Thank you to all! This has been most helpful and fascinating. Maria Sousa
On Sun, Oct 6, 2019 at 10:59 AM 'John Raposo' via Azores Genealogy < [email protected]> wrote: > I also found this in the archives: > > Re: [AZORES-Genealogy] Naming of Expostos > <https://www.mail-archive.com/[email protected]/msg27459.html> > > Re: [AZORES-Genealogy] Naming of Expostos > > <https://www.mail-archive.com/[email protected]/msg27459.html> > > John Miranda Raposo > > On Sunday, October 6, 2019, 10:32:34 AM EDT, 'Susan Murphy' via Azores > Genealogy <[email protected]> wrote: > > > Thank you very much John! I think I read this years ago but it > Was very good to read again and I will file in a place for safe keeping! > > Susan Vargas Murphy > > On Oct 6, 2019, at 6:22 AM, 'John Raposo' via Azores Genealogy < > [email protected]> wrote: > > > Here is the work on expostos by Eloise Cadinha. Some years ago she shared > it with me and she also gave me permission to share it. It has been > published on this list before. I know because I get e-mails from people who > have found it and either want more information, want to express their > surprise at how awful this situation was, and to express their appreciation > for Eloise's hard work and erudition on this subject. > > You will not find very much on this subject. Until recent times it was > taboo just as slavery in the Azores is and as Jewish roots used to be. > Times change, and what might have been an uncomfortable discussion 50 years > ago is now open for discussion. I am waiting for some serious research on > slavery in the Azores. > > What follows is the work done by Eloise for whom I have much admiration > and to whom I owe much for her sharing erudition.: > > Most of us as we research our ancestors will find an *exposto* or two. > It is indeed miraculous that they were able to survive to adulthood, to > marry and to have children. > > *Expostos* - a translation : A very sad situation. > > Eloise Cadinha > > (The following is my poor translation/distillation of part of an article > written by Henrique Bras (1884-) in *Boletim de Instituto Histórico da > Ilha Terceira*, 1947.) > > In the last three centuries there is a long list of *filhos da igreja* > (children of the church), also known at times in baptismal records in the > parish registers of Terceira, as children of unknown fathers and mothers > (*filho(a) > de pais incógnitos*), who were often baptized with the most noble or > notable or the very rich people of Terceira serving as godparents. In more > recent times the number of children secretly abandoned at the *rodas* > (wheels) had greatly increased, despite the many recently born innocents > who died when abandoned, and the few for whom the fear of discovery, still > did not keep them from being strangled before seeing the light of day. > Providing support for these children who survived became one of the most > difficult problems for the various city halls on the island, demanding a > new special tax...which the people agreed was needed but not without > grumbling and finding fault with the new tax. > > On April 29, 1800, the Conde de Almada, Captain General of the Azores in > Angra, informed an official of the Royal Court that in the last ten years > the Cathedral had annually registered the baptism of an average of 97 > *expostos* and also registered an average of 83 who had died! And this > number was only of those *engeitados* (abandoned ones) who had arrived at > the Cathedral to be baptized, those that had been left in the *Casa da > Roda*, and this number was only for Angra. > > The city council continued without resources to provide for these children > and thought about creating a lottery for that purpose. > > It needs to be said: with a population of about 10 to 12 thousand people, > there were yearly on an average 97 newborn abandoned children of unknown > parents, legally registered and of which 83 of these died -- naturally by > affectionate handling, sheltered and well wrapped care. > > [Translator’s note: the author mentions Carlota, a weaver of Angels, from > the famous novel by Eça de Queiroz. I asked a cousin if he knew of this > novel, *O Crime do Padre Amaro, *and he said that he had read it long > ago, and it was about a woman who got rid of unwanted infants. She killed > them by wrapping them up and drowning them in the river. She was referred > to as something like the "maker of angels," *(tecedeira de anjos) *the > idea being that she was creating angels by killing the babies.] > > On October 20, 1782, the vicar of the diocese of Angra, Dr. João Vieira de > Bettencourt, commissioned the rector of the Cathedral, Pedro da Cãmara > Merens, to organize a separate book to register the baptisms and deaths of > these abandoned children. > > In the year of 1783 there were registered 120 baptisms and 81 deaths of > *expostos*: > > In 1784, 94 baptisms, 73 deaths; > In 1785, 97 baptisms, 86 deaths; > In 1786, 94 baptisms, 105 deaths; > In 1787, 86 baptisms, 100 deaths; > In 1788, 100 baptisms; > In 1789, 95 baptisms. > > There were no deaths recorded for the years 1788 and 1789 but resumed > again the following year. One can see that in 10 years the births and > deaths of the foundlings was astounding. > > Painful emotions squeeze the soul when one looks through the pages, tiny > tragedies sown through this separate book of the Cathedral. The records > indicate the names of the *amas* (wet-nurses) nominated by city hall for > each *exposto*. They were single women, 'loose' women, married women and > widows. > > In the *Casa da Roda*...in the city of Angra, there was the *rodeiro* > (the man in charge of the wheel) who had at least one assistant, in order > to rescue quickly any of the new guests secretly left at the door in the > silence of the night. The newborn was left there, shivering in the cold > until the door providentially was opened. It was rare to announce a visit > to the *Roda*, for fear of the discovery of the mother’s identity which > was of great importance to the municipality, in order to avoid the expense > of providing a wet-nurse for the child -- and so that justice also > intervened. > > Sometimes a little one was carried there by a caring person saying he had > found the abandoned child in some hidden place. Thus on 16 September 1782, > Francisco da Silveira, gravedigger of São Pedro, Biscoitos, arrived at the > *Roda* with a bundle. It was a baby girl who had been placed at the door > of the home of the sexton of the church. She was soon baptized and given > the name Delfina. This man delivered this baby to the *Roda* knowing > that she would not cost the finder any money for finding the child. He > also presumed that she would be cared for, but this child died and her > death was not recorded in the church register. > > The *Casa da Roda* was next to the residence of the *pai dos* *engeitados* > (the father, i.e. guardian, of the abandoned ones) who was a councilman in > the senate of the city hall, and who had the municipal duty to care for the > *expostos*, and also the responsibility for the place elected by the > municipality for the receiving of these abandoned ones. > > This councilman had a most distressful mission. The city did not have > money for the number of abandoned children, growing larger each year, and > for the prompt payment of the wet-nurses, and for this and for other > reasons, the milk from these women was not sufficient to fulfill the need > for these babies. > > The *expostos* arrived at the Casa da *Roda* and there they waited two to > fifteen days for a wet-nurse. The priest noted the baptism of the children > in the register: baptized in the *Casa da Roda*, with the name of > Francisco, found very young and had not been given a wet-nurse and he > lasted a few days; Jose, baptized in the *Casa da Roda*, died without a > wet-nurse; Manuel after being > baptized died in the *Casa da Roda*. > > One particularly unhappy *exposto* to whom the godfather, Cosme de > Mascarenhas, the bell ringer of the Cathedral (this man throughout the > years became godfather to nearly all the newly baptized *expostos*), gave > the name Abraão (Abraham), and none of the wet-nurses wished to care for > him the priest wrote in the record of baptism (20 March 1783, p19, book > number 1). The bell ringer had discovered that the newly born child was > Jewish and had given him a suitable name. These wet-nurses ... they > refused to nurse this newborn heretic. Sixteen days passed, with Abraham > suffering and in pain, until he finally died. > > These death records note the approximate age of the child. These > unfortunate children said farewell to their miserable existence between > three days and three months. Few of the *expostos* reached the age of 1 > year and very few beyond one year. > > The author does not know if the position of the city official in charge > of the wet-nurses was lucrative -- but it was truly an industry. The > wet-nurses naturally came from the poorest sections of the city and > outlying areas, but it was the city that provided most of the wet-nurses. > At times it was not enough and the city had to go to the peasants in > villages such as Sao Bartolomeu and Santa Barbara. It was an industry that > had wet-nurses who could kill off these charges with hideous rapidity. The > wet-nurses received three *expostos* each year, one following the other > after the death of the one before. > > [The author listed three wet-nurses and the infants received. One of > them in 1785 had 5 expostos. Inacio, April 5; Marilia, May 17; Violante, > July 22; Antonio, Aug 20; Mateus, Sept 21.] > > This separate book of the *expostos* from the Cathedral made it easy to > study them. In previous times it was extremely difficult to learn about > them because there were no statistics. But whoever turns the first pages > of this register of the Cathedral rarely turns two pages. > > There were many reasons why children were abandoned by their mothers and > fathers. Some of the reasons being: an illegitimate child, extreme poverty > and too many mouths to feed, perhaps the death of the father, or just > simply an unwanted child. > > One can research the smaller villages and not find a single *exposto* in > the baptism records.. At least this has been my experience. In the larger > towns and villages many *expostos* are found, certainly many abandoned > from the smaller villages. In years of famine more children were left as > foundlings. These abandoned children were left at churches, convents, and > at the doors of many homes. > > Many children were left at convents. In many of the convents through > Europe there was what was called the *Roda*, or the Wheel which in > antuality was in the form of a cylinder. It was a wheel that could spin > from the outside of the building to the inside. Goods or other articles > for the convent were left on the wheel, and usually there was some kind of > a bell to let the nuns know that something had been left on the wheel. In > time, desperate mothers and fathers left their children on the wheel. > > In reading some of the *exposto* baptism records in certain villages, > the priest notes to which mother in the village the child was given. The > child had to have a nursing mother, and usually one can check back and find > that nursing mother in the record. And sometimes the priest noted where > the child had been found. > > When an *exposto* (male) married he already had a surname or perhaps was > given one at the time of the marriage. I wish I knew more about this. As > for surnames of the *exposto*, they run the gamut from Azevedo to > Xavier. As for the *exposta* (female) I don’t think she was ever given a > surname, or at least I can’t remember seeing one on her marriage record or > on the baptism records of her children. > > Many parents when abandoning their children believed it would only be for > a certain period of time. When the child was left at the convent or at > church or at the doorstep some clues were left so that the parents could > later claim their child. Notes sometimes were left with the name of the > child, or perhaps a certain type of clothing, some colored ribbons or an > embroidered blanket. These were the clues and apparently the church did > keep a record of these identifying clues. > > The following comes from a baptism record on Sao Miguel in 1861. A copy > of the record was given to me by a fellow researcher. It touched her heart > as she read it; it also touched mine. > > A baby girl had been left at the home of a proprietor. The lady of the > house with her servant took the child to the public *roda* of the Vila. > The child was number 312. > > The baby was dressed in a cotton white shirt, a rose colored dress, with > two ribbons, one white and the other yellow. > > In all the baptisms of *expostos* that I have seen as I researched I > never saw anything such as this. I have often wondered what happened to > this baby. There was no notation in the margin. The baby must have come > from a family of means. > > Eloise Cadinha > > ______________________________ > The abandoned child brought forth a new statute, that of the *Exposto* > and, with the foundling emerged the *Roda* or foundling hospital. In the > 16th century the protection of the foundlings was handed over to the > municipal councils and then to the charity hospitals as soon as they were > founded. > > Eventually, the children were abandoned at the "Roda dos Expostos” (next > to convents) which reached their peak of operation at the end of the 18th > century. > > "The foundling turn box was a revolving mechanism situated vertically at > the main doors of the convents where the children are place and abandoned. > *Roda* was the name which was commonly given to the institution which > took the foundling into custody. D. Maria I recognized it officially in a > proclamation on 24 May 1783. She decided that in all cities and villages > in the reign there should be a "Casa de Roda," situated in a discreet > location, so those who gave up the children could do it without risk of > being recognized." (Source: Translated by L. Polsky from *Atlântico > Revista de Temas Culturais* No.20 Winter 1989). > > In practical terms, I think that the convents were therefore set up to > receive these *expostos* better than smaller churches. The women having > unwanted babies in the other parishes would arrange for someone to take the > newborn and put them on the "*roda*" which is a wheel that spins from > outside to inside a convent. The wheel spins between a wall so you spin the > wheel and what is outside the convent is now inside it and thus these > babies enter the convent. My description is based on what those records say > and what I've heard from others. So I might be a bit off in accuracy, but > that's the general thing. > > I just found a better example of the *Roda*. The revolving door of an > Hotel in which the floor would also go with it. The differences is that the > revolving door is divided in FOUR parts and the Roda only in TWO and about > 80 cms high. > > Another interesting thing I now recall:. > > The mothers or fathers when abandoning a children did have their reasons. > Unwanted pregnancy, an illegitimate child, lack of resources to feed the > child and so on. (How many Portuguese soldiers and sailor died during the > Portuguese age of discoveries leaving their families without resources of > any kind? Portugal at that time had somewhere between 2 and 3 million > inhabitants and at one given time half of the known world was under the > Portuguese flag. It has been a tremendous effort and so no wonder the > importance of the abandoned children and the Kingdom’s protection of them. > The strain went to the point that a saying stated that ALL Portuguese homes > had something in common: either a Sailor, a Widow or a Priest !) > > Some abandoned their children believing that the abandonment was > temporary, until conditions improved, or for whatever reason they thought > they could come and claim the child sometime later. So it was a custom to > leave something to identify the child, a medal, a ribbon and sometimes a > note saying the first name of the child. > > The Institutions receiving the *Expostos* kept those identifying > materials to identified the children and to give them back to its family. > Most of them never came for them so, the Institutions kept the identifying > material. > > The *Santa Casa da Misericordia de Lisboa* is one of those Institutions > and, by far, has the biggest known collection of those identifying objects > and messages, some centuries old, lovingly guarded in books and boxes, a > pungent collection of *souvenirs* of unwanted children, or wanted > children but abandoned for lack of whatever reason, that well deserves > being seen. (Luis,C. L. Porto / Portugal) > > > > > > > On Saturday, October 5, 2019, 8:37:09 PM EDT, Cheri Mello < > [email protected]> wrote: > > > We know historically that the rodas were to be used for offerings to the > church and that the abandoned babies were left there. > > What about today? Do they use the rodas still for offerings? What does a > woman or young girl do if she cannot provide for her baby today? > Cheri Mello > Listowner, Azores-Gen > Researching: São Miguel island: Vila Franca, Ponta Garca, Ribeira Quente, > Ribeira das Tainhas, Achada > > > On Thu, Oct 3, 2019 at 3:53 PM Rosemarie Capodicci <[email protected]> > wrote: > > Well, I just looked for it and didn't find it so I guess it never was > there! I could have sworn that it was on the site but I guess not. > > Rosemarie > [email protected] > Researching Sao Jorge, Terceira, Graciosa, Faial and Pico, Azores, > Isola delle Femmine, Sant' Elia, Sicily > > > On Thu, Oct 3, 2019 at 10:03 AM Cheri Mello <[email protected]> wrote: > > Rosemarie, where? I can't find it. Where did you see it? > > I've emailed Eloise asking her permission to have the article posted on > the Azores GenWeb (unless it's already there - as I said, I can't find it.) > Cheri Mello > Listowner, Azores-Gen > Researching: São Miguel island: Vila Franca, Ponta Garca, Ribeira Quente, > Ribeira das Tainhas, Achada > > > On Thu, Oct 3, 2019 at 7:58 AM Rosemarie Capodicci <[email protected]> > wrote: > > I think that Eloise's article is on the AzoresGenWeb site here: > http://www.worldgenweb.org/azrwgw/ go and check it out. > > Rosemarie > [email protected] > Researching Sao Jorge, Terceira, Graciosa, Faial and Pico, Azores, > Isola delle Femmine, Sant' Elia, Sicily > > > On Wed, Oct 2, 2019 at 10:10 PM JesseAndDeborah Mendonca < > [email protected]> wrote: > > Hi Linda, > > I found your cousin Eloise’s work cited as a source on a search, but never > found the actual articles she wrote. If you have copies, may we have > access to them? Will Eloise give us permission? > > Cheri will know if it’s acceptable or not to use her article on this site. > I can help make them into a link if you need help. My email is below. > > Thank you! > > Debbie > jessdebmendonca at gmail. Com > > > > On Wed, Oct 2, 2019 at 4:01 PM Linda Jardin <[email protected]> > wrote: > > Eloise Cadinha is my cousin. I have spoken with her regarding this > subject as we have an exposta whom was left at the Matriz Sao Sebastiao. > She has written articles regarding the abandonment of babies. Some of these > may still be available on the internet. I do have copies if anyone is > interested. I also have direct contact with Eloise. She is a lovely lady > and sharp as a tack! > > > > *From:* 'John Raposo' via Azores Genealogy <[email protected]> > *Sent:* Wednesday, October 2, 2019 2:13 PM > *To:* [email protected] > *Subject:* Re: [AZORES-Genealogy] Expostos left at the roda of the > churches > > > > The towns and cities had Foundling homes, usually convents, but not all > churches in the cities and towns were foundling homes. In the villages, as > can be seen in baptismal records, the foundlings were left either at > somebody's door or in a place where they would likely be found. Eloise > Cadinha studied this situation extensively and I have her notes. > > > > John Miranda Raposo > > > > On Wednesday, October 2, 2019, 3:35:49 PM EDT, Cheri Mello < > [email protected]> wrote: > > > > > > I seem to remember Joao Ventura, the archivist, stating that many babies > were given up at the Matriz churches more so than the smaller parish > church. The information is on the Azores GenWeb (I'm pretty sure). I'll > look when I get home. > > Cheri Mello > Listowner, Azores-Gen > Researching: São Miguel island: Vila Franca, Ponta Garca, Ribeira Quente, > Ribeira das Tainhas, Achada > > > > > > On Wed, Oct 2, 2019 at 12:32 PM Maria Sousa <[email protected]> > wrote: > > > > I know this question comes up often and I am familiar with the "roda" and > the "oxpostos". My question is, did every church have the "roda" system or > was it just certain churches? Maybe even each frequesia had a "matrix" > church which had the roda? Does anyone happen to know? > > > > It was very heartbreaking looking for my ancestor in Sao Sebastiao Church > in Ponta Delegada and the amount of expostos that I read was astounding. > So much so that each exposto was given a number. My ancestor happened to > be a number in the 600s. I noticed the number on her marriage certificate > and then was able to match the same number to her birth certificate. > Still a deadend for me, but so heartbreaking to think of the hundreds of > people who were going to this church to hand over a child. I can't image > what was going on in the 1860 to 1890 in that area, that so many were just > giving up their children. > > > > Would love to hear your thoughts. > > > > Maria Sousa > > -- > You received this message because you are subscribed to the Google Groups > "Azores Genealogy" group. > To unsubscribe from this group and stop receiving emails from it, send an > email to [email protected]. > To view this discussion on the web visit > https://groups.google.com/d/msgid/azores/CAE_yQQVb-5ceuWZAwFr8Cty7bf8p%2B8FWAicc64aWcoANXJ2z9A%40mail.gmail.com > <https://groups.google.com/d/msgid/azores/CAE_yQQVb-5ceuWZAwFr8Cty7bf8p%2B8FWAicc64aWcoANXJ2z9A%40mail.gmail.com?utm_medium=email&utm_source=footer> > . > > -- > You received this message because you are subscribed to the Google Groups > "Azores Genealogy" group. > To unsubscribe from this group and stop receiving emails from it, send an > email to [email protected]. > To view this discussion on the web visit > 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