Dear Mark , Part of the confusion over what Luther believed about the eucharist is that many, if not most of his followers did not share his epistemology. Philp Melancton, for instance, the chief author of the Augsburg Confession, was a humanist and humanists tended towards platonism, not nominalism. For that reason Luther's own nominalism has sometimes been overlooked. He himself did not consider it an essential part of his theology. However, he felt it absolutely essential to believe in the Real Presence in the sacrament and refused to consider anyone a real Christian who took it symbolically. To deny the possibility that Jesus (who was now seated at the right hand of the Father) could not also be really present in the bread and the wine was to also deny the possiility of the incarnatio; that God who was in heaven could also be really present in the human form of Jesus.
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