Sejarah Korea
salam,
Ari Condro
History of Korea
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This article is about the history of Korea. It covers the time up to the
division of Korea before the Korean War. See History of North Korea and
History of South Korea for the post-war period. See also Names of Korea.
History of Korea
Gojoseon, Jin
Proto-Three Kingdoms:
Buyeo, Okjeo, Dongye
Samhan, Gaya
Three Kingdoms:
Goguryeo, Baekje, Silla
Unified Silla, Balhae
Later Three Kingdoms
Goryeo
Joseon
Japanese Rule
Divided Korea:
N. Korea, S. Korea
a.. List of Monarchs
Contents
[hide]
a.. 1 Prehistory
b.. 2 Gojoseon (? - 108 BC)
c.. 3 Proto-Three Kingdoms of Korea (108 BC - 3rd century)
d.. 4 Three Kingdoms (3rd century - 668)
e.. 5 Balhae and Unified Silla
f.. 6 Goryeo
g.. 7 Joseon
a.. 7.1 19th century
h.. 8 Japanese Occupation
i.. 9 The division of Korea
j.. 10 See also
k.. 11 References
l.. 12 External links
[edit]
Prehistory
Archaeological evidence shows that humans first inhabited the peninsula
about 700,000 years ago. Tool-making artifacts from the Palaeolithic period
(70,000 BC to 40,000 BC) have been found in present-day North Hamgyong,
South P'yongan, Gyeonggi, and north and south Chungcheong Provinces. The
people were cave dwellers and built homes, using fire for food and warmth.
They hunted, gathered and fished with stone tools.
Earliest known Korean pottery dates to around 8000 BC or before, and
evidence of Mesolithic Pit-Comb Ware culture or Yungimun Pottery (?????) is
found throughout the Peninsula. An example of a Yungimun-era site is the
Gosan-ni in Jeju-do. Jeulmun or Comb-pattern Pottery (????) is found after
7000 BC, and classic Jeulmun pottery with comb-patterns over the whole
vessel is found concentrated at sites in West-central Korea between
3500-2000 BC. The Korean peninsula around 3000 BC had numerous settlements.
Its pottery was similar to pottery in the Russian Maritime Province, in the
Amur and Sungari River basins of Manchuria, and in Mongolia.
[edit]
Gojoseon (? - 108 BC)
Main articles: Gojoseon, Dangun
According to legend, Korea's first kingdom, Gojoseon (???, then called
Joseon), was founded by Dangun in 2333 BC, in southern Manchuria and
northern Korean peninsula. The people of Gojoseon belonged to the Tungusic
family and were linguistically affiliated with the Altaic. Around 2000 BC, a
new pottery culture is evidenced, with painted designs, in Manchuria and
northern Korea. Intensive agriculture and complex societies developed during
the Mumun Pottery Period (c. 1500-300 BC).
Gija, a subject of Shang dynasty, is thought to have brought Shang cultural
influence to Korea around the 11th century BC, although some Korean scholars
dispute the Chinese records regarding this event. The Bronze Age began
around 1000 BC in northern Korea and 700 BC in southern Korea. Bronze
daggers, mirrors, and weaponry have been found, as well as evidence of
walled-town polities. Rice, red beans, soybeans and millet were cultivated,
and rectangular pit-houses and increasingly larger dolmen burial sites are
found throughout the peninsula. [1] By third century BC, iron culture was
developing and the warring states pushed the refugees eastward and south to
neighboring islands.
Around this time, a state called Jin arose in the southern part of the
Korean peninsula. Very little is known about Jin, except it was the apparent
precursor to the Samhan confederacies.
Among the Chinese refugees, Wiman became a Gojoseon commander, then usurped
control from King Jun in 194 BC. Wiman Joseon was sinicized, but not a
Chinese colony. In 109 BC, the Chinese began a massive invasion of Gojoseon
near the Liao River. Gojoseon fell after over a year of war, in 108 BC.
China then established four commanderies in northwestern Korea and
Manchuria.
[edit]
Proto-Three Kingdoms of Korea (108 BC - 3rd century)
a.. Main article: Proto-Three Kingdoms of Korea
After the fall of Gojoseon, the southern part of the peninsula consolidated
into three confederations (collectively Samhan): Mahan, Jinhan, and
Byeonhan. The Mahan and Jinhan confederations reconquered three of the
Chinese commanderies in 82 and 75 BC.[citation needed]
In the north, Goguryeo was founded in southern Manchuria in 37 BC, claiming
to be the successor to a branch of Buyeo. Among the other various small
states in former Gojoseon territory were the neighboring Buyeo, and Okjeo
and Dongye in the northeast of the Korean peninsula, all of which were later
conquered by Goguryeo. The last Chinese commandery, at Lelang, was destroyed
by Goguryeo in 313.
Mahan was later absorbed into Baekje, Jinhan was absorbed into Silla, and
Byeonhan was succeeded by Gaya, which was in turn annexed by Silla. Because
of this continuity, this period is generally considered a part of the Three
Kingdoms period.
[edit]
Three Kingdoms (3rd century - 668)
Main article: Three Kingdoms of Korea
Goguryeo, Baekje and Silla are called the Three Kingdoms.
Baekje was founded in 18 BC in the southwest of the Korean Peninsula, by the
sons of Goguryeo's founder. It deveoped a strong centralized government
based in Seoul by the fourth century, and at its peak, controlled most of
the western Korean peninsula. Culturally, Baekje acquired Chinese
civilization through its relationship with the Southern Dynasties in China.
It played a fundamental role in transmitting cultural developments,
including Chinese characters, Buddhism, iron processing, sword making,
compass, etc into ancient Japan. Baekje was conquered by the Silla-Tang
forces in 660.
The earliest founded and largest of the three, Goguryeo, reached its zenith
in the fifth century when occupying the Liaodong Plains in Manchuria and
today's Seoul area. The Goguryeo kings controlled not only Koreans but also
Chinese and other Tungusic tribes in Manchuria and North Korea. Having
successfully repelled the Sui and Tang Dynasty of China, the kingdom
continued to hold the Chinese from invading the Korean peninsula until
conquered by the allied Silla-Tang forces in 668.
The kingdom Silla became the first kingdom with a queen who ruled on her own
right. The other kingdoms took advantage of this and she was not at all at
peace, but managed to conquer the Korean peninsula with the help of her
Chinese allies. Many historical buildings were also built in this time.
Silla artifacts, including unique gold metalwork, shows influence from the
northern nomadic steppes, differentiating it from the culture of Goguryeo
and Baekje where Chinese influence was more pronounced. Silla expanded
rapidly by occupying the Han River basin and annexing the Nakdong River
chiefdom of Gaya in 562. Silla deepened its relations with the Tang Dynasty,
with her newly-gained access to the Yellow Sea. After conquering Goguryeo
and Baekje with her Tang allies, the Silla kingdom drove the Tang forces out
of the peninsula and occupied the lands south of Pyongyang.
[edit]
Balhae and Unified Silla
Main articles: Balhae, Unified Silla
In 660, King Munmu of Silla ordered his armies to attack Baekje. General Kim
Yu-shin, aided by Tang forces, defeated General Ge-Baek and conquered
Baekje. In 661, he moved on Goguryeo but was repelled. King Munmu ordered
General Kim to launch another campaign in 667 and, in 668, Goguryeo fell.
The post-668 Silla kingdom is often referred to as Unified Silla.
Unified Silla lasted for 267 years until, under King Gyeongsun, it fell to
Goryeo in 935.
The state of Balhae (also Bohai or Pohai in Roman text after its Chinese
name ??) was founded in the former lands of Goguryeo by Dae Joyeong. Balhae
controlled the northernmost areas of the Korean Peninsula, parts of
Manchuria (but not the Liaodong Peninsula), and expanded into the region
which is today's Russian Maritime Province. Balhae styled itself as
Goguryeo's successor state. It also modelled itself on the Tang Empire, for
example in the layout of its capitals.
In a time of relative peace and stability in the region, Balhae culture
flourished, especially during the long reign of the third king, Mun Wang (r.
737-793). Like Silla culture, the culture of Balhae was strongly influenced
by Buddhism. However, Balhae was severely weakened (many presume
in-fighting) by the tenth century, and the Khitan Liao Dynasty conquered
Balhae in 926.
No historical records from Balhae have survived, and the Liao left no
histories of Balhae. Goryeo (see below) absorbed some Balhae territory and
received Balhae refugees, including the royal family, but compiled no known
histories of Balhae either. The Samguk Sagi, for instance, includes passages
on Balhae, but does not include a dynastic history of Balhae (as it does of
the Three Kingdoms). The eighteenth century Joseon historian Yu Deukgong
advocated the proper study of Balhae as part of Korean history, and coined
the term "South-North Nations Period" to refer to this era.
[edit]
Goryeo
Main article: Goryeo
The kingdom of Goryeo was founded in 918 and replaced Silla as the dominant
power in Korea in the years 935-936. ("Goryeo" is a short form of "Goguryeo"
and the source of the English name "Korea.") The kingdom lasted until 1392.
During this period laws were codified, and a civil service system was
introduced. Buddhism flourished, and spread throughout the peninsula. In
1231 the Mongols invaded Korea and after 25 years of struggle the royal
family surrendered by signing a treaty with the Mongols. For the following
100 years the Goryeo ruled, but under the interference of the Mongols. In
the 1340s, the Mongol Empire declined rapidly due to internal struggles.
King Kongmin was free at last to reform a Goryeo government. King Kongmin
had various problems that needed to be dealt with, which included the
removal of pro-Mongol aristocrats and military officials, the question of
land holding, and quelling the growing animosity between the Buddhists and
Confucian scholars. Another problem was that Japanese pirates were no longer
hit-and-run bandits, but organized military marauders raiding deep into the
country. It was at that time that General Yi Seonggye distinguished himself
by repelling the pirates in a series of successful engagements. The Goryeo
kingdom would last until 1392,when Yi Seonggye,who had heavy support,would
easily take power in a coup.
[edit]
Joseon
Main article: Joseon Dynasty
In 1392 a Korean general, Yi Seonggye, was sent to China to campaign against
the Ming Dynasty, but instead he allied himself with the Chinese, and
returned to overthrow the Goryeo king and establish a new dynasty. The
Joseon Dynasty moved the capital to Hanseong (formerly Hanyang; modern-day
Seoul) in 1394 and adopted Confucianism as the country's official religion,
resulting in much loss of power and wealth by the Buddhists. During this
period, the Hangul alphabet was invented by King Sejong in 1443.
Joseon (as Korea was called during the Joseon Dynasty) dealt with invasions
by Japan from 1592 to 1598 (see Seven-Year War). Korea's most famous
military figure, Admiral Yi Sun-sin was instrumental in defeating the
Japanese. After the invasions from Manchuria in 1627 and 1636, the dynasty
submitted herself to the Qing Empire. On the other hand, Korea permitted the
Japanese to trade at Pusan and sent missions to the capital of Edo in Japan
from time to time. Europeans were never permitted to trade at Korean ports
until the 1880s.
Domestic politics was plagued by internal power struggles among Confucian
bureaucrats. In spite of some efforts to introduce Western technology
through the Jesuit missions at Beijing, the Korean economy remained backward
due to weak currency circulation. Peasants, suffering from famine and
exploitation, often fled the country into Manchuria.
[edit]
19th century
During the 19th century, Korea tried to control the opening of the country
to unlimited foreign trade and influence by closing the borders to all
nations but China. In 1853 the USS South America, an American gunboat,
visited Pusan for 10 days and had amiable contact with local Korean
officials there. Several Americans who were shipwrecked on Korea in 1855 and
1865 were also treated well and sent to China for repatriation. The Joseon
court which ruled Korea, was well aware of the foreign invasions and
treaties thereby within Qing China as well as the Opium Wars there, and
reasonably followed a cautious policy of slow exchange with the west. In
1866 the General Sherman Incident put Korea and the United States on a
collision course.
In 1871, the United States met Korea militarily, in what the Koreans call
the Sinmiyangyo and in America is called the 1871 US Korea Campaign. A
rapidly modernizing Japan forced Korea to open its ports and successfully
challenged the Qing Empire, which claimed sovereignty over Korea, in the
Sino-Japanese War (1894-1895). The Japanese murdered Queen Myeongseong, who
resisted their exploitation by seeking Russian help, but they were forced to
retreat from Korea for a while. In 1897, Joseon was renamed Daehan Jeguk
(Korean Empire), and King Gojong became Emperor Gojong. A period of Russian
influence followed, until Japan defeated Russia in the Russo-Japanese War
(1904-1905).
Korea could not effectively resist Japanese aggression except limited
guerrilla attacks in the mountains. It became a so-called protectorate of
Japan on 25 July 1907, the 1905 Protectorate Treaty having been promulgated
without Emperor Gojong's required seal.
[edit]
Japanese Occupation
a.. Main article: Korea under Japanese rule
In 1910 Japan annexed Korea by the Japan-Korea Annexation Treaty which was
signed under duress. (See also: Japanese war crimes) Korea continued to be
ruled by Japan under a Governor-General of Korea until Japan's unconditional
surrender to the Allied Forces on 15 August 1945.
European based transport and communication networks were established across
the nation. This facilitated Japanese commerce, but modernization had little
if any effect on the Korean people, it being used to serve Japanese trade
needs, and their tight centralized controls. The Japanese removed the Joseon
hierarchy and revamped Korea's taxation system to evict tenant farmers,
export Korean rice crops to Japan which provoked Korean famines; and brought
in a punitive series of measures which included murdering those who refused
to pay taxes in the provinces; forced slavery in roadworks, mines, and
factories first in Korea, then enforced working slavery of Koreans in Japan
and its occupied territories.
After the former Korean emperor Gojong had died, with a rumor of poisoning,
anti-Japanese rallies took place nationwide on 1 March 1919 (the March 1st
(Samil) Movement). This was also inspired by United States president Woodrow
Wilson's speech of 1919, declaring support for right of self determination
and an end to colonial rule for Europeans. No comment was made by Wilson on
Korean independence as a pro-Japan faction in the USA sought trade inroads
into China through the Korean peninsula.
A declaration of independence was read in Seoul and, according to Korean
record, an estimated 2 million people took part in peaceful,
pro-independence rallies. (The Japanese record claims less than half
million.) This protest in the countryside was suppressed by Japanese
government. An estimated 7,000 were arrested, 553 killed and 1409 wounded.
Many Korean Christians were crucified or burnt alive in churches as they
fought for Korean independence within the Korean independence movements.
Continued anti-Japanese rallies, such as the nationwide uprising of students
in November 1929, led to the strengthening of military rule in 1931. After
the outbreaks of the Sino-Japanese War in 1937 and World War II Japan
attempted to wipe out Korea as a nation. Worship at Japanese Shinto shrines
was made compulsory. The school curriculum was radically modified to
eliminate teaching in the Korean language within Korea. The continuance of
Korean culture itself began to be illegal. Newspapers were prohibited from
publishing in Korean and the study of Korean history was banned at
university with Korean textbooks burnt, destroyed, or made illegal.
Some Koreans left the Korean peninsula to Manchuria and Primorsky Krai.
Koreans in Manchuria formed resistance groups known as Dongnipgun
(Independence Army) which would travel in and out of the Korean-Chinese
boundary, fighting guerrilla warfare with the Japanese forces.
During the Period of Japanese Rule, a self-professed Provisional Government
of the Republic of Korea was established in Shanghai. On December 11, 1941
this "provisional government" declared war again and fought with its Korean
Restoration Army alongside the Allied Forces. Seven days after the sundering
of the friendship Pact, Soviet tanks invaded Korea from Siberia, meeting
little to no resistance. Japan surrendered to the Allied Forces on 15 August
1945, ending 35 years of Japanese rule. US forces under General Hodge would
not arrive to southern part of Korea until September 8th. Colonel Dean Rusk
proposed splitting Korea at the 38th parallel at an emergency US meeting to
determine spheres of influence during this time.
The Modernization in Korea (e.g. western style educational system,
transportation networks etc.), which had launched since the beginning of the
20th century, continued during the Period of Japanese Rule (1910-1945). The
further development of Korea by Japanese served their needs, and were denied
to Koreans other than participating in forced slave labour to build roads,
and buildings. This is often used as a defense of Japanese policies, while
opponents point out that Japanese commercial interests were always put first
and that Korean economic development was prevented. Modernization in Korea
can be said definitely to have begun in the post-1945 period under the
stewardship of America and its allies in a way that benefited Korea itself.
[edit]
The division of Korea
Main article: Division of Korea
The unconditional surrender of Japan, the earlier collapse of Nazi Germany,
combined with fundamental shifts in global politics and ideology, led to the
division of Korea into two occupation zones effectively starting on
September 8, 1945, with the United States administering the southern half of
the peninsula and the Soviet Union taking over the area north of the 38th
parallel. This division was meant to be temporary and was first intended to
return a unified Korea back to its people until the United States, United
Kingdom, Soviet Union, and Republic of China could arrange a trusteeship
administration.
At the Cairo Conference on 22 November 1943, it was agreed that Korea would
be free "in due course as one unified country"; at a later meeting in Yalta
in February 1945, it was agreed to establish a four-power trusteeship over
Korea. In December 1945, a conference convened in Moscow to discuss the
future of Korea. A 5-year trusteeship was discussed, and a joint
Soviet-American commission was established. The commission met
intermittently in Seoul but deadlocked over the issue of establishing a
national government. In September 1947, with no solution in sight, the
United States submitted the Korean question to the UN General Assembly.
Initial hopes for a unified, independent Korea quickly evaporated as the
politics of the Cold War and opposition to the trusteeship plan from Korean
anti-communists resulted in the 1948 establishment of two separate nations
with diametrically opposed political, economic, and social systems. In June
1950 the Korean War broke out, ending any hope of a peaceful reunification
for the time being.
See History of North Korea and History of South Korea for the post-war
period.
[edit]
See also
a.. List of Korea-related topics
b.. Rulers of Korea
[edit]
References
a.. Yang, S.C. (1999). The North and South Korean political systems: A
comparative analysis. (Rev. Ed.). Seoul: Hollym. ISBN 1-56591-105-9
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