Thank You Mary Ann, I find this very interesting and helpful in furthering my understanding on this subject. Your work and sharing are very much appreciated. I have saved a copy in my files.
Best Regards Emil Silveira ----- Original Message ----- From: "MaryAnn Santos" <[email protected]> To: [email protected] Sent: Thursday, July 2, 2015 2:29:18 PM Subject: [AZORES-Genealogy] DNA analysis of Portuguese people I found this article on FB. It's very interesting. Here is the link followed by a rough translation of the text.... MaryAnn http://www.publico.pt/diversidade/jornal/a-historia-de-portugal-contada--pelos-nossos-genes-21878549 The analysis of certain portions of human DNA lets go back in time to get an idea, geographic and temporal origin of the current Portuguese. By Ana Gerschenfeld the genetic recipe for cooking a modern Portuguese: warm over low heat one "broth" of DNA Celtic, Iberian and Lusitanian the early Christian era, adding a pinch of Jewish genes in the Middle East during the Roman Empire. From time to time, pour in the pan some Berber genes. Wait 700 years and then mix a handful of genes from Arab invaders for five centuries. Already in the thirteenth century greatly increase the heat and reduce the introduction of Arab genes (not forgetting to continue to sprinkle the mixture over Jewish genes). From the mid-fifteenth century, lower the heat and go pouring in the broth a couple tablespoons of gene sub-Saharan slaves. In the early sixteenth century, again increase the fire of Inquisition for two centuries, continuing to add African genes to the end of the nineteenth century - and never forgetting to temper periodically over some Jewish genes (now called "Sephardi"). In broad strokes, this is the DNA manufacturing recipe of today's Portugal in the light of the latest results of population genetics. It is at least a possible story and was inspired by the book reading The Portuguese Genetic Heritage (Gradiva, 2009), authored by researcher Luisa Pereira, Molecular Pathology and Immunology Institute of the University of Porto (IPATIMUP), and journalist Filipa Ribeiro . One that was clearly written in the genes of the current Portuguese was the involvement of Portugal, especially among the mid-fifteenth century and the late eighteenth century - and to a lesser extent by the end of the nineteenth century - in the trafficking of black African slaves. The entry of slaves in Portugal was one of the highest in Europe - and while the other European colonial powers such as Spain, exporting slaves to their overseas colonies, Portugal mattered them to the metropolis. "In Portugal," write the authors of the book mentioned above, "the unusual percentage of slaves peaked at 10 percent of the population south of the country in the mid-sixteenth century." In 2005, the same team of IPATIMUP confirmed in the genes that history of Portugal already had: a study published in the journal Human Biology, concluded that there is now indeed a higher frequency of African lineages in genetic Portuguese than in the Spanish neighbors . "Basically, Portugal retains most sub-Saharan lineages that Spain - [and] there is historical data that Spanish trafficked slaves especially to America", tells us Luísa Pereira. Many results of genetic add up to history - which was to be expected. But even then, there have been surprises. In particular, a study published in 2008 in the American Journal of Human Genetics by an international team of scientists - among which included John Lavinha, a geneticist at the Health Institute Ricardo Jorge Lisbon - showed that, on average, 35 percent of men in southern Portugal and 25 percent have North Sephardic Jews genes - and that men do Sul have 15 percent of North African descent and the North 10 percent. This means, first, that, contrary to what was thought, the Portuguese Jews did not flee when they were expelled by the Inquisition. They merged in the general population and mingled to surviving this way religious intolerance. What about North African component, something similar may have happened, although to a lesser extent, contrary to tell us the history books. The genes of today's Portuguese witness what really happened. Mitochondria, Y and Cª Today, modern genetics provides clues to follow the trail to the wanderings of the human species - and in particular Portuguese - from its beginnings. After all, each of the cells of our body guard, in your DNA, the history of the generations that preceded us. The gaps are still large, but advances in DNA sequencing techniques have allowed obtaining results that respond to many questions. Genetic studies of human populations migration of accumulated mainly by two specific mutations in the human gene bits: the mitochondrial DNA and chromosome Y. The first is a small ring of DNA that lies within structures called mitochondria, which are "batteries" cells. As for the Y chromosome, it determines the male gender (women are XX and XY males). Both of these types of DNA are used to study the genetic characteristics of the population, because they have hereditary transmission modes very well defined. Mitochondrial DNA has the distinction of being transmitted exclusively through matrilineal - that is, by mothers to their children of both sexes - while the Y chromosome is transmitted by parents to their children exclusively male. This means that the DNA of mitochondria from anyone comes from his mother's mother's mother's mother (etc.) and the Y chromosome DNA of any man comes from his father's father's father's father (etc.). And the history of Portugal magazine through genetic prism gives roughly the above recipe. According to findings published in 2004 by Luisa Pereira, António Amorim and colleagues (also from IPATIMUP ) in the International Journal of Legal Medicine , the gene pool of today's Portuguese consists of 70 to 80 percent of former European lineages. The they have added to , more recently, 10 to 20 percent of strains in the Middle East , 10 percent North African strains male (i.e. , settings of the Y chromosome features of North Africa men) and five per percent of women ( ie mitochondrial settings characteristics of women in North Africa ) . In particular , there is in Portugal a maternal lineage, called U6 , characteristic of the Berbers of North Africa and virtually absent in the rest of Europe. The Portuguese genetic profile is completed by three to 11 percent ( depending on the region of the country) of female lineages arising from sub-Saharan Africa. -- MaryAnn Santos Senior Advisement and Student Affairs Administrator Department of Art and Art Professions NYU/Steinhardt 212.998.5702 [email protected] Follow us at Twitter / @NYUart Instagram / @nyuart Facebook / NYU Art Department -- MaryAnn Santos Senior Advisement and Student Affairs Administrator Department of Art and Art Professions NYU/Steinhardt 212.998.5702 [email protected] Follow us at Twitter / @NYUart Instagram / @nyuart Facebook / NYU Art Department -- For options, such as changing to List, Digest, Abridged, or No Mail (vacation) mode, log into your Google account and visit this group at http://groups.google.com/group/Azores . Click in the blue area on the right that says "Join this group" and it will take you to "Edit my membership." --- You received this message because you are subscribed to the Google Groups "Azores Genealogy" group. To unsubscribe from this group and stop receiving emails from it, send an email to [email protected] . Visit this group at http://groups.google.com/group/azores . -- For options, such as changing to List, Digest, Abridged, or No Mail (vacation) mode, log into your Google account and visit this group at http://groups.google.com/group/Azores. Click in the blue area on the right that says "Join this group" and it will take you to "Edit my membership." --- You received this message because you are subscribed to the Google Groups "Azores Genealogy" group. To unsubscribe from this group and stop receiving emails from it, send an email to [email protected]. Visit this group at http://groups.google.com/group/azores.
