Gabriel39 commented on code in PR #66227:
URL: https://github.com/apache/doris/pull/66227#discussion_r4128781008


##########
fe/fe-core/src/main/java/org/apache/doris/datasource/paimon/source/PaimonScanNode.java:
##########
@@ -411,10 +727,330 @@ private void setPaimonParams(TFileRangeDesc rangeDesc, 
PaimonSplit paimonSplit)
 
         String fileFormat = getFileFormat(paimonSplit.getPathString());
         if (split != null) {
+            // use jni reader / paimon-cpp reader / paimon-rust reader
             rangeDesc.setFormatType(TFileFormatType.FORMAT_JNI);
-            // A logical DataSplit may span multiple files, so keep it intact 
for the JNI reader.
-            fileDesc.setReaderType(TPaimonReaderType.PAIMON_JNI);
-            fileDesc.setPaimonSplit(PaimonUtil.encodeObjectToString(split));
+            // paimon-cpp and paimon-rust both consume Paimon native binary 
serialization,
+            // which only supports DataSplit. Any other split type falls back 
to JNI.
+            boolean nativeSplit = split instanceof DataSplit;
+            // Fallback-read splits stay on JNI: FallbackDataSplit extends
+            // DataSplit, so the instanceof above passes, but its serializer
+            // appends an isFallback byte after the ordinary split that the
+            // pinned rust decoder rejects outright ("trailing bytes after
+            // DataSplit" — it requires full-buffer consumption), and even a
+            // permissive decode would still lack the second table identity
+            // needed to honor the fallback-side discriminator. Both sides of a
+            // FallbackReadFileStoreTable wrap their splits, so the table
+            // wrapper is gated as a whole (any split from it routes to JNI)
+            // until the rust ABI represents both sides; the FallbackSplit
+            // interface also catches a wrapper split regardless of how the
+            // table was resolved here.
+            boolean fallbackRead = split instanceof 
FallbackReadFileStoreTable.FallbackSplit
+                    || processedTable instanceof FallbackReadFileStoreTable;
+            // Serialize the same effective table that planning and the JNI 
reader use.
+            // Relation options such as t@options('read.batch-size'='1') are 
applied by
+            // getProcessedTable() (doInitialize caches it in processedTable), 
and the
+            // rust reader derives its read batch size from the schema options 
— the raw
+            // cached table would silently drop the override. Copies, 
delegates and
+            // fallback wrappers of getProcessedTable() are still 
FileStoreTable, so the
+            // instanceof gate keeps its semantics.
+            Table paimonTable = processedTable;
+            FileStoreTable paimonFileStoreTable =
+                    paimonTable instanceof FileStoreTable ? (FileStoreTable) 
paimonTable : null;
+            // query-auth.enabled tables stay on JNI: when catalog 
authorization
+            // succeeds with no row filter or column mask, Paimon still leaves 
an
+            // ordinary DataSplit (restricted results use QueryAuthSplit and 
are
+            // already handled by the nativeSplit gate above), so this table 
shape
+            // passes the compound gate — but the shipped schema keeps
+            // query-auth.enabled=true and the pinned rust ReadBuilder rejects
+            // every such table (its CoreOptions::ensure_read_authorized fails
+            // closed because the client cannot enforce the row filter / column
+            // masking), turning a valid authorized scan into a BE-open 
failure.
+            // Until the authorization result can be transported and enforced 
by
+            // the rust ABI, these tables route to JNI.
+            boolean queryAuthTable = false;
+            // REST-token tables stay on JNI: doInitialize snapshots
+            // RESTTokenFileIO.validToken().token() into the backend storage
+            // properties, discarding expireAtMillis and the REST refresh
+            // context, so the shipped credentials look static — but the
+            // pinned rust table reuses one option map with no refresh
+            // callback, while paimon 1.4.2's JNI RESTTokenFileIO checks
+            // expiry before each file operation and obtains a replacement
+            // token. A queued or long scan that crosses the token TTL would
+            // start on rust and later fail authentication. Gate until the
+            // rust ABI can refresh and atomically update credentials.
+            boolean restTokenTable = false;
+            // Partial-update / aggregation tables with deletion vectors only 
pass
+            // the rust reader in the fully materialized shape: the pinned rust
+            // read_pk rejects merge-engine=partial-update/aggregation with
+            // deletion-vectors.merge-on-read=true outright, and otherwise 
requires
+            // every split to be compacted and known free of retract rows
+            // (DataSplit::is_fully_materialized_pk_dv). Their ordinary 
DataSplits
+            // sail through the compound gate above, so without this check a 
valid
+            // Java/JNI scan reaches BE and the rust open fails. Deduplicate 
stays
+            // rust-eligible: its read_pk routes uncompacted splits to the KV
+            // reader, which applies the attached per-file DVs. 
merge-on-read=true
+            // is a table option, so the whole table routes to JNI;
+            // non-materialized splits are gated per split below.
+            boolean puAggDeletionVectors = false;
+            boolean dvMergeOnRead = false;
+            boolean deduplicateIgnoreDelete = false;
+            boolean rustUnsupportedMergeOption = false;
+            if (paimonFileStoreTable != null) {
+                // A renewable REST token reached the shipped properties as a
+                // plain value; only the table's FileIO type reveals it 
expires.
+                // Null-safe: a table handle whose FileIO is not resolved stays
+                // rust-eligible, mirroring the CoreOptions null-safety below.
+                restTokenTable = paimonFileStoreTable.fileIO() instanceof 
RESTTokenFileIO;
+                CoreOptions resolvedCoreOptions = 
paimonFileStoreTable.coreOptions();
+                // Null-safe: a table handle whose CoreOptions is not resolved
+                // (e.g. some wrapper shapes) stays rust-eligible rather than
+                // failing the scan here — the rust open itself rejects such a
+                // table if the option is really set.
+                if (resolvedCoreOptions != null) {
+                    queryAuthTable = resolvedCoreOptions.queryAuthEnabled();
+                    CoreOptions.MergeEngine mergeEngine = 
resolvedCoreOptions.mergeEngine();
+                    if (resolvedCoreOptions.deletionVectorsEnabled()
+                            && (mergeEngine == 
CoreOptions.MergeEngine.PARTIAL_UPDATE
+                                    || mergeEngine == 
CoreOptions.MergeEngine.AGGREGATE)) {
+                        puAggDeletionVectors = true;
+                        // The merge-engine and deletion-vectors.enabled checks
+                        // above resolve through the Java CoreOptions 
accessors,
+                        // which the table builds from this same schema options
+                        // map — the one the BE rust reader deserializes from
+                        // the shipped schema JSON — so they cannot diverge 
from
+                        // what BE sees. merge-on-read has no Java accessor in
+                        // paimon 1.4, so it is read raw from the map, with the
+                        // rust parsing semantics (any case-insensitive "true"
+                        // is on, default false).
+                        TableSchema dvSchema = paimonFileStoreTable.schema();
+                        Map<String, String> dvOptions = dvSchema == null ? 
null : dvSchema.options();
+                        String mergeOnRead = dvOptions == null
+                                ? null : 
dvOptions.get(DELETION_VECTORS_MERGE_ON_READ);
+                        dvMergeOnRead = "true".equalsIgnoreCase(mergeOnRead);
+                    }
+                    // deduplicate.ignore-delete=true tables stay on JNI:
+                    // Java's DeduplicateMergeFunction skips retract records
+                    // when the option is set — including old, uncompacted
+                    // files that still contain them — but the pinned rust
+                    // read_pk does not pass table options into its
+                    // deduplicate merge: it picks the latest row and omits
+                    // the key when that row is DELETE/UPDATE_BEFORE. An
+                    // uncompacted insert followed by a delete therefore
+                    // returns the insert through JNI but silently disappears
+                    // through rust. Gate the option until the rust merge
+                    // implements it.
+                    if (mergeEngine == CoreOptions.MergeEngine.DEDUPLICATE
+                            && resolvedCoreOptions.ignoreDelete()) {
+                        deduplicateIgnoreDelete = true;
+                    }
+                    // Non-DV merge options the pinned rust read rejects: Java
+                    // supports partial-update.remove-record-on-delete /
+                    // aggregation.remove-record-on-delete and the wider
+                    // per-field retract matrix, but the rust
+                    // PartialUpdateConfig / AggregationConfig validations
+                    // return Unsupported for them — and the DV-derived gates
+                    // above only cover deletion-vector tables, so an ordinary
+                    // non-DV DataSplit with one of these options would pass 
the
+                    // compound gate and fail during the rust merge
+                    // construction. Mirror the exact rust key matrix 
(presence,
+                    // not values) against the same schema options map BE
+                    // deserializes.
+                    if (mergeEngine == CoreOptions.MergeEngine.PARTIAL_UPDATE
+                            || mergeEngine == 
CoreOptions.MergeEngine.AGGREGATE) {
+                        TableSchema mergeSchema = 
paimonFileStoreTable.schema();
+                        Map<String, String> mergeOptions =
+                                mergeSchema == null ? null : 
mergeSchema.options();
+                        rustUnsupportedMergeOption = mergeOptions != null
+                                && hasRustUnsupportedMergeOption(mergeOptions, 
mergeEngine);
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+            // paimon-rust additionally requires (a) FileScannerV2: the V1 
FileScanner
+            // explicitly rejects PAIMON_RUST, so with enable_file_scanner_v2 
disabled
+            // the split falls back to JNI instead of encoding a rust request 
that the
+            // selected scanner cannot consume, and (b) a FileStoreTable: BE 
opens the
+            // table via paimon_table_from_schema_json, which needs the 
resolved
+            // TableSchema that only FileStoreTable exposes via schema(). If 
the table
+            // is not a FileStoreTable (e.g. a sys table backed by DataSplit), 
we cannot
+            // ship a schema JSON, so fall back to CPP / JNI rather than 
sending an
+            // incomplete PAIMON_RUST request that BE would reject.
+            //
+            // The paimon-rust S3 bridge maps static credentials, anonymous
+            // access (AWS_CREDENTIALS_PROVIDER_TYPE=ANONYMOUS -> s3.anonymous)
+            // and assume-role (AWS_ROLE_ARN / AWS_EXTERNAL_ID ->
+            // s3.assumed.role.*), but the remaining credential-provider modes
+            // are ambient JVM provider chains (ENV, SYSTEM_PROPERTIES,
+            // WEB_IDENTITY, CONTAINER, INSTANCE_PROFILE) with no paimon-rust
+            // equivalent — rust would silently sign with whatever the ambient
+            // chain resolves to. Gate those modes away from the rust reader
+            // here so the configured provider is honored via the JNI path.
+            boolean providerModeTranslatable = true;
+            String providerType = backendStorageProperties == null
+                    ? null : 
backendStorageProperties.get("AWS_CREDENTIALS_PROVIDER_TYPE");
+            String mode = providerType == null ? "DEFAULT" : 
providerType.trim().toUpperCase(Locale.ROOT);
+            if (mode.isEmpty()) {
+                mode = "DEFAULT";
+            }
+            String location = source.getTableLocation();
+            if (location != null && (location.startsWith("s3://") || 
location.startsWith("s3a://"))) {
+                // Java DEFAULT may resolve JVM properties or anonymous 
credentials;
+                // Rust's ambient chain is different. Only explicit keys or 
explicit
+                // anonymous access can cross this boundary without changing 
identity.
+                String accessKey = backendStorageProperties == null
+                        ? null : 
backendStorageProperties.get("AWS_ACCESS_KEY");
+                String secretKey = backendStorageProperties == null
+                        ? null : 
backendStorageProperties.get("AWS_SECRET_KEY");
+                boolean staticKeys = accessKey != null && 
!accessKey.trim().isEmpty()
+                        && secretKey != null && !secretKey.trim().isEmpty();
+                providerModeTranslatable = mode.equals("ANONYMOUS") || 
(mode.equals("DEFAULT") && staticKeys);
+            } else if (providerType != null) {
+                providerModeTranslatable = mode.equals("DEFAULT") || 
mode.equals("ANONYMOUS");
+                // OSS has no anonymous FileIO mode in the pinned Rust 
dependency.
+                if (mode.equals("ANONYMOUS") && location != null && 
location.startsWith("oss://")) {
+                    providerModeTranslatable = false;
+                }
+            }
+            // Incremental scans (binlog / changelog / delta / diff) must stay
+            // on the JNI path: this wire format carries only an ordinary
+            // DataSplit and the rust reader invokes TableRead::to_arrow, but
+            // paimon 1.4 marks incremental splits as streaming (which the
+            // pinned rust deserializer rejects), diff requires a separate
+            // IncrementalPlan instead of an ordinary plan, and ordinary
+            // primary-key reads can merge versions rather than return the
+            // changes — until the C ABI transports the mode and plan, the
+            // rust reader cannot express any of these.
+            TableScanParams incrementalParams = getScanParams();
+            boolean isIncremental = incrementalParams != null && 
incrementalParams.incrementalRead();
+            // ORC TIMESTAMP_WITH_LOCAL_TIME_ZONE schemas stay on JNI: the 
pinned
+            // paimon-rust ORC decoder materializes LTZ instants shifted by the
+            // writer timezone (an upstream crate limitation), so a logical ORC
+            // DataSplit that selects rust (e.g. with force_jni_scanner=true or
+            // when raw conversion is unavailable) returns a different instant
+            // than JNI — applying the session timezone in BE cannot repair an
+            // epoch already shifted during decode. Two bypasses are covered:
+            // (a) the format must come from EVERY member file — paimon allows
+            // per-level file.format, so one DataSplit can mix Parquet and ORC
+            // files and the split path's suffix (the first file) would hide
+            // the ORC members; (b) the LTZ search must recurse into nested
+            // types — an LTZ under MAP/ARRAY/ROW reaches the same shifted ORC
+            // decode through the container's field materialization. Parquet
+            // files with any LTZ, and ORC without any recursive LTZ, stay
+            // rust-eligible. nativeSplit only guards the cast — non-DataSplit
+            // splits already route to JNI.
+            boolean orcLtzSchema = paimonFileStoreTable != null
+                    && nativeSplit
+                    && splitHasOrcFile((DataSplit) split)
+                    && paimonFileStoreTable.schema().fields().stream()
+                            .anyMatch(field -> 
containsTimestampLtz(field.type()));
+            // data-file.external-paths splits stay on JNI (see
+            // splitHasExternalFiles): the rust table's single FileIO cannot
+            // serve an external file's backend. nativeSplit only guards the
+            // cast — non-DataSplit splits already route to JNI.
+            boolean externalFileSplit = nativeSplit && 
splitHasExternalFiles((DataSplit) split);
+            // Projected VARIANT columns stay on JNI: the rust leaf feeds its
+            // Arrow arrays to the slot serdes, and DataTypeVariantV2SerDe::
+            // read_column_from_arrow unconditionally returns
+            // NOT_IMPLEMENTED_ERROR — a nested Variant (ARRAY / MAP / STRUCT
+            // containing one) reaches the same decoder through the container
+            // serdes. desc carries only the slots this query projects, so a
+            // table whose VARIANT column is not projected still scans on
+            // rust. Gate until the rust leaf has a Variant Arrow decoder.
+            boolean projectedVariant = desc.getSlots().stream()
+                    .anyMatch(slot -> 
PaimonUtil.containsVariant(slot.getType()));
+            // Scheme capability gate: the pinned paimon-rust storage
+            // dispatcher (io/storage.rs) selects the FileIO parser from the
+            // table location's URI scheme, and libpaimon_c.a compiles in
+            // separate COS, OBS, GCS and Azdls parsers besides the OSS and S3
+            // ones. Doris normalizes every object store's credentials into
+            // the AWS_* / use_path_style aliases (see the *Properties storage
+            // classes), which the BE rust bridge translates only into the
+            // fs.oss.* and s3.* key families — a cosn:// / obs:// / gs:// /
+            // abfs:// warehouse would reach its scheme's parser without the
+            // key family it reads (fs.cosn.userinfo.*, fs.obs.*, gcs.*,
+            // azure.*) and fail the open instead of using JNI. Only the
+            // schemes whose property translation is implemented and
+            // open-tested (s3 / s3a / oss, via RUST_VERIFIED_LOCATION_SCHEMES)
+            // plus the credential-free hdfs and local-filesystem parsers stay
+            // rust-eligible; every other scheme falls back to JNI. A null
+            // location also routes to JNI: the rust path needs the
+            // paimon_table that only a real location can provide (BE rejects
+            // a split without it).
+            boolean schemeCapabilityVerified = 
isRustVerifiedLocationScheme(source.getTableLocation());
+            // An hdfs:// location is scheme-verified only together with the 
credential-free
+            // backend shape: the backend storage properties that ship to BE 
also carry an
+            // HDFS catalog's authentication (kerberos principal / keytab, 
proxy user, HA
+            // nameservice config), none of which the pinned rust HDFS parser 
reads — the
+            // scan would open as the BE process's ambient identity instead of 
the
+            // catalog's configured one and fail the access JNI honors. See
+            // isRustVerifiedHdfsBackend.
+            boolean hdfsBackendVerified = 
!isHdfsLocationScheme(source.getTableLocation())
+                    || isRustVerifiedHdfsBackend(backendStorageProperties);
+            // With merge-on-read=true the whole table already routes to JNI 
(dvMergeOnRead);
+            // for the remaining partial-update/aggregation DV tables, a split 
that is
+            // not fully materialized (uncompacted level-0 data, or 
retractions not
+            // known to be applied — even a split with no deletion file 
attached yet)
+            // fails the rust is_fully_materialized_pk_dv guard, so it falls 
back per
+            // split instead of turning into a BE-open failure. nativeSplit and
+            // !fallbackRead only guard the cast — those splits already route 
to JNI.
+            boolean splitDvNotMaterialized = puAggDeletionVectors && 
!dvMergeOnRead
+                    && nativeSplit && !fallbackRead
+                    && !isFullyMaterializedPkDvSplit((DataSplit) split);
+            boolean canUseRust = sessionVariable.isEnablePaimonRustReader()
+                    && sessionVariable.enableFileScannerV2 && nativeSplit && 
!fallbackRead
+                    && !isIncremental && providerModeTranslatable && 
!queryAuthTable
+                    && !restTokenTable
+                    && !dvMergeOnRead && !splitDvNotMaterialized
+                    && !orcLtzSchema && !projectedVariant && !externalFileSplit
+                    && !deduplicateIgnoreDelete && !rustUnsupportedMergeOption
+                    && schemeCapabilityVerified && hdfsBackendVerified
+                    && paimonFileStoreTable != null;
+            if (canUseRust) {
+                if (rustReaderCapabilities == null) {
+                    rustReaderCapabilities = new 
PaimonRustReaderCapabilities(paimonFileStoreTable, desc);
+                }
+                canUseRust = rustReaderCapabilities.canRead((DataSplit) split);
+            }
+            if (canUseRust) {
+                fileDesc.setReaderType(TPaimonReaderType.PAIMON_RUST);

Review Comment:
   Fixed with an optional BE heartbeat capability, defaulting to false when 
absent. FE emits PAIMON_RUST only when every eligible backend advertises 
support; otherwise it uses the JNI enum and Java split encoding. Tests cover 
empty/old/new/mixed backend pools, heartbeat replay/image persistence, and 
clearing support after downgrade. The changed BE heartbeat translation unit 
compiles.



##########
fe/fe-core/src/main/java/org/apache/doris/datasource/paimon/source/PaimonRustReaderCapabilities.java:
##########
@@ -0,0 +1,257 @@
+// Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
+// or more contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file
+// distributed with this work for additional information
+// regarding copyright ownership.  The ASF licenses this file
+// to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
+// "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
+// with the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//   http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing,
+// software distributed under the License is distributed on an
+// "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY
+// KIND, either express or implied.  See the License for the
+// specific language governing permissions and limitations
+// under the License.
+
+package org.apache.doris.datasource.paimon.source;
+
+import org.apache.doris.analysis.SlotDescriptor;
+import org.apache.doris.analysis.TupleDescriptor;
+
+import com.google.common.collect.ImmutableSet;
+import org.apache.paimon.CoreOptions;
+import org.apache.paimon.io.DataFileMeta;
+import org.apache.paimon.schema.TableSchema;
+import org.apache.paimon.table.FileStoreTable;
+import org.apache.paimon.table.source.DataSplit;
+import org.apache.paimon.types.ArrayType;
+import org.apache.paimon.types.DataField;
+import org.apache.paimon.types.DataType;
+import org.apache.paimon.types.DataTypeRoot;
+import org.apache.paimon.types.DecimalType;
+import org.apache.paimon.types.MapType;
+import org.apache.paimon.types.RowType;
+import org.apache.paimon.types.VarCharType;
+
+import java.util.Arrays;
+import java.util.HashMap;
+import java.util.HashSet;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.Map;
+import java.util.Set;
+import java.util.concurrent.ConcurrentHashMap;
+
+/** Compatibility checks for the pinned paimon-rust reader, beyond storage 
capabilities. */
+final class PaimonRustReaderCapabilities {
+    private static final Set<String> SUPPORTED_AGGREGATE_NAMES = 
ImmutableSet.of(
+            "sum", "product", "min", "max", "last_value", "first_value", 
"last_non_null_value",
+            "first_non_null_value", "first_not_null_value", "bool_and", 
"bool_or", "listagg");
+    private final FileStoreTable table;
+    private final TableSchema schema;
+    private final boolean tableCompatible;
+    private final Map<Long, Boolean> compatibleFileSchemas = new 
ConcurrentHashMap<>();
+
+    PaimonRustReaderCapabilities(FileStoreTable table, TupleDescriptor tuple) {
+        this.table = table;
+        this.schema = table.schema();
+        this.tableCompatible = schema != null && hasFullNestedProjection(tuple)
+                && hasCompatibleAggregates(schema);
+    }
+
+    boolean canRead(DataSplit split) {
+        if (!tableCompatible) {
+            return false;
+        }
+        // The pinned merge reader retains losing input batches until an 
output batch fills.
+        // Neither zero deletes nor a small read.batch-size bounds this across 
multiple files.
+        if (!schema.primaryKeys().isEmpty() && split.dataFiles().size() > 1) {
+            return false;
+        }
+        for (DataFileMeta file : split.dataFiles()) {
+            // Sort-merge retains consumed batches until it emits enough rows. 
Retracts can
+            // produce an unbounded zero-output prefix; aggregation also 
rejects retracts.
+            // Unknown counts must stay on JNI, including old files without 
this statistic.
+            if (!schema.primaryKeys().isEmpty() && 
file.deleteRowCount().orElse(-1L) != 0L) {
+                return false;
+            }
+            if (file.schemaId() != schema.id() && 
!compatibleFileSchemas.computeIfAbsent(
+                    file.schemaId(), this::hasCompatibleFileSchema)) {
+                return false;
+            }
+        }
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    private static boolean hasFullNestedProjection(TupleDescriptor tuple) {
+        for (SlotDescriptor slot : tuple.getSlots()) {
+            // The ABI projects only root names, while Arrow struct SerDes 
bind by ordinal.
+            // A pruned slot must use JNI's recursive read type, even inside 
arrays or maps.
+            if (slot.getType().isComplexType() && slot.getColumn() != null
+                    && !slot.getType().equals(slot.getColumn().getType())) {
+                return false;
+            }
+        }
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    private boolean hasCompatibleFileSchema(long id) {
+        try {
+            TableSchema fileSchema = table.schemaManager().schema(id);
+            // Match historical types by ID: renames and added fields do not 
require value casts.
+            return fileSchema != null && 
!hasIncompatibleEvolution(fileSchema.fields(), schema.fields());
+        } catch (RuntimeException e) {
+            // Failure to establish compatibility must not opt a historical 
file into Rust.
+            return false;
+        }
+    }
+
+    private static boolean hasIncompatibleEvolution(List<DataField> oldFields, 
List<DataField> newFields) {
+        Map<Integer, DataType> oldTypes = new HashMap<>();
+        for (DataField field : oldFields) {
+            oldTypes.put(field.id(), field.type());
+        }
+        for (DataField field : newFields) {
+            DataType oldType = oldTypes.get(field.id());
+            if (oldType != null && hasIncompatibleEvolution(oldType, 
field.type())) {
+                return true;
+            }
+        }
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    private static boolean hasIncompatibleEvolution(DataType oldType, DataType 
newType) {
+        // Java rounds the decimal string of a floating value; Arrow scales 
the binary value.
+        // Even an in-range value such as DOUBLE 1.005 can therefore round 
differently.
+        if (newType instanceof DecimalType && (oldType.getTypeRoot() == 
DataTypeRoot.FLOAT
+                || oldType.getTypeRoot() == DataTypeRoot.DOUBLE)) {
+            return true;
+        }
+        int oldWidth = integerWidth(oldType.getTypeRoot());
+        DataTypeRoot oldRoot = oldType.getTypeRoot();
+        DataTypeRoot newRoot = newType.getTypeRoot();
+        boolean targetTimestamp = newRoot == 
DataTypeRoot.TIMESTAMP_WITHOUT_TIME_ZONE
+                || newRoot == DataTypeRoot.TIMESTAMP_WITH_LOCAL_TIME_ZONE;
+        // Java accepts epoch-day/millisecond strings and interprets numeric 
timestamps as seconds.
+        // Arrow instead parses calendar strings or reuses numeric timestamp 
ticks, including in
+        // nested values. Keep these historical casts on JNI until the pinned 
reader matches Java.
+        boolean sourceString = oldRoot == DataTypeRoot.CHAR || oldRoot == 
DataTypeRoot.VARCHAR;
+        if ((sourceString && (newRoot == DataTypeRoot.DATE || targetTimestamp))
+                || (oldWidth > 0 && targetTimestamp)) {
+            return true;
+        }
+        int newWidth = integerWidth(newRoot);
+        if (newWidth > 0) {
+            // Floating-point and decimal sources also differ under narrowing; 
only integer
+            // identity/widening casts have the same range and value semantics 
in both readers.
+            return oldWidth == 0 || oldWidth > newWidth;
+        }
+        if (oldType instanceof RowType && newType instanceof RowType) {

Review Comment:
   Fixed by failing closed on unproven constructed-type casts, including ROW to 
STRING. Added a persisted ROW fixture verifying Java output and recursive 
routing coverage for ROW/ARRAY/MAP conversions to text.



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