--- On Fri, 9/5/08, Steve Richfield <[EMAIL PROTECTED]> wrote: >I think that a billion or so, divided up into small pieces to fund EVERY >disparate approach to see where the "low hanging fruit" is, would go a >LONG way in guiding subsequent billions. I doubt that it would take a >trillion to succeed.
Sorry, the low hanging fruit was all picked by the early 1960's. By then we had neural networks [1,6,7,11,12], natural language processing and language translation [2], models of human decision making [3], automatic theorem proving [4,8,10], natural language databases [5], game playing programs [9,13], optical character recognition [14], handwriting and speech recognition [15], and important theoretical work [16,17,18]. Since then we have had mostly just incremental improvements. Big companies like Google and Microsoft have strong incentives to develop AI and have billions to spend. Maybe the problem really is hard. References 1. Ashby, W. Ross (1960), Design for a Brain, 2’nd Ed., London: Wiley. Describes a 4 neuron electromechanical neural network. 2. Borko, Harold (1967), Automated Language Processing, The State of the Art, New York: Wiley. Cites 72 NLP systems prior to 1965, and the 1959-61 U.S. government Russian-English translation project. 3. Feldman, Julian (1961), "Simulation of Behavior in the Binary Choice Experiment", Proceedings of the Western Joint Computer Conference 19:133-144 4. Gelernter, H. (1959), "Realization of a Geometry-Theorem Proving Machine", Proceedings of an International Conference on Information Processing, Paris: UNESCO House, pp. 273-282. 5. Green, Bert F. Jr., Alice K. Wolf, Carol Chomsky, and Kenneth Laughery (1961), "Baseball: An Automatic Question Answerer", Proceedings of the Western Joint Computer Conference, 19:219-224. 6. Hebb, D. O. (1949), The Organization of Behavior, New York: Wiley. Proposed the first model of learning in neurons: when two neurons fire simultaneously, the synapse between them becomes stimulating. 7. McCulloch, Warren S., and Walter Pitts (1943), "A logical calculus of the ideas immanent in nervous activity", Buletin of Mathematical Biophysics (5) pp. 115-133. 8. Newell, Allen, J. C. Shaw, H. A. Simon (1957), "Empirical Explorations with the Logic Theory Machine: A Case Study in Heuristics", Proceedings of the Western Joint Computer Conference, 15:218-239. 9. Newell, Allen, J. C. Shaw, and H. A. Simon (1958), "Chess-Playing Programs and the Problem of Complexity", IBM Journal of Research and Development, 2:320-335. 10. Newell, Allen, H. A. Simon (1961), "GPS: A Program that Simulates Human Thought", Lernende Automaten, Munich: R. Oldenbourg KG. 11. Rochester, N., J. J. Holland, L. H. Haibt, and Wl L. Duda (1956), "Tests on a cell assembly theory of the action of the brain, using a large digital computer", IRE Transactions on Information Theory IT-2: pp. 80-93. 12. Rosenblatt, F. (1958), "The perceptron: a probabilistic model for information storage and organization in the brain", Psychological Review (65) pp. 386-408. 13. Samuel, A. L. (1959), "Some Studies in Machine Learning using the Game of Checkers", IBM Journal of Research and Development, 3:211-229. 14. Selfridge, Oliver G., Ulric Neisser (1960), "Pattern Recognition by Machine", Scientific American, Aug., 203:60-68. 15. Uhr, Leonard, Charles Vossler (1963) "A Pattern-Recognition Program that Generates, Evaluates, and Adjusts its own Operators", Computers and Thought, E. A. Feigenbaum and J. Feldman eds, New York: McGraw Hill, pp. 251-268. 16. Turing, A. M., (1950) "Computing Machinery and Intelligence", Mind, 59:433-460. 17. Shannon, Claude, and Warren Weaver (1949), The Mathematical Theory of Communication, Urbana: University of Illinois Press. 18. Minsky, Marvin (1961), "Steps toward Artificial Intelligence", Proceedings of the Institute of Radio Engineers, 49:8-30. -- Matt Mahoney, [EMAIL PROTECTED] ------------------------------------------- agi Archives: https://www.listbox.com/member/archive/303/=now RSS Feed: https://www.listbox.com/member/archive/rss/303/ Modify Your Subscription: https://www.listbox.com/member/?member_id=8660244&id_secret=111637683-c8fa51 Powered by Listbox: http://www.listbox.com
