jerryshao commented on code in PR #12624:
URL: https://github.com/apache/gravitino/pull/12624#discussion_r3862491926


##########
common/src/main/java/org/apache/gravitino/dto/semantic/AIContextObjectDTO.java:
##########
@@ -0,0 +1,222 @@
+/*
+ * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
+ * or more contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file
+ * distributed with this work for additional information
+ * regarding copyright ownership.  The ASF licenses this file
+ * to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
+ * "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
+ * with the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *  http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing,
+ * software distributed under the License is distributed on an
+ * "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY
+ * KIND, either express or implied.  See the License for the
+ * specific language governing permissions and limitations
+ * under the License.
+ */
+package org.apache.gravitino.dto.semantic;
+
+import com.fasterxml.jackson.annotation.JsonAnyGetter;
+import com.fasterxml.jackson.annotation.JsonIgnore;
+import com.fasterxml.jackson.annotation.JsonInclude;
+import com.fasterxml.jackson.annotation.JsonProperty;
+import com.fasterxml.jackson.annotation.JsonPropertyOrder;
+import com.fasterxml.jackson.core.JsonParser;
+import com.fasterxml.jackson.core.JsonToken;
+import com.fasterxml.jackson.databind.DeserializationContext;
+import com.fasterxml.jackson.databind.JsonDeserializer;
+import com.fasterxml.jackson.databind.JsonMappingException;
+import com.fasterxml.jackson.databind.annotation.JsonDeserialize;
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.Collections;
+import java.util.LinkedHashMap;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.Map;
+import javax.annotation.Nullable;
+import lombok.AccessLevel;
+import lombok.AllArgsConstructor;
+import lombok.Builder;
+import lombok.EqualsAndHashCode;
+import lombok.Getter;
+import lombok.NoArgsConstructor;
+import org.apache.gravitino.semantic.AIContextObject;
+
+/** DTO for structured Semantic Model AI context. */
+@Getter
+@EqualsAndHashCode
+@NoArgsConstructor(access = AccessLevel.PRIVATE)
+@AllArgsConstructor(access = AccessLevel.PRIVATE)
+@Builder(setterPrefix = "with")
+@JsonInclude(JsonInclude.Include.NON_NULL)
+@JsonPropertyOrder({"instructions", "synonyms", "examples"})
+@JsonDeserialize(using = AIContextObjectDTO.Deserializer.class)
+public class AIContextObjectDTO {
+
+  @Nullable
+  @JsonProperty("instructions")
+  private String instructions;
+
+  @Nullable
+  @JsonProperty("synonyms")
+  private String[] synonyms;
+
+  @Nullable
+  @JsonProperty("examples")
+  private String[] examples;
+
+  @JsonIgnore
+  @Getter(AccessLevel.NONE)
+  @Builder.Default
+  private Map<String, Object> additionalProperties = new LinkedHashMap<>();
+
+  /**
+   * Creates a structured AI context DTO from an API model.
+   *
+   * @param aiContextObject The API AI context object.
+   * @return The structured AI context DTO.
+   */
+  public static AIContextObjectDTO fromAIContextObject(AIContextObject 
aiContextObject) {
+    return builder()
+        .withInstructions(aiContextObject.instructions())
+        .withSynonyms(aiContextObject.synonyms())
+        .withExamples(aiContextObject.examples())
+        .withAdditionalProperties(new 
LinkedHashMap<>(aiContextObject.additionalProperties()))
+        .build();
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Converts this DTO to an API AI context object.
+   *
+   * @return The API AI context object.
+   */
+  public AIContextObject toAIContextObject() {
+    return AIContextObject.builder()
+        .withInstructions(instructions)
+        .withSynonyms(synonyms)
+        .withExamples(examples)
+        .withAdditionalProperties(
+            additionalProperties == null ? Collections.emptyMap() : 
additionalProperties)
+        .build();
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Returns unknown AI-context properties in their input order.
+   *
+   * @return The additional properties.
+   */
+  @JsonAnyGetter
+  public Map<String, Object> getAdditionalProperties() {

Review Comment:
   `getAdditionalProperties()` (and other array/map getters across these new 
DTOs, e.g. `DatasetDTO.getFields()`, `DatasetDTO.getPrimaryKey()`, 
`ExpressionDTO.getDialects()`) return the live internal reference rather than a 
defensive copy, unlike the mirrored API-model layer (e.g. 
`AIContextObject.additionalProperties()`, `Dataset.primaryKey()`), which always 
returns a copy.
   
   Because this getter also doubles as the `@JsonAnyGetter` used for 
serialization, an external mutation (`dto.getAdditionalProperties().put("x", 
"y")`) silently corrupts the DTO's internal state, changes future JSON output, 
and can break `equals()`/`hashCode()` consistency if the object was already 
used as a hash key.
   
   Worth returning `Collections.unmodifiableMap(...)` / a copy here (and the 
analogous array getters elsewhere) to match the API model's immutability 
guarantees.



##########
common/src/main/java/org/apache/gravitino/dto/semantic/AIContextObjectDTO.java:
##########
@@ -0,0 +1,222 @@
+/*
+ * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
+ * or more contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file
+ * distributed with this work for additional information
+ * regarding copyright ownership.  The ASF licenses this file
+ * to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
+ * "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
+ * with the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *  http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing,
+ * software distributed under the License is distributed on an
+ * "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY
+ * KIND, either express or implied.  See the License for the
+ * specific language governing permissions and limitations
+ * under the License.
+ */
+package org.apache.gravitino.dto.semantic;
+
+import com.fasterxml.jackson.annotation.JsonAnyGetter;
+import com.fasterxml.jackson.annotation.JsonIgnore;
+import com.fasterxml.jackson.annotation.JsonInclude;
+import com.fasterxml.jackson.annotation.JsonProperty;
+import com.fasterxml.jackson.annotation.JsonPropertyOrder;
+import com.fasterxml.jackson.core.JsonParser;
+import com.fasterxml.jackson.core.JsonToken;
+import com.fasterxml.jackson.databind.DeserializationContext;
+import com.fasterxml.jackson.databind.JsonDeserializer;
+import com.fasterxml.jackson.databind.JsonMappingException;
+import com.fasterxml.jackson.databind.annotation.JsonDeserialize;
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.Collections;
+import java.util.LinkedHashMap;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.Map;
+import javax.annotation.Nullable;
+import lombok.AccessLevel;
+import lombok.AllArgsConstructor;
+import lombok.Builder;
+import lombok.EqualsAndHashCode;
+import lombok.Getter;
+import lombok.NoArgsConstructor;
+import org.apache.gravitino.semantic.AIContextObject;
+
+/** DTO for structured Semantic Model AI context. */
+@Getter
+@EqualsAndHashCode
+@NoArgsConstructor(access = AccessLevel.PRIVATE)
+@AllArgsConstructor(access = AccessLevel.PRIVATE)
+@Builder(setterPrefix = "with")
+@JsonInclude(JsonInclude.Include.NON_NULL)
+@JsonPropertyOrder({"instructions", "synonyms", "examples"})
+@JsonDeserialize(using = AIContextObjectDTO.Deserializer.class)
+public class AIContextObjectDTO {
+
+  @Nullable
+  @JsonProperty("instructions")
+  private String instructions;
+
+  @Nullable
+  @JsonProperty("synonyms")
+  private String[] synonyms;
+
+  @Nullable
+  @JsonProperty("examples")
+  private String[] examples;
+
+  @JsonIgnore
+  @Getter(AccessLevel.NONE)
+  @Builder.Default
+  private Map<String, Object> additionalProperties = new LinkedHashMap<>();
+
+  /**
+   * Creates a structured AI context DTO from an API model.
+   *
+   * @param aiContextObject The API AI context object.
+   * @return The structured AI context DTO.
+   */
+  public static AIContextObjectDTO fromAIContextObject(AIContextObject 
aiContextObject) {
+    return builder()
+        .withInstructions(aiContextObject.instructions())
+        .withSynonyms(aiContextObject.synonyms())
+        .withExamples(aiContextObject.examples())
+        .withAdditionalProperties(new 
LinkedHashMap<>(aiContextObject.additionalProperties()))
+        .build();
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Converts this DTO to an API AI context object.
+   *
+   * @return The API AI context object.
+   */
+  public AIContextObject toAIContextObject() {
+    return AIContextObject.builder()
+        .withInstructions(instructions)
+        .withSynonyms(synonyms)
+        .withExamples(examples)
+        .withAdditionalProperties(
+            additionalProperties == null ? Collections.emptyMap() : 
additionalProperties)
+        .build();
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Returns unknown AI-context properties in their input order.
+   *
+   * @return The additional properties.
+   */
+  @JsonAnyGetter
+  public Map<String, Object> getAdditionalProperties() {
+    return additionalProperties == null ? Collections.emptyMap() : 
additionalProperties;
+  }
+
+  /** Deserializes structured AI context while retaining unknown JSON values 
and their order. */
+  public static final class Deserializer extends 
JsonDeserializer<AIContextObjectDTO> {
+
+    @Override
+    public AIContextObjectDTO deserialize(JsonParser parser, 
DeserializationContext context)
+        throws IOException {
+      if (!parser.hasToken(JsonToken.START_OBJECT)) {
+        throw JsonMappingException.from(parser, "Structured AI context must be 
an object");
+      }
+
+      String instructions = null;
+      String[] synonyms = null;
+      String[] examples = null;
+      Map<String, Object> additionalProperties = new LinkedHashMap<>();
+      while (parser.nextToken() != JsonToken.END_OBJECT) {
+        if (!parser.hasToken(JsonToken.FIELD_NAME)) {
+          throw JsonMappingException.from(parser, "Expected an AI context 
property name");
+        }
+        String name = parser.currentName();
+        JsonToken valueToken = parser.nextToken();
+        switch (name) {
+          case "instructions":
+            instructions = readString(parser, valueToken, name);
+            break;
+          case "synonyms":
+            synonyms = readStringArray(parser, valueToken, name);
+            break;
+          case "examples":
+            examples = readStringArray(parser, valueToken, name);
+            break;
+          default:
+            additionalProperties.put(name, readJsonValue(parser, valueToken));
+        }
+      }
+
+      return AIContextObjectDTO.builder()
+          .withInstructions(instructions)
+          .withSynonyms(synonyms)
+          .withExamples(examples)
+          .withAdditionalProperties(additionalProperties)
+          .build();
+    }
+
+    private static String readString(JsonParser parser, JsonToken token, 
String name)

Review Comment:
   `readString` requires the `VALUE_STRING` token, so an explicit JSON `null` 
for `instructions`/`synonyms`/`examples` (e.g. `{"instructions": null}`) throws 
`JsonMappingException("instructions must be a string")` instead of being 
treated as absent.
   
   This is inconsistent with two things: (1) every other `@Nullable` field on 
these new DTOs goes through ordinary Jackson bean deserialization and accepts 
explicit `null` fine, and (2) `readJsonValue` a few lines below already accepts 
`VALUE_NULL` for *unknown* properties, so `{"foo": null}` succeeds when `foo` 
is unrecognized but fails when `foo` is one of 
`instructions`/`synonyms`/`examples`.
   
   A client that always emits full JSON with explicit nulls for absent optional 
fields will be rejected here. Consider special-casing `JsonToken.VALUE_NULL` to 
return `null` before the `VALUE_STRING`/`START_ARRAY` checks in 
`readString`/`readStringArray`.



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