consists of three fermions -- two protons and one neutron, it is a fermion. A bound state of any number of bosons is always a boson because you can never add or subtract integers to obtain a half-integer. It follows that if LENR can only occurs in a nucleus with zero spin, therefore, the LENR capable nucleus must be a boson. Ni62 and Ni64 are bosons and can form a BEC. Ni61 is not LENR capable and is a fermion. LENR might occur in a spin condensate where all the spins aline in a specific direction to project a magnetic field at a distance. LENR might involve Bose-Einstein Condensation in a Quantum Spin System. On Tue, Oct 7, 2014 at 4:24 AM, frobertcook <frobertc...@hotmail.com> wrote: > A il Axil-- > > I tbink Bose particles can havezero spin as well as integer spin. Neg. > intergers are ok. Also all particles in theBEC do not have to have the > same spin. Some can be + and some -. > > Bob > > > Sent from my Verizon Wireless 4G LTE Smartphone > > Axil Axil <janap...@gmail.com> wrote: > http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v443/n7110/full/nature05117.html > > "Bose–Einstein condensation is one of the most fascinating phenomena > predicted by quantum mechanics. It involves the formation of a collective > quantum state composed of identical particles with integer angular momentum > (bosons), if the particle density exceeds a critical value. *To achieve > Bose–Einstein condensation, one can either decrease the temperature or > increase the density of bosons. It has been predicted that a > quasi-equilibrium system of bosons could undergo Bose–Einstein condensation > even at relatively high temperatures,* if the flow rate of energy pumped > into the system exceeds a critical value. Here we report the observation of > Bose–Einstein condensation in a gas of magnons at room temperature. Magnons > are the quanta of magnetic excitations in a magnetically ordered ensemble > of magnetic moments. In thermal equilibrium, they can be described by > Bose–Einstein statistics with zero chemical potential and a > temperature-dependent density. In the experiments presented here, we show > that by using a technique of microwave pumping it is possible to excite > additional magnons and to create a gas of quasi-equilibrium magnons with a > non-zero chemical potential. With increasing pumping intensity, the > chemical potential reaches the energy of the lowest magnon state, and a > Bose condensate of magnons is formed." > > A high density of bosons can increase the formation of a BEC at > increasingly high temperatures. >
