Hi
investigating and evaluating potential hazards of lithium-ion batteries in 
consumer applications
in support of the U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission (CPSC) staff's 
project on high
energy batteries. This report will be used as a basis for determining 
further testing. The goal of
the Crane testing was to characterize the limits of temperature, pressure, 
and physical effects that
cellular phone lithium-ion batteries can produce under extreme abnormal 
conditions. Battery
responses to internal short circuits and/or physical abuse were simulated by 
exposing cells to
severe test conditions that were controllable and repeatable in producing 
the maximum and most
rapid energy release possible by the batteries under test. Specific test 
procedures were developed
to produce these maximum high-energy outputs in a repeatable manner rather 
than to reproduce
the specific phenomenon that would result in the outcome. For example, a 
nail was driven
through the battery case to create an internal short circuit rather than 
inserting conductive
particles that may not always bridge the gap between the battery's electrode 
plates. The data
from this testing will be used to outline further testing.
Consumers are using mobile devices at an increasing rate every year. These 
mobile
devices, such as phones, handheld personal digital assistants, and laptops, 
require batteries with
the latest technology for optimum performance and reliability. One of the 
most significant
sectors of the mobile industry that is growing rapidly is mobile phones. In 
the high tech industry
for mobile devices, the majority of the industry uses lithium-ion batteries. 
This fairly new
battery technology can outperform previous rechargeable battery 
technologies.
The energy density of lithium-ion batteries is typically twice that of the 
standard nickelcadmium
rechargeables, and there is potential for higher energy densities. Despite 
precautions
such as short-circuit and overcharging protection circuitry and temperature 
monitoring, incidents
have occurred with lithium-ion batteries overheating and exploding. In these 
incidents, the cause
is usually from an internal short in the cell itself. The protective 
circuitry in the battery pack
does not have the capability to stop the progression of an internal cell 
short. When a cell shorts,
-2-
the high energy in the cell is converted to heat, causing the battery case 
to pressurize and
eventually vent or explode.
The objectives of the staff's project are to quantify the physical 
characteristics associated
with overheating and rupture of lithium-ion batteries, examine potential 
methods to address the
hazard, and make recommendations to applicable voluntary standards, as 
appropriate.
DRAFT
EDD 609 05-135
Primary Power Systems Branch
Power Systems Division
Electronic Development Department
Safety Testing of Lithium Ion Cell Phone Batteries



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