Sejarah Korea salam, Ari Condro
History of Korea >From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Jump to: navigation, search This article is about the history of Korea. It covers the time up to the division of Korea before the Korean War. See History of North Korea and History of South Korea for the post-war period. See also Names of Korea. History of Korea Gojoseon, Jin Proto-Three Kingdoms: Buyeo, Okjeo, Dongye Samhan, Gaya Three Kingdoms: Goguryeo, Baekje, Silla Unified Silla, Balhae Later Three Kingdoms Goryeo Joseon Japanese Rule Divided Korea: N. Korea, S. Korea a.. List of Monarchs Contents [hide] a.. 1 Prehistory b.. 2 Gojoseon (? - 108 BC) c.. 3 Proto-Three Kingdoms of Korea (108 BC - 3rd century) d.. 4 Three Kingdoms (3rd century - 668) e.. 5 Balhae and Unified Silla f.. 6 Goryeo g.. 7 Joseon a.. 7.1 19th century h.. 8 Japanese Occupation i.. 9 The division of Korea j.. 10 See also k.. 11 References l.. 12 External links [edit] Prehistory Archaeological evidence shows that humans first inhabited the peninsula about 700,000 years ago. Tool-making artifacts from the Palaeolithic period (70,000 BC to 40,000 BC) have been found in present-day North Hamgyong, South P'yongan, Gyeonggi, and north and south Chungcheong Provinces. The people were cave dwellers and built homes, using fire for food and warmth. They hunted, gathered and fished with stone tools. Earliest known Korean pottery dates to around 8000 BC or before, and evidence of Mesolithic Pit-Comb Ware culture or Yungimun Pottery (?????) is found throughout the Peninsula. An example of a Yungimun-era site is the Gosan-ni in Jeju-do. Jeulmun or Comb-pattern Pottery (????) is found after 7000 BC, and classic Jeulmun pottery with comb-patterns over the whole vessel is found concentrated at sites in West-central Korea between 3500-2000 BC. The Korean peninsula around 3000 BC had numerous settlements. Its pottery was similar to pottery in the Russian Maritime Province, in the Amur and Sungari River basins of Manchuria, and in Mongolia. [edit] Gojoseon (? - 108 BC) Main articles: Gojoseon, Dangun According to legend, Korea's first kingdom, Gojoseon (???, then called Joseon), was founded by Dangun in 2333 BC, in southern Manchuria and northern Korean peninsula. The people of Gojoseon belonged to the Tungusic family and were linguistically affiliated with the Altaic. Around 2000 BC, a new pottery culture is evidenced, with painted designs, in Manchuria and northern Korea. Intensive agriculture and complex societies developed during the Mumun Pottery Period (c. 1500-300 BC). Gija, a subject of Shang dynasty, is thought to have brought Shang cultural influence to Korea around the 11th century BC, although some Korean scholars dispute the Chinese records regarding this event. The Bronze Age began around 1000 BC in northern Korea and 700 BC in southern Korea. Bronze daggers, mirrors, and weaponry have been found, as well as evidence of walled-town polities. Rice, red beans, soybeans and millet were cultivated, and rectangular pit-houses and increasingly larger dolmen burial sites are found throughout the peninsula. [1] By third century BC, iron culture was developing and the warring states pushed the refugees eastward and south to neighboring islands. Around this time, a state called Jin arose in the southern part of the Korean peninsula. Very little is known about Jin, except it was the apparent precursor to the Samhan confederacies. Among the Chinese refugees, Wiman became a Gojoseon commander, then usurped control from King Jun in 194 BC. Wiman Joseon was sinicized, but not a Chinese colony. In 109 BC, the Chinese began a massive invasion of Gojoseon near the Liao River. Gojoseon fell after over a year of war, in 108 BC. China then established four commanderies in northwestern Korea and Manchuria. [edit] Proto-Three Kingdoms of Korea (108 BC - 3rd century) a.. Main article: Proto-Three Kingdoms of Korea After the fall of Gojoseon, the southern part of the peninsula consolidated into three confederations (collectively Samhan): Mahan, Jinhan, and Byeonhan. The Mahan and Jinhan confederations reconquered three of the Chinese commanderies in 82 and 75 BC.[citation needed] In the north, Goguryeo was founded in southern Manchuria in 37 BC, claiming to be the successor to a branch of Buyeo. Among the other various small states in former Gojoseon territory were the neighboring Buyeo, and Okjeo and Dongye in the northeast of the Korean peninsula, all of which were later conquered by Goguryeo. The last Chinese commandery, at Lelang, was destroyed by Goguryeo in 313. Mahan was later absorbed into Baekje, Jinhan was absorbed into Silla, and Byeonhan was succeeded by Gaya, which was in turn annexed by Silla. Because of this continuity, this period is generally considered a part of the Three Kingdoms period. [edit] Three Kingdoms (3rd century - 668) Main article: Three Kingdoms of Korea Goguryeo, Baekje and Silla are called the Three Kingdoms. Baekje was founded in 18 BC in the southwest of the Korean Peninsula, by the sons of Goguryeo's founder. It deveoped a strong centralized government based in Seoul by the fourth century, and at its peak, controlled most of the western Korean peninsula. Culturally, Baekje acquired Chinese civilization through its relationship with the Southern Dynasties in China. It played a fundamental role in transmitting cultural developments, including Chinese characters, Buddhism, iron processing, sword making, compass, etc into ancient Japan. Baekje was conquered by the Silla-Tang forces in 660. The earliest founded and largest of the three, Goguryeo, reached its zenith in the fifth century when occupying the Liaodong Plains in Manchuria and today's Seoul area. The Goguryeo kings controlled not only Koreans but also Chinese and other Tungusic tribes in Manchuria and North Korea. Having successfully repelled the Sui and Tang Dynasty of China, the kingdom continued to hold the Chinese from invading the Korean peninsula until conquered by the allied Silla-Tang forces in 668. The kingdom Silla became the first kingdom with a queen who ruled on her own right. The other kingdoms took advantage of this and she was not at all at peace, but managed to conquer the Korean peninsula with the help of her Chinese allies. Many historical buildings were also built in this time. Silla artifacts, including unique gold metalwork, shows influence from the northern nomadic steppes, differentiating it from the culture of Goguryeo and Baekje where Chinese influence was more pronounced. Silla expanded rapidly by occupying the Han River basin and annexing the Nakdong River chiefdom of Gaya in 562. Silla deepened its relations with the Tang Dynasty, with her newly-gained access to the Yellow Sea. After conquering Goguryeo and Baekje with her Tang allies, the Silla kingdom drove the Tang forces out of the peninsula and occupied the lands south of Pyongyang. [edit] Balhae and Unified Silla Main articles: Balhae, Unified Silla In 660, King Munmu of Silla ordered his armies to attack Baekje. General Kim Yu-shin, aided by Tang forces, defeated General Ge-Baek and conquered Baekje. In 661, he moved on Goguryeo but was repelled. King Munmu ordered General Kim to launch another campaign in 667 and, in 668, Goguryeo fell. The post-668 Silla kingdom is often referred to as Unified Silla. Unified Silla lasted for 267 years until, under King Gyeongsun, it fell to Goryeo in 935. The state of Balhae (also Bohai or Pohai in Roman text after its Chinese name ??) was founded in the former lands of Goguryeo by Dae Joyeong. Balhae controlled the northernmost areas of the Korean Peninsula, parts of Manchuria (but not the Liaodong Peninsula), and expanded into the region which is today's Russian Maritime Province. Balhae styled itself as Goguryeo's successor state. It also modelled itself on the Tang Empire, for example in the layout of its capitals. In a time of relative peace and stability in the region, Balhae culture flourished, especially during the long reign of the third king, Mun Wang (r. 737-793). Like Silla culture, the culture of Balhae was strongly influenced by Buddhism. However, Balhae was severely weakened (many presume in-fighting) by the tenth century, and the Khitan Liao Dynasty conquered Balhae in 926. No historical records from Balhae have survived, and the Liao left no histories of Balhae. Goryeo (see below) absorbed some Balhae territory and received Balhae refugees, including the royal family, but compiled no known histories of Balhae either. The Samguk Sagi, for instance, includes passages on Balhae, but does not include a dynastic history of Balhae (as it does of the Three Kingdoms). The eighteenth century Joseon historian Yu Deukgong advocated the proper study of Balhae as part of Korean history, and coined the term "South-North Nations Period" to refer to this era. [edit] Goryeo Main article: Goryeo The kingdom of Goryeo was founded in 918 and replaced Silla as the dominant power in Korea in the years 935-936. ("Goryeo" is a short form of "Goguryeo" and the source of the English name "Korea.") The kingdom lasted until 1392. During this period laws were codified, and a civil service system was introduced. Buddhism flourished, and spread throughout the peninsula. In 1231 the Mongols invaded Korea and after 25 years of struggle the royal family surrendered by signing a treaty with the Mongols. For the following 100 years the Goryeo ruled, but under the interference of the Mongols. In the 1340s, the Mongol Empire declined rapidly due to internal struggles. King Kongmin was free at last to reform a Goryeo government. King Kongmin had various problems that needed to be dealt with, which included the removal of pro-Mongol aristocrats and military officials, the question of land holding, and quelling the growing animosity between the Buddhists and Confucian scholars. Another problem was that Japanese pirates were no longer hit-and-run bandits, but organized military marauders raiding deep into the country. It was at that time that General Yi Seonggye distinguished himself by repelling the pirates in a series of successful engagements. The Goryeo kingdom would last until 1392,when Yi Seonggye,who had heavy support,would easily take power in a coup. [edit] Joseon Main article: Joseon Dynasty In 1392 a Korean general, Yi Seonggye, was sent to China to campaign against the Ming Dynasty, but instead he allied himself with the Chinese, and returned to overthrow the Goryeo king and establish a new dynasty. The Joseon Dynasty moved the capital to Hanseong (formerly Hanyang; modern-day Seoul) in 1394 and adopted Confucianism as the country's official religion, resulting in much loss of power and wealth by the Buddhists. During this period, the Hangul alphabet was invented by King Sejong in 1443. Joseon (as Korea was called during the Joseon Dynasty) dealt with invasions by Japan from 1592 to 1598 (see Seven-Year War). Korea's most famous military figure, Admiral Yi Sun-sin was instrumental in defeating the Japanese. After the invasions from Manchuria in 1627 and 1636, the dynasty submitted herself to the Qing Empire. On the other hand, Korea permitted the Japanese to trade at Pusan and sent missions to the capital of Edo in Japan from time to time. Europeans were never permitted to trade at Korean ports until the 1880s. Domestic politics was plagued by internal power struggles among Confucian bureaucrats. In spite of some efforts to introduce Western technology through the Jesuit missions at Beijing, the Korean economy remained backward due to weak currency circulation. Peasants, suffering from famine and exploitation, often fled the country into Manchuria. [edit] 19th century During the 19th century, Korea tried to control the opening of the country to unlimited foreign trade and influence by closing the borders to all nations but China. In 1853 the USS South America, an American gunboat, visited Pusan for 10 days and had amiable contact with local Korean officials there. Several Americans who were shipwrecked on Korea in 1855 and 1865 were also treated well and sent to China for repatriation. The Joseon court which ruled Korea, was well aware of the foreign invasions and treaties thereby within Qing China as well as the Opium Wars there, and reasonably followed a cautious policy of slow exchange with the west. In 1866 the General Sherman Incident put Korea and the United States on a collision course. In 1871, the United States met Korea militarily, in what the Koreans call the Sinmiyangyo and in America is called the 1871 US Korea Campaign. A rapidly modernizing Japan forced Korea to open its ports and successfully challenged the Qing Empire, which claimed sovereignty over Korea, in the Sino-Japanese War (1894-1895). The Japanese murdered Queen Myeongseong, who resisted their exploitation by seeking Russian help, but they were forced to retreat from Korea for a while. In 1897, Joseon was renamed Daehan Jeguk (Korean Empire), and King Gojong became Emperor Gojong. A period of Russian influence followed, until Japan defeated Russia in the Russo-Japanese War (1904-1905). Korea could not effectively resist Japanese aggression except limited guerrilla attacks in the mountains. It became a so-called protectorate of Japan on 25 July 1907, the 1905 Protectorate Treaty having been promulgated without Emperor Gojong's required seal. [edit] Japanese Occupation a.. Main article: Korea under Japanese rule In 1910 Japan annexed Korea by the Japan-Korea Annexation Treaty which was signed under duress. (See also: Japanese war crimes) Korea continued to be ruled by Japan under a Governor-General of Korea until Japan's unconditional surrender to the Allied Forces on 15 August 1945. European based transport and communication networks were established across the nation. This facilitated Japanese commerce, but modernization had little if any effect on the Korean people, it being used to serve Japanese trade needs, and their tight centralized controls. The Japanese removed the Joseon hierarchy and revamped Korea's taxation system to evict tenant farmers, export Korean rice crops to Japan which provoked Korean famines; and brought in a punitive series of measures which included murdering those who refused to pay taxes in the provinces; forced slavery in roadworks, mines, and factories first in Korea, then enforced working slavery of Koreans in Japan and its occupied territories. After the former Korean emperor Gojong had died, with a rumor of poisoning, anti-Japanese rallies took place nationwide on 1 March 1919 (the March 1st (Samil) Movement). This was also inspired by United States president Woodrow Wilson's speech of 1919, declaring support for right of self determination and an end to colonial rule for Europeans. No comment was made by Wilson on Korean independence as a pro-Japan faction in the USA sought trade inroads into China through the Korean peninsula. A declaration of independence was read in Seoul and, according to Korean record, an estimated 2 million people took part in peaceful, pro-independence rallies. (The Japanese record claims less than half million.) This protest in the countryside was suppressed by Japanese government. An estimated 7,000 were arrested, 553 killed and 1409 wounded. Many Korean Christians were crucified or burnt alive in churches as they fought for Korean independence within the Korean independence movements. Continued anti-Japanese rallies, such as the nationwide uprising of students in November 1929, led to the strengthening of military rule in 1931. After the outbreaks of the Sino-Japanese War in 1937 and World War II Japan attempted to wipe out Korea as a nation. Worship at Japanese Shinto shrines was made compulsory. The school curriculum was radically modified to eliminate teaching in the Korean language within Korea. The continuance of Korean culture itself began to be illegal. Newspapers were prohibited from publishing in Korean and the study of Korean history was banned at university with Korean textbooks burnt, destroyed, or made illegal. Some Koreans left the Korean peninsula to Manchuria and Primorsky Krai. Koreans in Manchuria formed resistance groups known as Dongnipgun (Independence Army) which would travel in and out of the Korean-Chinese boundary, fighting guerrilla warfare with the Japanese forces. During the Period of Japanese Rule, a self-professed Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea was established in Shanghai. On December 11, 1941 this "provisional government" declared war again and fought with its Korean Restoration Army alongside the Allied Forces. Seven days after the sundering of the friendship Pact, Soviet tanks invaded Korea from Siberia, meeting little to no resistance. Japan surrendered to the Allied Forces on 15 August 1945, ending 35 years of Japanese rule. US forces under General Hodge would not arrive to southern part of Korea until September 8th. Colonel Dean Rusk proposed splitting Korea at the 38th parallel at an emergency US meeting to determine spheres of influence during this time. The Modernization in Korea (e.g. western style educational system, transportation networks etc.), which had launched since the beginning of the 20th century, continued during the Period of Japanese Rule (1910-1945). The further development of Korea by Japanese served their needs, and were denied to Koreans other than participating in forced slave labour to build roads, and buildings. This is often used as a defense of Japanese policies, while opponents point out that Japanese commercial interests were always put first and that Korean economic development was prevented. Modernization in Korea can be said definitely to have begun in the post-1945 period under the stewardship of America and its allies in a way that benefited Korea itself. [edit] The division of Korea Main article: Division of Korea The unconditional surrender of Japan, the earlier collapse of Nazi Germany, combined with fundamental shifts in global politics and ideology, led to the division of Korea into two occupation zones effectively starting on September 8, 1945, with the United States administering the southern half of the peninsula and the Soviet Union taking over the area north of the 38th parallel. This division was meant to be temporary and was first intended to return a unified Korea back to its people until the United States, United Kingdom, Soviet Union, and Republic of China could arrange a trusteeship administration. At the Cairo Conference on 22 November 1943, it was agreed that Korea would be free "in due course as one unified country"; at a later meeting in Yalta in February 1945, it was agreed to establish a four-power trusteeship over Korea. In December 1945, a conference convened in Moscow to discuss the future of Korea. A 5-year trusteeship was discussed, and a joint Soviet-American commission was established. The commission met intermittently in Seoul but deadlocked over the issue of establishing a national government. In September 1947, with no solution in sight, the United States submitted the Korean question to the UN General Assembly. Initial hopes for a unified, independent Korea quickly evaporated as the politics of the Cold War and opposition to the trusteeship plan from Korean anti-communists resulted in the 1948 establishment of two separate nations with diametrically opposed political, economic, and social systems. In June 1950 the Korean War broke out, ending any hope of a peaceful reunification for the time being. See History of North Korea and History of South Korea for the post-war period. [edit] See also a.. List of Korea-related topics b.. Rulers of Korea [edit] References a.. Yang, S.C. (1999). The North and South Korean political systems: A comparative analysis. (Rev. Ed.). 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