Song also differs between these subspecies, with "Red-backed" birds in
northern Arizona singing more complex songs on average (slower trills,
often 2-3 trills per song, often with 1-2 non-trill notes at start or end)
than our "Gray-headed" Juncos in Colorado.  In general there is a gradual
transition through the mountains of northern Arizona and New Mexico from
the fast, simple, usually 1-trill songs of northern juncos (essentially
identical in the Oregon, Pink-sided, Gray-headed, White-winged, and
Slate-colored races) to the slow, complex songs of Yellow-eyed Juncos.  As
you continue south through Mexico, the changes continue, with Yellow-eyed
Juncos in Oaxaca singing shorter songs with more different note types and
fewer repetitions than Yellow-eyed Juncos in Arizona.

This information probably isn't helpful in identifying off-track migrants,
but if one were to find a potential "Red-backed" Junco on territory
somewhere in Colorado, song would be a key field mark.

Nathan Pieplow
Boulder

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