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+/***************************************************************************************************************************
+ * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one or more 
contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file
+ * distributed with this work for additional information regarding copyright 
ownership.  The ASF licenses this file
+ * to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License"); you may not 
use this file except in compliance
+ * with the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *  http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software 
distributed under the License is distributed on an
+ * "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express 
or implied.  See the License for the
+ * specific language governing permissions and limitations under the License.
+ 
***************************************************************************************************************************/
+package org.apache.juneau;
+
+import static org.apache.juneau.BeanContext.*;
+
+import java.lang.reflect.*;
+import java.util.*;
+import java.util.concurrent.*;
+import java.util.concurrent.locks.*;
+
+import org.apache.juneau.internal.*;
+import org.apache.juneau.json.*;
+import org.apache.juneau.parser.*;
+
+/**
+ * A factory for instantiating {@link Context} objects.
+ * <p>
+ *     The hierarchy of these objects are...
+ *     <ul class='spaced-list'>
+ *             <li>{@link ContextFactory} - A thread-safe, modifiable context 
property store.<br>
+ *                     Used to create {@link Context} objects.
+ *             <li>{@link Context} - A reusable, cachable, thread-safe, 
read-only context with configuration properties copied from the factory.<br>
+ *                     Often used to create {@link Session} objects.
+ *                     <li>{@link Session} - A one-time-use non-thread-safe 
object.<br>
+ *                             Used by serializers and parsers to retrieve 
context properties and to be used as scratchpads.
+ *     </ul>
+ *
+ *
+ * <h6 class='topic'>ContextFactory objects</h6>
+ * <p>
+ *     Context factories can be thought of as consisting of the following:
+ *     <ul class='spaced-list'>
+ *             <li>A <code>Map&lt;String,Object&gt;</code> of context 
properties.
+ *             <li>A <code>Map&lt;Class,Context&gt;</code> of context 
instances.
+ *     </ul>
+ * <p>
+ *     Context factories are used to create and cache {@link Context} objects 
using the {@link #getContext(Class)} method.
+ * <p>
+ *     As a general rule, {@link ContextFactory} objects are 'slow'.<br>
+ *     Setting and retrieving properties on a factory can involve relatively 
slow data conversion and synchronization.<br>
+ *     However, the {@link #getContext(Class)} method is fast, and will return 
cached context objects if the context properties have not changed.
+ * <p>
+ *     Context factories can be used to store context properties for a variety 
of contexts.<br>
+ *     For example, a single factory can store context properties for the JSON 
serializer, XML serializer, HTML serializer
+ *     etc... and can thus be used to retrieve context objects for those 
serializers.<br>
+ * <p>
+ *     Other notes:
+ *     <ul class='spaced-list'>
+ *             <li>Context factories can be locked using the {@link #lock()} 
method.<br>
+ *                     This prevents the context properties from being further 
modified.
+ *             <li>Context factories can be cloned using the {@link #clone} 
method.<br>
+ *                     This will return a new unlocked factory with the same 
context properties.
+ *             </ul>
+ *
+ * <h6 class='topic'>Context properties</h6>
+ * <p>
+ *     Context properties are 'settings' for serializers and parsers.<br>
+ *     For example, the {@link BeanContext#BEAN_sortProperties} context 
property defines whether
+ *     bean properties should be serialized in alphabetical order.
+ * <p>
+ *     Each {@link Context} object should contain the context properties that 
apply to it as static
+ *     fields (e.g {@link BeanContext#BEAN_sortProperties}).
+ * <p>
+ *     Context properties can be of the following types:
+ *     <ul class='spaced-list'>
+ *             <li><l>SIMPLE</l> - A simple property.<br>
+ *                     Examples include:  booleans, integers, Strings, 
Classes, etc...<br>
+ *                     <br>
+ *                     An example of this would be the {@link 
BeanContext#BEAN_sortProperties} property.<br>
+ *                     It's name is simply 
<js>"BeanContext.sortProperties"</js>.
+ *
+ *             <li><l>SET</l> - A sorted set of objects.<br>
+ *                     These are denoted by appending <js>".set"</js> to the 
property name.<br>
+ *                     Objects can be of any type, even complex types.<br>
+ *                     Sorted sets use tree sets to maintain the value in 
alphabetical order.<br>
+ *                     <br>
+ *                     For example, the {@link 
BeanContext#BEAN_notBeanClasses} property is used to store classes that should 
not be treated like beans.<br>
+ *                     It's name is <js>"BeanContext.notBeanClasses.set"</js>.
+ *
+ *             <li><l>LIST</l> - A list of unique objects.<br>
+ *                     These are denoted by appending <js>".list"</js> to the 
property name.<br>
+ *                     Objects can be of any type, even complex types.<br>
+ *                     Use lists if the ordering of the values in the set is 
important (similar to how the order of entries in a classpath is important).<br>
+ *                     <br>
+ *                     For example, the {@link BeanContext#BEAN_transforms} 
property is used to store transform classes.<br>
+ *                     It's name is <js>"BeanContext.transforms.list"</js>.
+ *
+ *             <li><l>MAP</l> - A sorted map of key-value pairs.<br>
+ *                     These are denoted by appending <js>".map"</js> to the 
property name.<br>
+ *                     Keys can be any type directly convertable to and from 
Strings.
+ *                     Values can be of any type, even complex types.<br>
+ *                     <br>
+ *                     For example, the {@link BeanContext#BEAN_implClasses} 
property is used to specify the names of implementation classes for 
interfaces.<br>
+ *                     It's name is <js>"BeanContext.implClasses.map"</js>.<br>
+ *     </ul>
+ * <p>
+ *     All context properties are set using the {@link #setProperty(String, 
Object)} method.
+ * <p>
+ *     Default values for context properties can be specified globally as 
system properties.<br>
+ *     Example: 
<code>System.<jsm>setProperty</jsm>(<jsf>BEAN_sortProperties</jsf>, 
<jk>true</jk>);</code>
+ * <p>
+ *     SET and LIST properties can be added to using the {@link 
#addToProperty(String, Object)} method and removed from using the {@link 
#removeFromProperty(String, Object)} method.
+ * <p>
+ *     SET and LIST properties can also be added to and removed from by 
appending <js>".add"</js> or <js>".remove"</js> to the property name and using 
the {@link #setProperty(String, Object)} method.
+ * <p>
+ *     The following shows the two different ways to append to a set or list 
property:
+ * <p class='bcode'>
+ *     Config config = <jk>new</jk> 
Config().set(<js>"BeanContext.notBeanClasses.set"</js>, 
Collections.<jsm>emptySet</jsm>());
+ *
+ *     <jc>// Append to set property using addTo().</jc>
+ *     config.addTo(<js>"BeanContext.notBeanClasses.set"</js>, 
MyNotBeanClass.<jk>class</jk>);
+ *
+ *     <jc>// Append to set property using set().</jc>
+ *     config.set(<js>"BeanContext.notBeanClasses.set.add"</js>, 
MyNotBeanClass.<jk>class</jk>);
+ * </p>
+ * <p>
+ *     Lists are appended to the beginning of the set so that behavior can be 
overridden.<br>
+ * <p>
+ *     For sample, the following code shows the order in which POJO transforms 
are applied.<br>
+ *     In this case, we want F3 and F4 to appear at the beginning of the set 
so that they
+ *     take precedence over F1 and F2....
+ * <p class='bcode'>
+ *     <jc>// Result will be F3,F4,F1,F2</jc>
+ *     config.addTo(<js>"BeanContext.transforms.list"</js>, 
Arrays.<jsm>asList</jsm>(F1.<jk>class</jk>, F2.<jk>class</jk>));
+ *     config.addTo(<js>"BeanContext.transforms.list"</js>, 
Arrays.<jsm>asList</jsm>(F3.<jk>class</jk>,F4.<jk>class</jk>));
+ * </p>
+ * <p>
+ *     SET and LIST properties can also be set and manipulated using JSON 
strings.
+ * <p class='bcode'>
+ *     ContextFactory f = ContextFactory.<jsm>create</jsm>();
+ *
+ *     <jc>// Set SET value using JSON array.
+ *     f.set(<js>"BeanContext.notBeanClasses.set"</js>, 
<js>"['com.my.MyNotBeanClass1']"</js>);
+ *
+ *     <jc>// Add to SET using simple string.
+ *     f.addTo(<js>"BeanContext.notBeanClasses.set"</js>, 
<js>"com.my.MyNotBeanClass2"</js>);
+ *
+ *     <jc>// Add an array of values as a JSON array..
+ *     f.addTo(<js>"BeanContext.notBeanClasses.set"</js>, 
<js>"['com.my.MyNotBeanClass3']"</js>);
+ *
+ *     <jc>// Remove an array of values as a JSON array..
+ *     f.removeFrom(<js>"BeanContext.notBeanClasses.set"</js>, 
<js>"['com.my.MyNotBeanClass3']"</js>);
+ * </p>
+ * <p>
+ *     MAP properties can be added to using the {@link #putToProperty(String, 
Object, Object)} and {@link #putToProperty(String, Object)} methods.<br>
+ *     MAP property entries can be removed by setting the value to 
<jk>null</jk> (e.g. <code>config.putTo(<js>"BEAN_implClasses"</js>, 
MyNotBeanClass.<jk>class</jk>, <jk>null</jk>);</code>.<br>
+ *     MAP properties can also be added to by appending <js>".put"</js> to the 
property name and using the {@link #setProperty(String, Object)} method.<br>
+ * <p>
+ *     The following shows the two different ways to append to a set property:
+ * <p class='bcode'>
+ *     ContextFactory f = 
ContextFactory.<jsm>create</jsm>().set(<js>"BeanContext.implClasses.map"</js>, 
Collections.<jsm>emptyMap</jsm>());
+ *
+ *     <jc>// Append to map property using putTo().</jc>
+ *     f.putTo(<js>"BeanContext.implClasses.map"</js>, 
MyInterface.<jk>class</jk>, MyInterfaceImpl.<jk>class</jk>);
+ *
+ *     <jc>// Append to map property using set().</jc>
+ *     Map m = <jk>new</jk> 
HashMap(){{put(MyInterface.<jk>class</jk>,MyInterfaceImpl.<jk>class</jk>)}};
+ *     f.set(<js>"BeanContext.implClasses.map.put"</js>, m);
+ * </p>
+ * <p>
+ *     MAP properties can also be set and manipulated using JSON strings.
+ * <p class='bcode'>
+ *     ContextFactory f = ContextFactory.<jsm>create</jsm>();
+ *
+ *     <jc>// Set MAP value using JSON object.</jc>
+ *     f.set(<js>"BeanContext.implClasses.map"</js>, 
<js>"{'com.my.MyInterface1':'com.my.MyInterfaceImpl1'}"</js>);
+ *
+ *     <jc>// Add to MAP using JSON object.</jc>
+ *     f.putTo(<js>"BeanContext.implClasses.map"</js>, 
<js>"{'com.my.MyInterface2':'com.my.MyInterfaceImpl2'}"</js>);
+ *
+ *     <jc>// Remove from MAP using JSON object.</jc>
+ *     f.putTo(<js>"BeanContext.implClasses.map"</js>, 
<js>"{'com.my.MyInterface2':null}"</js>);
+ * </p>
+ * <p>
+ *     Context properties are retrieved from this factory using the following 
3 methods:
+ *     <ul class='spaced-list'>
+ *             <li>{@link #getProperty(String, Class, Object)} - Retrieve a 
SIMPLE or SET property converted to the specified class type.
+ *             <li>{@link #getMap(String, Class, Class, Map)} - Retrieve a MAP 
property with keys/values converted to the specified class types.
+ *             <li>{@link #getPropertyMap(String)} - Retrieve a map of all 
context properties with the specified prefix (e.g. <js>"BeanContext"</js> for 
{@link BeanContext} properties).
+ *     </ul>
+ * <p>
+ *     As a general rule, only {@link Context} objects will use these read 
methods.
+ *
+ *
+ * <h6 class='topic'>Context objects</h6>
+ * <p>
+ *     A Context object can be thought of as unmodifiable snapshot of a 
factory.<br>
+ *     They should be 'fast' by avoiding synchronization by using final fields 
whenever possible.<br>
+ *     However, they MUST be thread safe.
+ * <p>
+ *     Context objects are created using the {@link #getContext(Class)} 
method.<br>
+ *     As long as the properties on a factory have not been modified, the 
factory will return a cached copy
+ *     of a context.
+ * <p class='bcode'>
+ *     ContextFactory f = ContextFactory.<jsm>create</jsm>();
+ *
+ *     <jc>// Get BeanContext with default factory settings.</jc>
+ *     BeanContext bc = f.getContext(BeanContext.<jk>class</jk>);
+ *
+ *     <jc>// Get another one.  This will be the same one.</jc>
+ *     BeanContext bc2 = f.getContext(BeanContext.<jk>class</jk>);
+ *     <jsm>assertTrue</jsm>(bc1 == bc2);
+ *
+ *     <jc>// Set a property.</jc>
+ *     f.set(<jsf>BEAN_sortProperties</jsf>, <jk>true</jk>);
+ *
+ *     <jc>// Get another one.  This will be different!</jc>
+ *     bc2 = f.getContext(BeanContext.<jk>class</jk>);
+ *     <jsm>assertFalse</jsm>(bc1 == bc2);
+ * </p>
+ *
+ *
+ * <h6 class='topic'>Session objects</h6>
+ * <p>
+ *     Session objects are created through {@link Context} objects, typically 
through a <code>createContext()</code> method.<br>
+ *     Unlike context objects, they are NOT reusable and NOT thread safe.<br>
+ *     They are meant to be used one time and then thrown away.<br>
+ *     They should NEVER need to use synchronization.
+ * <p>
+ *     Session objects are also often used as scratchpads for information such 
as keeping track of call stack
+ *     information to detect recursive loops when serializing beans.
+ *
+ *
+ * @author James Bognar ([email protected])
+ */
+public final class ContextFactory extends Lockable {
+
+       // All configuration properties in this object.
+       // Keys are property prefixes (e.g. 'BeanContext').
+       // Values are maps containing properties for that specific prefix.
+       private Map<String,PropertyMap> properties = new 
ConcurrentSkipListMap<String,PropertyMap>();
+
+       // Context cache.
+       // This gets cleared every time any properties change on this object.
+       private final Map<Class<? extends Context>,Context> contexts = new 
ConcurrentHashMap<Class<? extends Context>,Context>();
+
+       // Global Context cache.
+       // Context factories that are the 'same' will use the same maps from 
this cache.
+       // 'same' means the context properties are all the same when converted 
to strings.
+       private static final ConcurrentHashMap<Integer, 
ConcurrentHashMap<Class<? extends Context>,Context>> globalContextCache = new 
ConcurrentHashMap<Integer, ConcurrentHashMap<Class<? extends 
Context>,Context>>();
+
+       private ReadWriteLock lock = new ReentrantReadWriteLock();
+       private Lock rl = lock.readLock(), wl = lock.writeLock();
+
+       // Classloader used to instantiate Class instances.
+       ClassLoader classLoader = ClassLoader.getSystemClassLoader();
+
+       // Parser to use to convert JSON strings to POJOs
+       ReaderParser defaultParser;
+
+       // Used to keep properties in alphabetical order regardless of whether
+       // they're not strings.
+       private static Comparator<Object> PROPERTY_COMPARATOR = new 
Comparator<Object>() {
+               @Override
+               public int compare(Object o1, Object o2) {
+                       return 
normalize(o1).toString().compareTo(normalize(o2).toString());
+               }
+       };
+
+       /**
+        * Create a new context factory with default settings.
+        *
+        * @return A new context factory with default settings.
+        */
+       public static ContextFactory create() {
+               ContextFactory f = new ContextFactory();
+               BeanContext.loadDefaults(f);
+               return f;
+       }
+
+       /**
+        * Create a new context factory with settings copied from the specified 
factory.
+        *
+        * @param copyFrom The existing factory to copy properties from.
+        * @return A new context factory with default settings.
+        */
+       public static ContextFactory create(ContextFactory copyFrom) {
+               return new ContextFactory().copyFrom(copyFrom);
+       }
+
+
+       ContextFactory() {}
+
+       /**
+        * Copy constructor.
+        *
+        * @param copyFrom The factory to copy properties from.
+        */
+       public ContextFactory(ContextFactory copyFrom) {
+               copyFrom(copyFrom);
+       }
+
+       /**
+        * Copies the properties from the specified factory into this factory.
+        *
+        * @param cf The factory to copy from.
+        * @return This object (for method chaining).
+        */
+       public ContextFactory copyFrom(ContextFactory cf) {
+               for (Map.Entry<String,PropertyMap> e : cf.properties.entrySet())
+                       this.properties.put(e.getKey(), new 
PropertyMap(e.getValue()));
+               this.classLoader = cf.classLoader;
+               this.defaultParser = cf.defaultParser;
+               return this;
+       }
+
+       /**
+        * Sets a configuration property value on this object.
+        * <p>
+        *      A typical usage is to set or overwrite configuration values 
like so...
+        * <p class='bcode'>
+        *      ContextFactory g = ContextFactory.<jsm>create</jsm>();
+        *      f.setProperty(<jsf>BEAN_sortProperties</jsf>, <jk>true</jk>);
+        * </p>
+        * <p>
+        *      The possible class types of the value depend on the property 
type:
+        * <p>
+        * <table class='styled'>
+        *      <tr>
+        *              <th>Property type</th>
+        *              <th>Example</th>
+        *              <th>Allowed value type</th>
+        *      </tr>
+        *      <tr>
+        *              <td>Set <l>SIMPLE</l></td>
+        *              <td><js>"Foo.x"</js></td>
+        *              <td>Any object type.</td>
+        *      </tr>
+        *      <tr>
+        *              <td>Set <l>SET/LIST</l></td>
+        *              <td><js>"Foo.x.set"</js></td>
+        *              <td>Any collection or array of any objects, or a String 
containing a JSON array.</td>
+        *      </tr>
+        *      <tr>
+        *              <td>Add/Remove <l>SET/LIST</l></td>
+        *              <td><js>"Foo.x.set.add"</js></td>
+        *              <td>If a collection, adds or removes the entries in the 
collection.  Otherwise, adds/removes a single entry.</td>
+        *      </tr>
+        *      <tr>
+        *              <td>Set <l>MAP</l></td>
+        *              <td><js>"Foo.x.map"</js></td>
+        *              <td>A map, or a String containing a JSON object.  
Entries overwrite existing map.</td>
+        *      </tr>
+        *      <tr>
+        *              <td>Put <l>MAP</l></td>
+        *              <td><js>"Foo.x.map.put"</js></td>
+        *              <td>A map, or a String containing a JSON object.  
Entries are added to existing map.</td>
+        *      </tr>
+        * </table>
+        *
+        * @param name The configuration property name.<br>
+        *      If name ends with <l>.add</l>, then the specified value is 
added to the
+        *              existing property value as an entry in a SET or LIST 
property.<br>
+        *      If name ends with <l>.put</l>, then the specified value is 
added to the
+        *              existing property value as a key/value pair in a MAP 
property.<br>
+        *      If name ends with <l>.remove</l>, then the specified value is 
removed from the
+        *              existing property property value in a SET or LIST 
property.<br>
+        *
+        * @param value The new value.
+        *      If <jk>null</jk>, the property value is deleted.<br>
+        *      In general, the value type can be anything.<br>
+        *
+        * @return This object (for method chaining).
+        */
+       public ContextFactory setProperty(String name, Object value) {
+               String prefix = prefix(name);
+
+               if (name.endsWith(".add"))
+                       return addToProperty(name.substring(0, 
name.lastIndexOf('.')), value);
+
+               if (name.endsWith(".put"))
+                       return putToProperty(name.substring(0, 
name.lastIndexOf('.')), value);
+
+               if (name.endsWith(".remove"))
+                       return removeFromProperty(name.substring(0, 
name.lastIndexOf('.')), value);
+
+               wl.lock();
+               try {
+                       checkLock();
+                       contexts.clear();
+                       if (! properties.containsKey(prefix))
+                               properties.put(prefix, new PropertyMap(prefix));
+                       properties.get(prefix).set(name, value);
+               } finally {
+                       wl.unlock();
+               }
+               return this;
+       }
+
+       /**
+        * Convenience method for setting multiple properties in one call.
+        * <p>
+        * This appends to any previous configuration properties set on this 
config.
+        *
+        * @param newProperties The new properties to set.
+        * @return This object (for method chaining).
+        */
+       @SuppressWarnings({ "unchecked", "rawtypes" })
+       public ContextFactory setProperties(Map newProperties) {
+               wl.lock();
+               try {
+                       checkLock();
+                       contexts.clear();
+                       for (Map.Entry e : 
(Set<Map.Entry>)newProperties.entrySet()) {
+                               String name = e.getKey().toString();
+                               Object value = e.getValue();
+                               String prefix = prefix(name);
+                               if (name.endsWith(".add"))
+                                       addToProperty(name.substring(0, 
name.lastIndexOf('.')), value);
+                               else if (name.endsWith(".remove"))
+                                       removeFromProperty(name.substring(0, 
name.lastIndexOf('.')), value);
+                               else {
+                                       if (! properties.containsKey(prefix))
+                                               properties.put(prefix, new 
PropertyMap(prefix));
+                                       properties.get(prefix).set(name, value);
+                               }
+                       }
+
+               } finally {
+                       wl.unlock();
+               }
+               return this;
+       }
+
+       /**
+        * Adds a value to a SET property.
+        *
+        * @param name The property name.
+        * @param value The new value to add to the SET property.
+        * @return This object (for method chaining).
+        * @throws ConfigException If property is not a SET property.
+        */
+       public ContextFactory addToProperty(String name, Object value) {
+               String prefix = prefix(name);
+               wl.lock();
+               try {
+                       checkLock();
+                       contexts.clear();
+                       if (! properties.containsKey(prefix))
+                               properties.put(prefix, new PropertyMap(prefix));
+                       properties.get(prefix).addTo(name, value);
+               } finally {
+                       wl.unlock();
+               }
+               return this;
+       }
+
+       /**
+        * Adds or overwrites a value to a MAP property.
+        *
+        * @param name The property name.
+        * @param key The property value map key.
+        * @param value The property value map value.
+        * @return This object (for method chaining).
+        * @throws ConfigException If property is not a MAP property.
+        */
+       public ContextFactory putToProperty(String name, Object key, Object 
value) {
+               String prefix = prefix(name);
+               wl.lock();
+               try {
+                       checkLock();
+                       contexts.clear();
+                       if (! properties.containsKey(prefix))
+                               properties.put(prefix, new PropertyMap(prefix));
+                       properties.get(prefix).putTo(name, key, value);
+               } finally {
+                       wl.unlock();
+               }
+               return this;
+       }
+
+       /**
+        * Adds or overwrites a value to a MAP property.
+        *
+        * @param name The property value.
+        * @param value The property value map value.
+        * @return This object (for method chaining).
+        * @throws ConfigException If property is not a MAP property.
+        */
+       public ContextFactory putToProperty(String name, Object value) {
+               String prefix = prefix(name);
+               wl.lock();
+               try {
+                       checkLock();
+                       contexts.clear();
+                       if (! properties.containsKey(prefix))
+                               properties.put(prefix, new PropertyMap(prefix));
+                       properties.get(prefix).putTo(name, value);
+               } finally {
+                       wl.unlock();
+               }
+               return this;
+       }
+
+       /**
+        * Removes a value from a SET property.
+        *
+        * @param name The property name.
+        * @param value The property value in the SET property.
+        * @return This object (for method chaining).
+        * @throws ConfigException If property is not a SET property.
+        */
+       public ContextFactory removeFromProperty(String name, Object value) {
+               String prefix = prefix(name);
+               wl.lock();
+               try {
+                       checkLock();
+                       contexts.clear();
+                       if (properties.containsKey(prefix))
+                               properties.get(prefix).removeFrom(name, value);
+               } finally {
+                       wl.unlock();
+               }
+               return this;
+       }
+
+       /**
+        * Returns an instance of the specified context initialized with the 
properties
+        *      in this config.
+        * <p>
+        *      Multiple calls to this method for the same config class will 
return the same
+        *      cached value as long as the config properties on this config 
are not touched.
+        * <p>
+        *      As soon as any properties are modified on this config, all 
cached entries
+        *      are discarded and recreated as needed.
+        *
+        * @param c The context class to instantiate.
+        * @return The context instance.
+        */
+       @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
+       public <T extends Context> T getContext(Class<T> c) {
+               rl.lock();
+               try {
+                       try {
+                               if (! contexts.containsKey(c)) {
+
+                                       // Try to get it from the global cache.
+                                       Integer key = hashCode();
+                                       if (! 
globalContextCache.containsKey(key))
+                                               
globalContextCache.putIfAbsent(key, new ConcurrentHashMap<Class<? extends 
Context>,Context>());
+                                       ConcurrentHashMap<Class<? extends 
Context>, Context> cacheForThisConfig = globalContextCache.get(key);
+
+                                       if (! cacheForThisConfig.containsKey(c))
+                                               
cacheForThisConfig.putIfAbsent(c, 
c.getConstructor(ContextFactory.class).newInstance(this));
+
+                                       contexts.put(c, 
cacheForThisConfig.get(c));
+                               }
+                               return (T)contexts.get(c);
+                       } catch (Exception e) {
+                               throw new ConfigException("Could not 
instantiate config class ''{0}''", className(c)).initCause(e);
+                       }
+               } finally {
+                       rl.unlock();
+               }
+       }
+
+       /**
+        * Returns the configuration properties with the specified prefix.
+        * <p>
+        *      For example, if <l>prefix</l> is <js>"BeanContext"</js>, then 
retrieves
+        *      all configuration properties that are prefixed with 
<js>"BeanContext."</js>.
+        *
+        * @param prefix The prefix of properties to retrieve.
+        * @return The configuration properties with the specified prefix, 
never <jk>null</jk>.
+        */
+       public PropertyMap getPropertyMap(String prefix) {
+               rl.lock();
+               try {
+                       PropertyMap m = properties.get(prefix);
+                       return m == null ? new PropertyMap(prefix) : m;
+               } finally {
+                       rl.unlock();
+               }
+       }
+
+       /**
+        * Specifies the classloader to use when resolving classes from strings.
+        * <p>
+        *      Can be used for resolving class names when the classes being 
created are in a different
+        *      classloader from the Juneau code.
+        * <p>
+        *      If <jk>null</jk>, the system classloader will be used to 
resolve classes.
+        *
+        * @param classLoader The new classloader.
+        * @throws LockedException If {@link #lock()} was called on this object.
+        * @return This object (for method chaining).
+        */
+       public ContextFactory setClassLoader(ClassLoader classLoader) {
+               checkLock();
+               this.classLoader = (classLoader == null ? 
ClassLoader.getSystemClassLoader() : classLoader);
+               return this;
+       }
+
+       /**
+        * Specifies the parser to use to convert Strings to POJOs.
+        * <p>
+        *      If <jk>null</jk>, {@link JsonParser#DEFAULT} will be used.
+        *
+        * @param defaultParser The new defaultParser.
+        * @throws LockedException If {@link #lock()} was called on this object.
+        * @return This object (for method chaining).
+        */
+       public ContextFactory setDefaultParser(ReaderParser defaultParser) {
+               checkLock();
+               this.defaultParser = defaultParser == null ? JsonParser.DEFAULT 
: defaultParser;
+               return this;
+       }
+
+       /**
+        * Returns a property value converted to the specified type.
+        *
+        * @param name The full name of the property (e.g. 
<js>"BeanContext.sortProperties"</js>)
+        * @param type The class type to convert the property value to.
+        * @param def The default value if the property is not set.
+        *
+        * @return The property value.
+        * @throws ConfigException - If property has a value that cannot be 
converted to a boolean.
+        */
+       public <T> T getProperty(String name, Class<T> type, T def) {
+               rl.lock();
+               try {
+                       PropertyMap pm = getPropertyMap(prefix(name));
+                       if (pm != null)
+                               return pm.get(name, type, def);
+                       String s = System.getProperty(name);
+                       if (! StringUtils.isEmpty(s))
+                               return BeanContext.DEFAULT.convertToType(s, 
type);
+                       return def;
+               } finally {
+                       rl.unlock();
+               }
+       }
+
+       /**
+        * Returns a property value converted to a {@link LinkedHashMap} with 
the specified
+        *      key and value types.
+        *
+        * @param name The full name of the property (e.g. 
<js>"BeanContext.sortProperties"</js>)
+        * @param keyType The class type of the keys in the map.
+        * @param valType The class type of the values in the map.
+        * @param def The default value if the property is not set.
+        *
+        * @return The property value.
+        * @throws ConfigException - If property has a value that cannot be 
converted to a boolean.
+        */
+       public <K,V> Map<K,V> getMap(String name, Class<K> keyType, Class<V> 
valType, Map<K,V> def) {
+               rl.lock();
+               try {
+                       PropertyMap pm = getPropertyMap(prefix(name));
+                       if (pm != null)
+                               return pm.getMap(name, keyType, valType, def);
+                       return def;
+               } finally {
+                       rl.unlock();
+               }
+       }
+
+       
//-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+       // Convenience methods.
+       
//-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+       /**
+        * Shortcut for calling 
<code>getContext(BeanContext.<jk>class</jk>);</code>.
+        *
+        * @return The bean context instance.
+        */
+       public BeanContext getBeanContext() {
+               return getContext(BeanContext.class);
+       }
+
+       /**
+        * Shortcut for calling <code>addTo(<jsf>BEAN_notBeanClasses</jsf>, 
<jf>classes</jf>)</code>.
+        *
+        * @see ContextFactory#addToProperty(String,Object)
+        * @param classes The new setting value for the bean context.
+        * @throws LockedException If {@link ContextFactory#lock()} was called 
on this class or the bean context.
+        * @return This object (for method chaining).
+        * @see ContextFactory#addToProperty(String, Object)
+        * @see BeanContext#BEAN_notBeanClasses
+        */
+       public ContextFactory addNotBeanClasses(Class<?>...classes) throws 
LockedException {
+               checkLock();
+               addToProperty(BEAN_notBeanClasses, classes);
+               return this;
+       }
+
+       /**
+        * Shortcut for calling <code>addTo(<jsf>BEAN_transforms</jsf>, 
<jf>classes</jf>)</code>.
+        *
+        * @param classes The new setting value for the bean context.
+        * @throws LockedException If {@link ContextFactory#lock()} was called 
on this class or the bean context.
+        * @return This object (for method chaining).
+        * @see ContextFactory#addToProperty(String, Object)
+        * @see BeanContext#BEAN_transforms
+        */
+       public ContextFactory addTransforms(Class<?>...classes) throws 
LockedException {
+               checkLock();
+               addToProperty(BEAN_transforms, classes);
+               return this;
+       }
+
+       /**
+        * Shortcut for calling <code>putTo(<jsf>BEAN_implCLasses</jsf>, 
<jf>interfaceClass</jf>, <jf>implClass</jf>)</code>.
+        *
+        * @param interfaceClass The interface class.
+        * @param implClass The implementation class.
+        * @throws LockedException If {@link ContextFactory#lock()} was called 
on this class or the bean context.
+        * @param <T> The class type of the interface.
+        * @return This object (for method chaining).
+        * @see ContextFactory#putToProperty(String, Object, Object)
+        * @see BeanContext#BEAN_implClasses
+        */
+       public <T> ContextFactory addImplClass(Class<T> interfaceClass, Class<? 
extends T> implClass) throws LockedException {
+               checkLock();
+               putToProperty(BEAN_implClasses, interfaceClass, implClass);
+               return this;
+       }
+
+
+       
//-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+       // Object methods.
+       
//-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+       @Override /* Object */
+       public int hashCode() {
+               HashCode c = new HashCode();
+               for (PropertyMap m : properties.values())
+                       c.add(m);
+               return c.get();
+       }
+
+       
//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+       // Utility classes and methods.
+       
//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+       /**
+        * Hashcode generator that treats strings and primitive values the same.
+        * (e.g. <code>123</code> and <js>"123"</js> result in the same 
hashcode.)
+        */
+       protected static class NormalizingHashCode extends HashCode {
+               @Override /* HashCode */
+               protected Object normalize(Object o) {
+                       return ContextFactory.normalize(o);
+               }
+       }
+
+       /**
+        * Contains all the properties for a particular property prefix (e.g. 
<js>'BeanContext'</js>)
+        * <p>
+        *      Instances of this map are immutable from outside this class.
+        * <p>
+        *      The {@link PropertyMap#hashCode()} and {@link 
PropertyMap#equals(Object)} methods
+        *      can be used to compare with other property maps.
+        *
+        * @author James Bognar ([email protected])
+        */
+       @SuppressWarnings("hiding")
+       public class PropertyMap {
+
+               private final Map<String,Property> map = new 
ConcurrentSkipListMap<String,Property>();
+               private volatile int hashCode = 0;
+               private final ReadWriteLock lock = new ReentrantReadWriteLock();
+               private final Lock rl = lock.readLock(), wl = lock.writeLock();
+               private final String prefix;
+
+               private PropertyMap(String prefix) {
+                       this.prefix = prefix;
+                       prefix = prefix + '.';
+                       Properties p = System.getProperties();
+                       for (Map.Entry<Object,Object> e : p.entrySet())
+                               if (e.getKey().toString().startsWith(prefix))
+                                       set(e.getKey().toString(), 
e.getValue());
+               }
+
+               /**
+                * Copy constructor.
+                */
+               private PropertyMap(PropertyMap orig) {
+                       this.prefix = orig.prefix;
+                       for (Map.Entry<String,Property> e : orig.map.entrySet())
+                               this.map.put(e.getKey(), 
Property.create(e.getValue().name, e.getValue().value()));
+               }
+
+               /**
+                * Returns the specified property as the specified class type.
+                *
+                * @param name The property name.
+                * @param type The type of object to convert the value to.
+                * @param def The default value if the specified property is 
not set.
+                *
+                * @return The property value.
+                */
+               public <T> T get(String name, Class<T> type, T def) {
+                       rl.lock();
+                       try {
+                               Property p = map.get(name);
+                               if (p == null || type == null)
+                                       return def;
+                               try {
+                                       if (BeanContext.DEFAULT == null)
+                                               return def;
+                                       return 
BeanContext.DEFAULT.convertToType(p.value, type);
+                               } catch (InvalidDataConversionException e) {
+                                       throw new ConfigException("Could not 
retrieve config property ''{0}''.  {1}", p.name, e.getMessage());
+                               }
+                       } finally {
+                               rl.unlock();
+                       }
+               }
+
+               /**
+                * Returns the specified property as a map with the specified 
key and value types.
+                * <p>
+                * The map returned is an instance of {@link LinkedHashMap}.
+                *
+                * @param name The property name.
+                * @param keyType The class type of the keys of the map.
+                * @param valueType The class type of the values of the map.
+                * @param def The default value if the specified property is 
not set.
+                *
+                * @return The property value.
+                */
+               @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
+               public <K,V> Map<K,V> getMap(String name, Class<K> keyType, 
Class<V> valueType, Map<K,V> def) {
+                       rl.lock();
+                       try {
+                               Property p = map.get(name);
+                               if (p == null || keyType == null || valueType 
== null)
+                                       return def;
+                               try {
+                                       BeanContext bc = BeanContext.DEFAULT;
+                                       if (bc != null)
+                                               return 
(Map<K,V>)bc.convertToType(p.value, bc.getMapClassMeta(LinkedHashMap.class, 
keyType, valueType));
+                                       return def;
+                               } catch (InvalidDataConversionException e) {
+                                       throw new ConfigException("Could not 
retrieve config property ''{0}''.  {1}", p.name, e.getMessage());
+                               }
+                       } finally {
+                               rl.unlock();
+                       }
+               }
+
+               /**
+                * Convenience method for returning all values in this property 
map as a simple map.
+                * <p>
+                * Primarily useful for debugging.
+                *
+                * @return A new {@link LinkedHashMap} with all values in this 
property map.
+                */
+               public Map<String,Object> asMap() {
+                       rl.lock();
+                       try {
+                               Map<String,Object> m = new 
LinkedHashMap<String,Object>();
+                               for (Property p : map.values())
+                                       m.put(p.name, p.value);
+                               return m;
+                       } finally {
+                               rl.unlock();
+                       }
+               }
+
+               private void set(String name, Object value) {
+                       wl.lock();
+                       hashCode = 0;
+                       try {
+                               if (value == null)
+                                       map.remove(name);
+                               else
+                                       map.put(name, Property.create(name, 
value));
+                       } finally {
+                               wl.unlock();
+                       }
+               }
+
+               private void addTo(String name, Object value) {
+                       wl.lock();
+                       hashCode = 0;
+                       try {
+                               if (! map.containsKey(name))
+                                       map.put(name, Property.create(name, 
Collections.emptyList()));
+                               map.get(name).add(value);
+                       } finally {
+                               wl.unlock();
+                       }
+               }
+
+               private void putTo(String name, Object key, Object value) {
+                       wl.lock();
+                       hashCode = 0;
+                       try {
+                               if (! map.containsKey(name))
+                                       map.put(name, Property.create(name, 
Collections.emptyMap()));
+                               map.get(name).put(key, value);
+                       } finally {
+                               wl.unlock();
+                       }
+               }
+
+               private void putTo(String name, Object value) {
+                       wl.lock();
+                       hashCode = 0;
+                       try {
+                               if (! map.containsKey(name))
+                                       map.put(name, Property.create(name, 
Collections.emptyMap()));
+                               map.get(name).put(value);
+                       } finally {
+                               wl.unlock();
+                       }
+               }
+
+               private void removeFrom(String name, Object value) {
+                       wl.lock();
+                       hashCode = 0;
+                       try {
+                               if (map.containsKey(name))
+                                       map.get(name).remove(value);
+                       } finally {
+                               wl.unlock();
+                       }
+               }
+
+               @Override
+               public int hashCode() {
+                       rl.lock();
+                       try {
+                               if (hashCode == 0) {
+                                       HashCode c = new HashCode().add(prefix);
+                                       for (Property p : map.values())
+                                               c.add(p);
+                                       this.hashCode = c.get();
+                               }
+                               return hashCode;
+                       } finally {
+                               rl.unlock();
+                       }
+               }
+
+               @Override
+               public boolean equals(Object o) {
+                       rl.lock();
+                       try {
+                               if (o instanceof PropertyMap) {
+                                       PropertyMap m = (PropertyMap)o;
+                                       if (m.hashCode() != hashCode())
+                                               return false;
+                                       return this.map.equals(m.map);
+                               }
+                               return false;
+                       } finally {
+                               rl.unlock();
+                       }
+               }
+
+               @Override
+               public String toString() {
+                       return 
"PropertyMap(id="+System.identityHashCode(this)+")";
+               }
+       }
+
+       private abstract static class Property {
+               private final String name, type;
+               private final Object value;
+
+               private static Property create(String name, Object value) {
+                       if (name.endsWith(".set"))
+                               return new SetProperty(name, value);
+                       else if (name.endsWith(".list"))
+                               return new ListProperty(name, value);
+                       else if (name.endsWith(".map"))
+                               return new MapProperty(name, value);
+                       return new SimpleProperty(name, value);
+               }
+
+               Property(String name, String type, Object value) {
+                       this.name = name;
+                       this.type = type;
+                       this.value = value;
+               }
+
+               void add(Object val) {
+                       throw new ConfigException("Cannot add value {0} ({1}) 
to property ''{2}'' ({3}).", JsonSerializer.DEFAULT_LAX.toString(val), 
ClassUtils.getReadableClassNameForObject(val), name, type);
+               }
+
+               void remove(Object val) {
+                       throw new ConfigException("Cannot remove value {0} 
({1}) from property ''{2}'' ({3}).", JsonSerializer.DEFAULT_LAX.toString(val), 
ClassUtils.getReadableClassNameForObject(val), name, type);
+               }
+
+               void put(Object val) {
+                       throw new ConfigException("Cannot put value {0} ({1}) 
to property ''{2}'' ({3}).", JsonSerializer.DEFAULT_LAX.toString(val), 
ClassUtils.getReadableClassNameForObject(val), name, type);
+               }
+
+               void put(Object key, Object val) {
+                       throw new ConfigException("Cannot put value 
{0}({1})->{2}({3}) to property ''{4}'' ({5}).", 
JsonSerializer.DEFAULT_LAX.toString(key), 
ClassUtils.getReadableClassNameForObject(key), 
JsonSerializer.DEFAULT_LAX.toString(val), 
ClassUtils.getReadableClassNameForObject(val), name, type);
+               }
+
+               protected Object value() {
+                       return value;
+               }
+
+               @Override /* Object */
+               public int hashCode() {
+                       HashCode c = new NormalizingHashCode().add(name);
+                       if (value instanceof Map) {
+                               for (Map.Entry<?,?> e : 
((Map<?,?>)value).entrySet())
+                                       c.add(e.getKey()).add(e.getValue());
+                       } else if (value instanceof Collection) {
+                               for (Object o : (Collection<?>)value)
+                                       c.add(o);
+                       } else {
+                               c.add(value);
+                       }
+                       return c.get();
+               }
+
+               @Override
+               public String toString() {
+                       return "Property(name="+name+",type="+type+")";
+               }
+       }
+
+       private static class SimpleProperty extends Property {
+
+               SimpleProperty(String name, Object value) {
+                       super(name, "SIMPLE", value);
+               }
+       }
+
+       @SuppressWarnings({"unchecked"})
+       private static class SetProperty extends Property {
+               private final Set<Object> value;
+
+               private SetProperty(String name, Object value) {
+                       super(name, "SET", new 
ConcurrentSkipListSet<Object>(PROPERTY_COMPARATOR));
+                       this.value = (Set<Object>)value();
+                       add(value);
+               }
+
+               @Override
+               void add(Object val) {
+                       if (val.getClass().isArray())
+                               for (int i = 0; i < Array.getLength(val); i++)
+                                       add(Array.get(val, i));
+                       else if (val instanceof Collection)
+                               for (Object o : (Collection<Object>)val)
+                                       add(o);
+                       else {
+                               if (val instanceof String) {
+                                       String s = val.toString();
+                                       if (s.startsWith("[") && 
s.endsWith("]")) {
+                                               try {
+                                                       add(new ObjectList(s));
+                                                       return;
+                                               } catch (Exception e) {}
+                                       }
+                               }
+                               for (Object o : value)
+                                       if (same(val, o))
+                                               return;
+                               value.add(val);
+                       }
+               }
+
+               @Override
+               void remove(Object val) {
+                       if (val.getClass().isArray())
+                               for (int i = 0; i < Array.getLength(val); i++)
+                                       remove(Array.get(val, i));
+                       else if (val instanceof Collection)
+                               for (Object o : (Collection<Object>)val)
+                                       remove(o);
+                       else {
+                               if (val instanceof String) {
+                                       String s = val.toString();
+                                       if (s.startsWith("[") && 
s.endsWith("]")) {
+                                               try {
+                                                       remove(new 
ObjectList(s));
+                                                       return;
+                                               } catch (Exception e) {}
+                                       }
+                               }
+                               for (Iterator<Object> i = value.iterator(); 
i.hasNext();)
+                                       if (same(i.next(), val))
+                                               i.remove();
+                       }
+               }
+       }
+
+       @SuppressWarnings({"unchecked"})
+       private static class ListProperty extends Property {
+               private final LinkedList<Object> value;
+
+               private ListProperty(String name, Object value) {
+                       super(name, "LIST", new LinkedList<Object>());
+                       this.value = (LinkedList<Object>)value();
+                       add(value);
+               }
+
+               @Override
+               void add(Object val) {
+                       if (val.getClass().isArray()) {
+                               for (int i = Array.getLength(val) - 1; i >= 0; 
i--)
+                                       add(Array.get(val, i));
+                       } else if (val instanceof List) {
+                               List<Object> l = (List<Object>)val;
+                               for (ListIterator<Object> i = 
l.listIterator(l.size()); i.hasPrevious();)
+                                       add(i.previous());
+                       } else if (val instanceof Collection) {
+                               List<Object> l = new 
ArrayList<Object>((Collection<Object>)val);
+                               for (ListIterator<Object> i = 
l.listIterator(l.size()); i.hasPrevious();)
+                                       add(i.previous());
+                       } else {
+                               String s = val.toString();
+                               if (s.startsWith("[") && s.endsWith("]")) {
+                                       try {
+                                               add(new ObjectList(s));
+                                               return;
+                                       } catch (Exception e) {}
+                               }
+                               for (Iterator<Object> i = value.iterator(); 
i.hasNext(); )
+                                       if (same(val, i.next()))
+                                               i.remove();
+                               value.addFirst(val);
+                       }
+               }
+
+               @Override
+               void remove(Object val) {
+                       if (val.getClass().isArray())
+                               for (int i = 0; i < Array.getLength(val); i++)
+                                       remove(Array.get(val, i));
+                       else if (val instanceof Collection)
+                               for (Object o : (Collection<Object>)val)
+                                       remove(o);
+                       else {
+                               String s = val.toString();
+                               if (s.startsWith("[") && s.endsWith("]")) {
+                                       try {
+                                               remove(new ObjectList(s));
+                                               return;
+                                       } catch (Exception e) {}
+                               }
+                               for (Iterator<Object> i = value.iterator(); 
i.hasNext();)
+                                       if (same(i.next(), val))
+                                               i.remove();
+                       }
+               }
+       }
+
+       @SuppressWarnings({"unchecked","rawtypes"})
+       private static class MapProperty extends Property {
+               final Map<Object,Object> value;
+
+               MapProperty(String name, Object value) {
+                       // ConcurrentSkipListMap doesn't support 
Map.Entry.remove(), so use TreeMap instead.
+                       super(name, "MAP", Collections.synchronizedMap(new 
TreeMap<Object,Object>(PROPERTY_COMPARATOR)));
+                       this.value = (Map<Object,Object>)value();
+                       put(value);
+               }
+
+               @Override
+               void put(Object val) {
+                       try {
+                               if (BeanContext.DEFAULT != null && ! (val 
instanceof Map))
+                                       val = 
BeanContext.DEFAULT.convertToType(val, Map.class);
+                               if (val instanceof Map) {
+                                       Map m = (Map)val;
+                                       for (Map.Entry e : 
(Set<Map.Entry>)m.entrySet())
+                                               put(e.getKey(), e.getValue());
+                                       return;
+                               }
+                       } catch (Exception e) {}
+                       super.put(val);
+               }
+
+               @Override
+               void put(Object key, Object val) {
+                       // ConcurrentSkipListMap doesn't support 
Map.Entry.remove().
+                       for (Map.Entry<Object,Object> e : value.entrySet()) {
+                               if (same(e.getKey(), key)) {
+                                       e.setValue(val);
+                                       return;
+                               }
+                       }
+                       value.put(key, val);
+               }
+       }
+
+       /**
+        * Converts an object to a normalized form for comparison purposes.
+        *
+        * @param o The object to normalize.
+        * @return The normalized object.
+        */
+       private static final Object normalize(Object o) {
+               if (o instanceof Class)
+                       return ((Class<?>)o).getName();
+               if (o instanceof Number || o instanceof Boolean)
+                       return o.toString();
+               return o;
+       }
+
+       /*
+        * Compares two objects for "string"-equality.
+        * Basically mean both objects are equal if they're the same when 
converted to strings.
+        */
+       @SuppressWarnings({ "rawtypes", "unchecked" })
+       private static boolean same(Object o1, Object o2) {
+               if (o1 == o2)
+                       return true;
+               if (o1 instanceof Map) {
+                       if (o2 instanceof Map) {
+                               Map m1 = (Map)o1, m2 = (Map)o2;
+                               if (m1.size() == m2.size()) {
+                                       Set<Map.Entry> s1 = m1.entrySet(), s2 = 
m2.entrySet();
+                                       for (Iterator<Map.Entry> i1 = 
s1.iterator(), i2 = s2.iterator(); i1.hasNext();) {
+                                               Map.Entry e1 = i1.next(), e2 = 
i2.next();
+                                               if (! same(e1.getKey(), 
e2.getKey()))
+                                                       return false;
+                                               if (! same(e1.getValue(), 
e2.getValue()))
+                                                       return false;
+                                       }
+                                       return true;
+                               }
+                       }
+                       return false;
+               } else if (o1 instanceof Collection) {
+                       if (o2 instanceof Collection) {
+                               Collection c1 = (Collection)o1, c2 = 
(Collection)o2;
+                               if (c1.size() == c2.size()) {
+                                       for (Iterator i1 = c1.iterator(), i2 = 
c2.iterator(); i1.hasNext();) {
+                                               if (! same(i1.next(), 
i2.next()))
+                                                       return false;
+                                       }
+                                       return true;
+                               }
+                       }
+                       return false;
+               } else {
+                       return normalize(o1).equals(normalize(o2));
+               }
+       }
+
+       private String prefix(String name) {
+               if (name == null)
+                       throw new ConfigException("Invalid property name 
specified: 'null'");
+               if (name.indexOf('.') == -1)
+                       return "";
+               return name.substring(0, name.indexOf('.'));
+       }
+
+       private String className(Object o) {
+               if (o == null)
+                       return null;
+               if (o instanceof Class)
+                       return ClassUtils.getReadableClassName((Class<?>)o);
+               return ClassUtils.getReadableClassName(o.getClass());
+       }
+
+       @Override /* Object */
+       public String toString() {
+               rl.lock();
+               try {
+                       ObjectMap m = new ObjectMap();
+                       m.put("id", System.identityHashCode(this));
+                       m.put("hashCode", hashCode());
+                       m.put("properties.id", 
System.identityHashCode(properties));
+                       m.put("contexts.id", System.identityHashCode(contexts));
+                       m.put("properties", properties);
+                       m.put("contexts", contexts);
+                       return m.toString();
+               } finally {
+                       rl.unlock();
+               }
+       }
+
+       /**
+        * Creates an unlocked clone of this object.
+        *
+        * @throws CloneNotSupportedException If class cannot be cloned.
+        */
+       @Override /* Object */
+       public ContextFactory clone() throws CloneNotSupportedException {
+               rl.lock();
+               try {
+                       return new ContextFactory(this);
+               } finally {
+                       rl.unlock();
+               }
+       }
+}

http://git-wip-us.apache.org/repos/asf/incubator-juneau/blob/e6bf97a8/juneau-core/src/main/java/org/apache/juneau/CoreApi.java
----------------------------------------------------------------------
diff --git a/juneau-core/src/main/java/org/apache/juneau/CoreApi.java 
b/juneau-core/src/main/java/org/apache/juneau/CoreApi.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..34e6429
--- /dev/null
+++ b/juneau-core/src/main/java/org/apache/juneau/CoreApi.java
@@ -0,0 +1,213 @@
+/***************************************************************************************************************************
+ * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one or more 
contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file
+ * distributed with this work for additional information regarding copyright 
ownership.  The ASF licenses this file
+ * to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License"); you may not 
use this file except in compliance
+ * with the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *  http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software 
distributed under the License is distributed on an
+ * "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express 
or implied.  See the License for the
+ * specific language governing permissions and limitations under the License.
+ 
***************************************************************************************************************************/
+package org.apache.juneau;
+
+/**
+ * Common super class for all core-API serializers, parsers, and 
serializer/parser groups.
+ *
+ * <h6 class='topic'>Description</h6>
+ * <p>
+ * Maintains an inner {@link ContextFactory} instance that can be used by 
serializer and parser subclasses
+ *     to work with beans in a consistent way.
+ * <p>
+ * Provides several duplicate convenience methods from the {@link 
ContextFactory} class to set properties on that class from this class.
+ * <p>
+ * Also implements the {@link Lockable} interface to allow for easy locking 
and cloning.
+ *
+ * @author James Bognar ([email protected])
+ */
+public abstract class CoreApi extends Lockable {
+
+       private ContextFactory contextFactory = ContextFactory.create();
+       private BeanContext beanContext;
+
+       /**
+        * Returns the {@link ContextFactory} object associated with this class.
+        * <p>
+        * The context factory stores all configuration properties for this 
class.
+        * Adding/modifying properties on this factory will alter the behavior 
of this object.
+        * <p>
+        * Calling the {@link ContextFactory#lock()} method on the returned 
object will prevent
+        *      any further modifications to the configuration for this object
+        *      ANY ANY OTHERS THAT SHARE THE SAME FACTORY!.
+        * Note that calling the {@link #lock()} method on this class will only
+        *      lock the configuration for this particular instance of the 
class.
+        *
+        * @return The context factory associated with this object.
+        */
+       public ContextFactory getContextFactory() {
+               return contextFactory;
+       }
+
+       /**
+        * Returns the bean context to use for this class.
+        *
+        * @return The bean context object.
+        */
+       public BeanContext getBeanContext() {
+               if (beanContext == null)
+                       return contextFactory.getContext(BeanContext.class);
+               return beanContext;
+       }
+
+       /**
+        * Creates a {@link Context} class instance of the specified type.
+        *
+        * @param contextClass The class instance to create.
+        * @return A context class instance of the specified type.
+        */
+       protected final <T extends Context> T getContext(Class<T> contextClass) 
{
+               return contextFactory.getContext(contextClass);
+       }
+
+       /**
+        * Shortcut for calling 
<code>getContextFactory().setProperty(<jf>property</jf>, 
<jf>value</jf>);</code>.
+        *
+        * @param property The property name.
+        * @param value The property value.
+        * @return This class (for method chaining).
+        * @throws LockedException If {@link #lock()} has been called on this 
object or {@link ContextFactory} object.
+        * @see ContextFactory#setProperty(String, Object)
+        */
+       public CoreApi setProperty(String property, Object value) throws 
LockedException {
+               checkLock();
+               contextFactory.setProperty(property, value);
+               return this;
+       }
+
+       /**
+        * Shortcut for calling 
<code>getContextFactory().setProperties(<jf>properties</jf>);</code>.
+        *
+        * @param properties The properties to set on this class.
+        * @return This class (for method chaining).
+        * @throws LockedException If {@link #lock()} has been called on this 
object.
+        * @see ContextFactory#setProperties(java.util.Map)
+        */
+       public CoreApi setProperties(ObjectMap properties) throws 
LockedException {
+               checkLock();
+               contextFactory.setProperties(properties);
+               return this;
+       }
+
+       /**
+        * Shortcut for calling 
<code>getContextFactory().addNotBeanClasses(<jf>classes</jf>)</code>.
+        *
+        * @see ContextFactory#addToProperty(String,Object)
+        * @param classes The new setting value for the bean context.
+        * @throws LockedException If {@link ContextFactory#lock()} was called 
on this class or the bean context.
+        * @return This object (for method chaining).
+        * @see ContextFactory#addToProperty(String, Object)
+        * @see BeanContext#BEAN_notBeanClasses
+        */
+       public CoreApi addNotBeanClasses(Class<?>...classes) throws 
LockedException {
+               checkLock();
+               contextFactory.addNotBeanClasses(classes);
+               return this;
+       }
+
+       /**
+        * Shortcut for calling 
<code>getContextFactory().addTransforms(<jf>classes</jf>)</code>.
+        *
+        * @param classes The new setting value for the bean context.
+        * @throws LockedException If {@link ContextFactory#lock()} was called 
on this class or the bean context.
+        * @return This object (for method chaining).
+        * @see ContextFactory#addToProperty(String, Object)
+        * @see BeanContext#BEAN_transforms
+        */
+       public CoreApi addTransforms(Class<?>...classes) throws LockedException 
{
+               checkLock();
+               contextFactory.addTransforms(classes);
+               return this;
+       }
+
+       /**
+        * Shortcut for calling 
<code>getContextFactory().addImplClass(<jf>interfaceClass</jf>, 
<jf>implClass</jf>)</code>.
+        *
+        * @param interfaceClass The interface class.
+        * @param implClass The implementation class.
+        * @throws LockedException If {@link ContextFactory#lock()} was called 
on this class or the bean context.
+        * @param <T> The class type of the interface.
+        * @return This object (for method chaining).
+        * @see ContextFactory#putToProperty(String, Object, Object)
+        * @see BeanContext#BEAN_implClasses
+        */
+       public <T> CoreApi addImplClass(Class<T> interfaceClass, Class<? 
extends T> implClass) throws LockedException {
+               checkLock();
+               contextFactory.addImplClass(interfaceClass, implClass);
+               return this;
+       }
+
+       /**
+        * Shortcut for calling 
<code>getContextFactory().setClassLoader(<jf>classLoader</jf>)</code>.
+        *
+        * @param classLoader The new classloader.
+        * @throws LockedException If {@link ContextFactory#lock()} was called 
on this class or the bean context.
+        * @return This object (for method chaining).
+        * @see ContextFactory#setClassLoader(ClassLoader)
+        */
+       public CoreApi setClassLoader(ClassLoader classLoader) throws 
LockedException {
+               checkLock();
+               contextFactory.setClassLoader(classLoader);
+               return this;
+       }
+
+       /**
+        * Shortcut for calling {@link BeanContext#object()}.
+        *
+        * @return The reusable {@link ClassMeta} for representing the {@link 
Object} class.
+        */
+       public ClassMeta<Object> object() {
+               return getBeanContext().object();
+       }
+
+       /**
+        * Shortcut for calling  {@link BeanContext#string()}.
+        *
+        * @return The reusable {@link ClassMeta} for representing the {@link 
String} class.
+        */
+       public ClassMeta<String> string() {
+               return getBeanContext().string();
+       }
+
+
+       
//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+       // Overridden methods
+       
//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+       @Override /* Lockable */
+       public void checkLock() {
+               super.checkLock();
+               beanContext = null;
+       }
+
+       @Override /* Lockable */
+       public CoreApi lock() {
+               try {
+                       super.lock();
+                       contextFactory = contextFactory.clone();
+                       contextFactory.lock();
+                       beanContext = 
contextFactory.getContext(BeanContext.class);
+                       return this;
+               } catch (CloneNotSupportedException e) {
+                       throw new RuntimeException(e);
+               }
+       }
+
+       @Override /* Lockable */
+       public CoreApi clone() throws CloneNotSupportedException {
+               CoreApi c = (CoreApi)super.clone();
+               c.contextFactory = ContextFactory.create(contextFactory);
+               c.beanContext = null;
+               return c;
+       }
+}

http://git-wip-us.apache.org/repos/asf/incubator-juneau/blob/e6bf97a8/juneau-core/src/main/java/org/apache/juneau/Delegate.java
----------------------------------------------------------------------
diff --git a/juneau-core/src/main/java/org/apache/juneau/Delegate.java 
b/juneau-core/src/main/java/org/apache/juneau/Delegate.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..dff2d66
--- /dev/null
+++ b/juneau-core/src/main/java/org/apache/juneau/Delegate.java
@@ -0,0 +1,33 @@
+/***************************************************************************************************************************
+ * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one or more 
contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file
+ * distributed with this work for additional information regarding copyright 
ownership.  The ASF licenses this file
+ * to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License"); you may not 
use this file except in compliance
+ * with the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *  http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software 
distributed under the License is distributed on an
+ * "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express 
or implied.  See the License for the
+ * specific language governing permissions and limitations under the License.
+ 
***************************************************************************************************************************/
+package org.apache.juneau;
+
+/**
+ * An object that represents another object, often wrapping that object.
+ * <p>
+ * <b>*** Internal Interface - Not intended for external use ***</b>
+ * <p>
+ *     For example, {@link BeanMap} is a map representation of a bean.
+ *
+ * @author James Bognar ([email protected])
+ * @param <T> The represented class type.
+ */
+public interface Delegate<T> {
+
+       /**
+        * The {@link ClassMeta} of the class of the represented object.
+        *
+        * @return The class type of the represented object.
+        */
+       public ClassMeta<T> getClassMeta();
+}

http://git-wip-us.apache.org/repos/asf/incubator-juneau/blob/e6bf97a8/juneau-core/src/main/java/org/apache/juneau/FormattedException.java
----------------------------------------------------------------------
diff --git 
a/juneau-core/src/main/java/org/apache/juneau/FormattedException.java 
b/juneau-core/src/main/java/org/apache/juneau/FormattedException.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..add0a79
--- /dev/null
+++ b/juneau-core/src/main/java/org/apache/juneau/FormattedException.java
@@ -0,0 +1,57 @@
+/***************************************************************************************************************************
+ * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one or more 
contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file
+ * distributed with this work for additional information regarding copyright 
ownership.  The ASF licenses this file
+ * to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License"); you may not 
use this file except in compliance
+ * with the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *  http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software 
distributed under the License is distributed on an
+ * "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express 
or implied.  See the License for the
+ * specific language governing permissions and limitations under the License.
+ 
***************************************************************************************************************************/
+package org.apache.juneau;
+
+import java.text.*;
+
+/**
+ * Subclass of non-runtime exceptions that take in a message and zero or more 
arguments.
+ * <p>
+ *
+ * @author James Bognar ([email protected])
+ */
+public class FormattedException extends Exception {
+
+       private static final long serialVersionUID = 1L;
+
+       /**
+        * Constructor.
+        *
+        * @param message The {@link MessageFormat}-style message.
+        * @param args The arguments in the message.
+        */
+       public FormattedException(String message, Object...args) {
+               super(args.length == 0 ? message : 
MessageFormat.format(message, args));
+       }
+
+       /**
+        * Constructor.
+        *
+        * @param causedBy The cause of this exception.
+        * @param message The {@link MessageFormat}-style message.
+        * @param args The arguments in the message.
+        */
+       public FormattedException(Throwable causedBy, String message, 
Object...args) {
+               this(message, args);
+               initCause(causedBy);
+       }
+
+       /**
+        * Constructor.
+        *
+        * @param causedBy The cause of this exception.
+        */
+       public FormattedException(Throwable causedBy) {
+               this(causedBy, causedBy.getLocalizedMessage());
+       }
+}

http://git-wip-us.apache.org/repos/asf/incubator-juneau/blob/e6bf97a8/juneau-core/src/main/java/org/apache/juneau/FormattedRuntimeException.java
----------------------------------------------------------------------
diff --git 
a/juneau-core/src/main/java/org/apache/juneau/FormattedRuntimeException.java 
b/juneau-core/src/main/java/org/apache/juneau/FormattedRuntimeException.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..f010d9f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/juneau-core/src/main/java/org/apache/juneau/FormattedRuntimeException.java
@@ -0,0 +1,47 @@
+/***************************************************************************************************************************
+ * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one or more 
contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file
+ * distributed with this work for additional information regarding copyright 
ownership.  The ASF licenses this file
+ * to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License"); you may not 
use this file except in compliance
+ * with the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *  http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software 
distributed under the License is distributed on an
+ * "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express 
or implied.  See the License for the
+ * specific language governing permissions and limitations under the License.
+ 
***************************************************************************************************************************/
+package org.apache.juneau;
+
+import java.text.*;
+
+/**
+ * Subclass of runtime exceptions that take in a message and zero or more 
arguments.
+ *
+ * @author James Bognar ([email protected])
+ */
+public class FormattedRuntimeException extends RuntimeException {
+
+       private static final long serialVersionUID = 1L;
+
+       /**
+        * Constructor.
+        *
+        * @param message The {@link MessageFormat}-style message.
+        * @param args The arguments in the message.
+        */
+       public FormattedRuntimeException(String message, Object...args) {
+               super(args.length == 0 ? message : 
MessageFormat.format(message, args));
+       }
+
+       /**
+        * Constructor.
+        *
+        * @param causedBy The cause of this exception.
+        * @param message The {@link MessageFormat}-style message.
+        * @param args The arguments in the message.
+        */
+       public FormattedRuntimeException(Throwable causedBy, String message, 
Object...args) {
+               this(message, args);
+               initCause(causedBy);
+       }
+}

http://git-wip-us.apache.org/repos/asf/incubator-juneau/blob/e6bf97a8/juneau-core/src/main/java/org/apache/juneau/InvalidDataConversionException.java
----------------------------------------------------------------------
diff --git 
a/juneau-core/src/main/java/org/apache/juneau/InvalidDataConversionException.java
 
b/juneau-core/src/main/java/org/apache/juneau/InvalidDataConversionException.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..21d0e57
--- /dev/null
+++ 
b/juneau-core/src/main/java/org/apache/juneau/InvalidDataConversionException.java
@@ -0,0 +1,54 @@
+/***************************************************************************************************************************
+ * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one or more 
contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file
+ * distributed with this work for additional information regarding copyright 
ownership.  The ASF licenses this file
+ * to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License"); you may not 
use this file except in compliance
+ * with the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *  http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software 
distributed under the License is distributed on an
+ * "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express 
or implied.  See the License for the
+ * specific language governing permissions and limitations under the License.
+ 
***************************************************************************************************************************/
+package org.apache.juneau;
+
+import java.text.*;
+
+import org.apache.juneau.internal.*;
+import org.apache.juneau.json.*;
+
+/**
+ * General invalid conversion exception.
+ * <p>
+ *     Exception that gets thrown if you try to perform an invalid conversion, 
such as when calling {@code ObjectMap.getInt(...)} on a non-numeric 
<code>String</code>.
+ *
+ * @author James Bognar ([email protected])
+ */
+public final class InvalidDataConversionException extends RuntimeException {
+
+       private static final long serialVersionUID = 1L;
+
+       /**
+        * @param toType Attempting to convert to this class type.
+        * @param cause The cause.
+        * @param value The value being converted.
+        */
+       public InvalidDataConversionException(Object value, Class<?> toType, 
Exception cause) {
+               super(MessageFormat.format("Invalid data conversion from type 
''{0}'' to type ''{1}''.  Value={2}.", 
ClassUtils.getReadableClassNameForObject(value), 
ClassUtils.getReadableClassName(toType), getValue(value)), cause);
+       }
+
+       /**
+        * @param toType Attempting to convert to this class type.
+        * @param cause The cause.
+        * @param value The value being converted.
+        */
+       public InvalidDataConversionException(Object value, ClassMeta<?> 
toType, Exception cause) {
+               super(MessageFormat.format("Invalid data conversion from type 
''{0}'' to type ''{1}''.  Value={2}.", 
ClassUtils.getReadableClassNameForObject(value), toType.toString(), 
getValue(value)), cause);
+       }
+
+       private static String getValue(Object o) {
+               if (o instanceof Class)
+                       return "'" + 
ClassUtils.getReadableClassName((Class<?>)o) + "'";
+               return JsonSerializer.DEFAULT_LAX == null ? "'" + o.toString() 
+ "'" : JsonSerializer.DEFAULT_LAX.toString(o);
+       }
+}

http://git-wip-us.apache.org/repos/asf/incubator-juneau/blob/e6bf97a8/juneau-core/src/main/java/org/apache/juneau/Lockable.java
----------------------------------------------------------------------
diff --git a/juneau-core/src/main/java/org/apache/juneau/Lockable.java 
b/juneau-core/src/main/java/org/apache/juneau/Lockable.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..4d3d470
--- /dev/null
+++ b/juneau-core/src/main/java/org/apache/juneau/Lockable.java
@@ -0,0 +1,88 @@
+/***************************************************************************************************************************
+ * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one or more 
contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file
+ * distributed with this work for additional information regarding copyright 
ownership.  The ASF licenses this file
+ * to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License"); you may not 
use this file except in compliance
+ * with the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *  http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software 
distributed under the License is distributed on an
+ * "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express 
or implied.  See the License for the
+ * specific language governing permissions and limitations under the License.
+ 
***************************************************************************************************************************/
+package org.apache.juneau;
+
+/**
+ * Superclass of all classes that have a locked state.
+ * <p>
+ * Used to mark bean contexts, serializers, and parsers as read-only so that
+ *     settings can no longer be modified.
+ * <p>
+ * Also keeps track of when the object has been cloned and allows for lazy 
cloning through
+ *     the {@link #onUnclone()} method.  The idea behind this is that certain 
expensive fields don't
+ *     need to be cloned unless the object is actually being modified.
+ * <p>
+ * Calling {@link #lock()} on the object causes it to be put into a read-only 
state.
+ * Once called, subsequent calls to {@link #checkLock()} will cause {@link 
LockedException LockedExceptions}
+ *     to be thrown.
+ * <p>
+ * As a rule, cloned objects are unlocked by default.
+ *
+ * @author James Bognar ([email protected])
+ */
+public abstract class Lockable implements Cloneable {
+
+       private boolean isLocked = false;
+       private boolean isCloned = false;
+
+       /**
+        * Locks this object so that settings on it cannot be modified.
+        *
+        * @return This object (for method chaining).
+        */
+       public Lockable lock() {
+               isLocked = true;
+               return this;
+       }
+
+       /**
+        * @return <code><jk>true</jk></code> if this object has been locked.
+        */
+       public boolean isLocked() {
+               return isLocked;
+       }
+
+       /**
+        * Causes a {@link LockedException} to be thrown if this object has 
been locked.
+        * <p>
+        *      Also calls {@link #onUnclone()} if this is the first time this 
method has been called since cloning.
+        *
+        * @throws LockedException If {@link #lock()} has been called on this 
object.
+        */
+       public void checkLock() throws LockedException {
+               if (isLocked)
+                       throw new LockedException();
+               if (isCloned)
+                       onUnclone();
+               isCloned = false;
+       }
+
+       /**
+        * Subclass can override this method to handle lazy-cloning on the 
first time {@link #checkLock()} is called after
+        * the object has been cloned.
+        */
+       public void onUnclone() {}
+
+       /**
+        * Creates an unlocked clone of this object.
+        *
+        * @throws CloneNotSupportedException If class cannot be cloned.
+        */
+       @Override /* Object */
+       public Lockable clone() throws CloneNotSupportedException {
+               Lockable c = (Lockable)super.clone();
+               c.isLocked = false;
+               c.isCloned = true;
+               return c;
+       }
+}

http://git-wip-us.apache.org/repos/asf/incubator-juneau/blob/e6bf97a8/juneau-core/src/main/java/org/apache/juneau/LockedException.java
----------------------------------------------------------------------
diff --git a/juneau-core/src/main/java/org/apache/juneau/LockedException.java 
b/juneau-core/src/main/java/org/apache/juneau/LockedException.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..4d841f5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/juneau-core/src/main/java/org/apache/juneau/LockedException.java
@@ -0,0 +1,32 @@
+/***************************************************************************************************************************
+ * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one or more 
contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file
+ * distributed with this work for additional information regarding copyright 
ownership.  The ASF licenses this file
+ * to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License"); you may not 
use this file except in compliance
+ * with the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *  http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software 
distributed under the License is distributed on an
+ * "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express 
or implied.  See the License for the
+ * specific language governing permissions and limitations under the License.
+ 
***************************************************************************************************************************/
+package org.apache.juneau;
+
+/**
+ * Exception that gets thrown when trying to modify settings on a locked 
{@link Lockable} object.
+ * <p>
+ * A locked exception indicates a programming error.
+ * Certain objects that are meant for reuse, such as serializers and parsers, 
provide
+ * the ability to lock the current settings so that they cannot be later 
changed.
+ * This exception indicates that a setting change was attempted on a 
previously locked object.
+ *
+ * @author James Bognar ([email protected])
+ */
+public final class LockedException extends RuntimeException {
+
+       private static final long serialVersionUID = 1L;
+
+       LockedException() {
+               super("Object is locked and object settings cannot be 
modified.");
+       }
+}

http://git-wip-us.apache.org/repos/asf/incubator-juneau/blob/e6bf97a8/juneau-core/src/main/java/org/apache/juneau/MediaRange.java
----------------------------------------------------------------------
diff --git a/juneau-core/src/main/java/org/apache/juneau/MediaRange.java 
b/juneau-core/src/main/java/org/apache/juneau/MediaRange.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..788243d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/juneau-core/src/main/java/org/apache/juneau/MediaRange.java
@@ -0,0 +1,316 @@
+/***************************************************************************************************************************
+ * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one or more 
contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file
+ * distributed with this work for additional information regarding copyright 
ownership.  The ASF licenses this file
+ * to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License"); you may not 
use this file except in compliance
+ * with the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *  http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software 
distributed under the License is distributed on an
+ * "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express 
or implied.  See the License for the
+ * specific language governing permissions and limitations under the License.
+ 
***************************************************************************************************************************/
+package org.apache.juneau;
+
+import java.util.*;
+import java.util.Map.*;
+
+/**
+ * Describes a single type used in content negotiation between an HTTP client 
and server, as described in
+ * Section 14.1 and 14.7 of RFC2616 (the HTTP/1.1 specification).
+ */
+public final class MediaRange implements Comparable<MediaRange>  {
+
+       private final String type;                                              
                // The media type (e.g. "text" for Accept, "utf-8" for 
Accept-Charset)
+       private final String subType;                   // The media sub-type 
(e.g. "json" for Accept, not used for Accept-Charset)
+       private final Float qValue;
+       private final Map<String,Set<String>> parameters, extensions;
+
+       /**
+        * Returns the media type enclosed by this media range.
+        * <p>
+        * Examples:
+        * <ul>
+        *      <li><js>"text/html"</js>
+        *      <li><js>"text/*"</js>
+        *      <li><js>"*\/*"</js>
+        * </ul>
+        *
+        * @return The media type of this media range, lowercased, never 
<jk>null</jk>.
+        */
+       public String getMediaType() {
+               return type + "/" + subType;
+       }
+
+       /**
+        * Return just the type portion of this media range.
+        *
+        * @return The type portion of this media range.
+        */
+       public String getType() {
+               return type;
+       }
+
+       /**
+        * Returns the <js>'q'</js> (quality) value for this type, as described 
in Section 3.9 of RFC2616.
+        * <p>
+        * The quality value is a float between <code>0.0</code> (unacceptable) 
and <code>1.0</code> (most acceptable).
+        * <p>
+        * If 'q' value doesn't make sense for the context (e.g. this range was 
extracted from a <js>"content-*"</js> header, as opposed to <js>"accept-*"</js>
+        * header, its value will always be <js>"1"</js>.
+        *
+        * @return The 'q' value for this type, never <jk>null</jk>.
+        */
+       public Float getQValue() {
+               return qValue;
+       }
+
+       /**
+        * Returns the optional set of parameters associated to the type as 
returned by {@link #getMediaType()}.
+        * <p>
+        * The parameters are those values as described in standardized MIME 
syntax.
+        * An example of such a parameter in string form might be 
<js>"level=1"</js>.
+        * <p>
+        * Values are lowercase and never <jk>null</jk>.
+        *
+        * @return The optional list of parameters, never <jk>null</jk>.
+        */
+       public Map<String,Set<String>> getParameters() {
+               return parameters;
+       }
+
+       /**
+        * Returns the optional set of custom extensions defined for this type.
+        * <p>
+        * Values are lowercase and never <jk>null</jk>.
+        *
+        * @return The optional list of extensions, never <jk>null</jk>.
+        */
+       public Map<String,Set<String>> getExtensions() {
+               return extensions;
+       }
+
+       /**
+        * Provides a string representation of this media range, suitable for 
use as an <code>Accept</code> header value.
+        * <p>
+        * The literal text generated will be all lowercase.
+        *
+        * @return A media range suitable for use as an Accept header value, 
never <code>null</code>.
+        */
+       @Override /* Object */
+       public String toString() {
+               StringBuffer sb = new 
StringBuffer().append(type).append('/').append(subType);
+
+               if (! parameters.isEmpty())
+                       for (Entry<String,Set<String>> e : 
parameters.entrySet()) {
+                               String k = e.getKey();
+                               for (String v : e.getValue())
+                                       
sb.append(';').append(k).append('=').append(v);
+                       }
+
+               // '1' is equivalent to specifying no qValue. If there's no 
extensions, then we won't include a qValue.
+               if (qValue.floatValue() == 1.0) {
+                       if (! extensions.isEmpty()) {
+                               sb.append(";q=").append(qValue);
+                               for (Entry<String,Set<String>> e : 
extensions.entrySet()) {
+                                       String k = e.getKey();
+                                       for (String v : e.getValue())
+                                               
sb.append(';').append(k).append('=').append(v);
+                               }
+                       }
+               } else {
+                       sb.append(";q=").append(qValue);
+                       for (Entry<String,Set<String>> e : 
extensions.entrySet()) {
+                               String k = e.getKey();
+                               for (String v : e.getValue())
+                                       
sb.append(';').append(k).append('=').append(v);
+                       }
+               }
+               return sb.toString();
+       }
+
+       /**
+        * Returns <jk>true</jk> if the specified object is also a 
<code>MediaType</code>, and has the same qValue, type, parameters, and 
extensions.
+        *
+        * @return <jk>true</jk> if object is equivalent.
+        */
+       @Override /* Object */
+       public boolean equals(Object o) {
+
+               if (o == null || !(o instanceof MediaRange))
+                       return false;
+
+               if (this == o)
+                       return true;
+
+               MediaRange o2 = (MediaRange) o;
+               return qValue.equals(o2.qValue)
+                       && type.equals(o2.type)
+                       && subType.equals(o2.subType)
+                       && parameters.equals(o2.parameters)
+                       && extensions.equals(o2.extensions);
+       }
+
+       /**
+        * Returns a hash based on this instance's <code>media-type</code>.
+        *
+        * @return A hash based on this instance's <code>media-type</code>.
+        */
+       @Override /* Object */
+       public int hashCode() {
+               return type.hashCode() + subType.hashCode();
+       }
+
+       /**
+        * Creates a <code>MediaRange</code> object with the referenced values.
+        *
+        * @param type The MIME type of this media range (e.g. 
<js>"application"</js> in <js>"application/json"</js>)
+        * @param subType The MIME subtype of this media range (e.g. 
<js>"json"</js> in <js>"application/json"</js>).
+        * @param parameters The optional parameters for this range.
+        * @param qValue The quality value of this range.  Must be between 
<code>0</code> and <code>1.0</code>.
+        * @param extensions The optional extensions to this quality value.
+        */
+       private MediaRange(String type, String subType, Map<String,Set<String>> 
parameters, Float qValue, Map<String,Set<String>> extensions) {
+               this.type = type;
+               this.subType = subType;
+               this.parameters = (parameters == null ? new 
TreeMap<String,Set<String>>() : parameters);
+               this.extensions = (extensions == null ? new 
TreeMap<String,Set<String>>() : extensions);
+               this.qValue = qValue;
+       }
+
+       /**
+        * Parses an <code>Accept</code> header value into an array of media 
ranges.
+        * <p>
+        * The returned media ranges are sorted such that the most acceptable 
media is available at ordinal position <js>'0'</js>, and the least acceptable 
at position n-1.
+        * <p>
+        * The syntax expected to be found in the referenced <code>value</code> 
complies with the syntax described in RFC2616, Section 14.1, as described below:
+        * <p class='bcode'>
+        *      Accept         = "Accept" ":"
+        *                        #( media-range [ accept-params ] )
+        *
+        *      media-range    = ( "*\/*"
+        *                        | ( type "/" "*" )
+        *                        | ( type "/" subtype )
+        *                        ) *( ";" parameter )
+        *      accept-params  = ";" "q" "=" qvalue *( accept-extension )
+        *      accept-extension = ";" token [ "=" ( token | quoted-string ) ]
+        * </p>
+        * This method can also be used on other headers such as 
<code>Accept-Charset</code> and <code>Accept-Encoding</code>...
+        * <p class='bcode'>
+        *      Accept-Charset = "Accept-Charset" ":"
+        *      1#( ( charset | "*" )[ ";" "q" "=" qvalue ] )
+        * </p>
+        *
+        * @param value The value to parse.  If <jk>null</jk> or empty, returns 
a single <code>MediaRange</code> is returned that represents all types.
+        * @return The media ranges described by the string.
+        *      The ranges are sorted such that the most acceptable media is 
available at ordinal position <js>'0'</js>, and the least acceptable at 
position n-1.
+        */
+       public static MediaRange[] parse(String value) {
+
+               Set<MediaRange> ranges = new TreeSet<MediaRange>();
+
+               if (value == null || value.length() == 0)
+                       return new MediaRange[]{new MediaRange("*", "*", null, 
1f, null)};
+
+               value = value.toLowerCase(Locale.ENGLISH);
+
+               for (String r : value.trim().split("\\s*,\\s*")) {
+                       r = r.trim();
+
+                       if (r.isEmpty())
+                               continue;
+
+                       String[] tokens = r.split("\\s*;\\s*");
+
+                       tokens[0] = tokens[0].replace(' ', '+');
+
+                       // There is at least a type.
+                       String[] t = tokens[0].split("/");
+                       String type = t[0], subType = (t.length == 1 ? "*" : 
t[1]);
+
+                       // Only the type of the range is specified
+                       if (tokens.length == 1) {
+                               ranges.add(new MediaRange(type, subType, null, 
1f, null));
+                               continue;
+                       }
+
+                       Float qValue = 1f;
+                       Map<String,Set<String>> params = new 
TreeMap<String,Set<String>>();
+                       Map<String,Set<String>> exts = new 
TreeMap<String,Set<String>>();
+
+                       boolean isInExtensions = false;
+                       for (int i = 1; i < tokens.length; i++) {
+                               String[] parm = tokens[i].split("\\s*=\\s*");
+                               if (parm.length == 2) {
+                                       String k = parm[0], v = parm[1];
+                                       if (isInExtensions) {
+                                               if (! exts.containsKey(parm[0]))
+                                                       exts.put(parm[0], new 
TreeSet<String>());
+                                               exts.get(parm[0]).add(parm[1]);
+                                       } else if (k.equals("q")) {
+                                               qValue = new Float(v);
+                                               isInExtensions = true;
+                                       } else /*(! isInExtensions)*/ {
+                                               if (! 
params.containsKey(parm[0]))
+                                                       params.put(parm[0], new 
TreeSet<String>());
+                                               
params.get(parm[0]).add(parm[1]);
+                                       }
+                               }
+                       }
+
+                       ranges.add(new MediaRange(type, subType, params, 
qValue, exts));
+               }
+
+               return ranges.toArray(new MediaRange[ranges.size()]);
+       }
+
+       /**
+        * Compares two MediaRanges for equality.
+        * <p>
+        * The values are first compared according to <code>qValue</code> 
values.
+        * Should those values be equal, the <code>type</code> is then 
lexicographically compared (case-insensitive) in ascending order,
+        *      with the <js>"*"</js> type demoted last in that order.
+        * <code>MediaRanges</code> with the same type but different sub-types 
are compared - a more specific subtype is
+        *      promoted over the 'wildcard' subtype.
+        * <code>MediaRanges</code> with the same types but with extensions are 
promoted over those same types with no extensions.
+        *
+        * @param o The range to compare to.  Never <jk>null</jk>.
+        */
+       @Override /* Comparable */
+       public int compareTo(MediaRange o) {
+
+               // Compare q-values.
+               int qCompare = Float.compare(o.qValue, qValue);
+               if (qCompare != 0)
+                       return qCompare;
+
+               // Compare media-types.
+               // Note that '*' comes alphabetically before letters, so just 
do a reverse-alphabetical comparison.
+               int i = o.type.compareTo(type);
+               if (i == 0)
+                       i = o.subType.compareTo(subType);
+               return i;
+       }
+
+       /**
+        * Returns <jk>true</jk> if the specified <code>MediaRange</code> 
matches this range.
+        * <p>
+        * This implies the types and subtypes are the same as or encompasses 
the other (e.g. <js>'application/xml'</js> and <js>'application/*'</js>).
+        *
+        * @param o The other media rage.
+        * @return <jk>true</jk> if the media ranges are the same or one 
encompasses the other.
+        */
+       public boolean matches(MediaRange o) {
+               if (this == o)
+                       return true;
+
+               if (qValue == 0 || o.qValue == 0)
+                       return false;
+
+               if (type.equals(o.type) || (type.equals("*")) || 
(o.type.equals("*")))
+                       if (subType.equals(o.subType) || subType.equals("*") || 
o.subType.equals("*"))
+                               return true;
+
+               return false;
+       }
+}

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