Hi investigating and evaluating potential hazards of lithium-ion batteries in consumer applications in support of the U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission (CPSC) staff's project on high energy batteries. This report will be used as a basis for determining further testing. The goal of the Crane testing was to characterize the limits of temperature, pressure, and physical effects that cellular phone lithium-ion batteries can produce under extreme abnormal conditions. Battery responses to internal short circuits and/or physical abuse were simulated by exposing cells to severe test conditions that were controllable and repeatable in producing the maximum and most rapid energy release possible by the batteries under test. Specific test procedures were developed to produce these maximum high-energy outputs in a repeatable manner rather than to reproduce the specific phenomenon that would result in the outcome. For example, a nail was driven through the battery case to create an internal short circuit rather than inserting conductive particles that may not always bridge the gap between the battery's electrode plates. The data from this testing will be used to outline further testing. Consumers are using mobile devices at an increasing rate every year. These mobile devices, such as phones, handheld personal digital assistants, and laptops, require batteries with the latest technology for optimum performance and reliability. One of the most significant sectors of the mobile industry that is growing rapidly is mobile phones. In the high tech industry for mobile devices, the majority of the industry uses lithium-ion batteries. This fairly new battery technology can outperform previous rechargeable battery technologies. The energy density of lithium-ion batteries is typically twice that of the standard nickelcadmium rechargeables, and there is potential for higher energy densities. Despite precautions such as short-circuit and overcharging protection circuitry and temperature monitoring, incidents have occurred with lithium-ion batteries overheating and exploding. In these incidents, the cause is usually from an internal short in the cell itself. The protective circuitry in the battery pack does not have the capability to stop the progression of an internal cell short. When a cell shorts, -2- the high energy in the cell is converted to heat, causing the battery case to pressurize and eventually vent or explode. The objectives of the staff's project are to quantify the physical characteristics associated with overheating and rupture of lithium-ion batteries, examine potential methods to address the hazard, and make recommendations to applicable voluntary standards, as appropriate. DRAFT EDD 609 05-135 Primary Power Systems Branch Power Systems Division Electronic Development Department Safety Testing of Lithium Ion Cell Phone Batteries
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