On Mon, Aug 3, 2026 at 10:25 AM Matt Mahoney <[email protected]>
wrote:

> ...How do we negotiate the data set? How do we prove causation?
>

Trees:  Negotiate the data set.
Forest: "Prove" causation.

It's hard to overemphasize how important it is to see the forest.  Let's
not palaver about the trees.  Let's focus on what qualifies a causal model.

A causal model of the world starts with two things:

   1. The state of the world at t_0 that contains within it some notion of
   change.  This is what Newton did when he incorporated the first and second
   derivatives into his notion of state.
   2. Invariant rules of state transformation from t_n -> t_n+1

If you are missing #1, then you are reduced to kinematics rather than
dynamics.

If you are missing #2, then all you have are statistics -- and that's true
even if you have done a curve fit that has a time parameter.

Another critical aspect of the "forest" is that it is naive as to which of
the trees affect which other trees. Therefore, the architecture is a dense
RNN (i.e., it can provide a pseudo-UTM since the number of trees is
unbounded finite).  By "dense," I mean simply that all "weights" are
unconstrained.  And I'm only using the dense RNN as a metaphor for the "no
priors" of the "There's a forest," perspective.

Once we have settled that, we can palaver a bit about the fact that the
laws of motion are reversible, etc., but this is pedantry when we are
dealing with neighbors arming themselves to kill each other over who gets
to tell everyone else to abide by "narrative" of social causation.

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