mshahid6 opened a new pull request, #18949:
URL: https://github.com/apache/druid/pull/18949

   ### Description
   
   Some invalid queries, like:
   `select SPECTATOR_PERCENTILE(null, '99.99') from "foo"`
   
   throw
   ```
   Error: UNCATEGORIZED (ADMIN)
   class org.apache.calcite.util.NlsString cannot be cast to class 
java.lang.Number (org.apache.calcite.util.NlsString is in unnamed module of 
loader 'app'; java.lang.Number is in module java.base of loader 'bootstrap')
   ```
   which causes Druid to incorrectly return 500 to the user instead of 400 
(user error). 
   
   This change checks instanceof before casting RexLiteral.value() to Number in 
SQL aggregators. When users pass invalid queries (e.g., a string literal 
'99.99' where numeric literals are expected), `InvalidSqlInput` exception is 
thrown, which returns 400 (USER/INVALID_INPUT) instead of 500 
(ADMIN/UNCATEGORIZED). This improves error diagnostics for invalid queries.     
                                                                                
            
    
   ##### Key changed/added classes in this PR                                   
                                                                      
      * `SpectatorHistogramPercentileSqlAggregator`                             
                                                                        
      * `HllSketchBaseSqlAggregator`                                            
                                                                        
      * `DoublesSketchApproxQuantileSqlAggregator`                              
                                                                        
      * `ThetaSketchBaseSqlAggregator`                                          
                                                                        
      * `BloomFilterSqlAggregator`                                              
                                                                        
      * `QuantileSqlAggregator`                                                 
                                                                        
      * `ArrayConcatSqlAggregator`                                              
                                                                        
      * `ArraySqlAggregator`                                                    
                                                                        
      * `StringSqlAggregator`                                                   
                                                                        
                                
   
   #### Release note
   
   Improved: type validation for numeric literal parameters in SQL aggregator 
functions to prevent ClassCastException and provide better error message 
categorized as user error
   
   - [ ] been self-reviewed.
      - [ ] using the [concurrency 
checklist](https://github.com/apache/druid/blob/master/dev/code-review/concurrency.md)
 (Remove this item if the PR doesn't have any relation to concurrency.)
   - [ ] added documentation for new or modified features or behaviors.
   - [x] a release note entry in the PR description.
   - [ ] added Javadocs for most classes and all non-trivial methods. Linked 
related entities via Javadoc links.
   - [ ] added or updated version, license, or notice information in 
[licenses.yaml](https://github.com/apache/druid/blob/master/dev/license.md)
   - [ ] added comments explaining the "why" and the intent of the code 
wherever would not be obvious for an unfamiliar reader.
   - [x] added unit tests or modified existing tests to cover new code paths, 
ensuring the threshold for [code 
coverage](https://github.com/apache/druid/blob/master/dev/code-review/code-coverage.md)
 is met.
   - [ ] added integration tests.
   - [ ] been tested in a test Druid cluster.


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