Repository: kudu
Updated Branches:
  refs/heads/branch-0.10.x dd898f63a -> 4bf45360b


docs: Add instructions for upgrading to 0.10.0

Also add documentation of the caveats involved when attempting to
downgrade to an older version of Kudu.

Additionally:

1. Fix layout problem with installation page

   The broken layout had to do with a stray "====" before the
   ".OSX Build Script" section.

2. Fix asciidoc warning messages in index.adoc and release_notes.adoc

   The warning messages in release_notes.adoc were related to skipping a
   header level between h1 and h3. So I reduced all headings by one
   level except for the h1.

Change-Id: Ib86e071efcda05b017776a7de4f64eb6f1b12cd3
Reviewed-on: http://gerrit.cloudera.org:8080/4069
Tested-by: Kudu Jenkins
Reviewed-by: Todd Lipcon <[email protected]>
(cherry picked from commit b3371aba3c1bd24e4be56abdb47be9d2cadbd747)
Reviewed-on: http://gerrit.cloudera.org:8080/4077
Tested-by: Todd Lipcon <[email protected]>


Project: http://git-wip-us.apache.org/repos/asf/kudu/repo
Commit: http://git-wip-us.apache.org/repos/asf/kudu/commit/4bf45360
Tree: http://git-wip-us.apache.org/repos/asf/kudu/tree/4bf45360
Diff: http://git-wip-us.apache.org/repos/asf/kudu/diff/4bf45360

Branch: refs/heads/branch-0.10.x
Commit: 4bf45360bb333143dd06197f871ee0ffc9b77e19
Parents: dd898f6
Author: Mike Percy <[email protected]>
Authored: Fri Aug 19 18:31:00 2016 -0700
Committer: Todd Lipcon <[email protected]>
Committed: Mon Aug 22 07:41:29 2016 +0000

----------------------------------------------------------------------
 docs/index.adoc         |   2 +-
 docs/installation.adoc  |  41 +++-------
 docs/release_notes.adoc | 181 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++--------------
 3 files changed, 135 insertions(+), 89 deletions(-)
----------------------------------------------------------------------


http://git-wip-us.apache.org/repos/asf/kudu/blob/4bf45360/docs/index.adoc
----------------------------------------------------------------------
diff --git a/docs/index.adoc b/docs/index.adoc
index 828afb9..2f4bab0 100644
--- a/docs/index.adoc
+++ b/docs/index.adoc
@@ -64,7 +64,7 @@ refreshes of the predictive model based on all historic data
 
 For more information about these and other scenarios, see <<kudu_use_cases>>.
 
-=== Kudu-Impala Integration Features
+== Kudu-Impala Integration Features
 `CREATE TABLE`::
   Impala supports creating and dropping tables using Kudu as the persistence 
layer.
   The tables follow the same internal / external approach as other tables in 
Impala,

http://git-wip-us.apache.org/repos/asf/kudu/blob/4bf45360/docs/installation.adoc
----------------------------------------------------------------------
diff --git a/docs/installation.adoc b/docs/installation.adoc
index 2bd2a52..0d67b14 100644
--- a/docs/installation.adoc
+++ b/docs/installation.adoc
@@ -533,7 +533,6 @@ cd build/release
 make -j4
 ----
 
-====
 .OSX Build Script
 ====
 This script provides an overview of the procedure to build Kudu on OSX, and can
@@ -615,42 +614,22 @@ in `java/kudu-client/target/apidocs/index.html`.
 // end::view_api[]
 
 [[upgrade]]
-== Upgrade from 0.8.0 to 0.9.x
-
-Before upgrading, see <<client_compatibility>> and <<api_compatibility>>.
-To upgrade from Kudu 0.8.0 to 0.9.0, perform the following high-level steps, 
which
-are detailed in <<upgrade_procedure>>:
-
-. Shut down all Kudu services.
-. Install the new Kudu packages or parcels, or install Kudu 0.9.1 from source.
-. Restart all Kudu services.
-
-It is technically possible to upgrade Kudu using rolling restarts, but it has 
not
-been tested and is not recommended.
-
-To upgrade from 0.9.0 to 0.9.1, use the same procedure as the upgrade from 
0.8.0 to 0.9.0.
-
-NOTE: For the duration of the Kudu Beta, upgrade instructions are only given 
for going
-from the previous latest version to the newest.
-
-[[client_compatibility]]
-=== Client compatibility
+== Upgrade from a Previous Version of Kudu
 
-Masters and tablet servers should be upgraded before clients are upgraded. For 
specific
-information about client compatibility, see the
-link:release_notes.html#rn_0.9.0_incompatible_changes[Incompatible Changes] 
section
-of the release notes.
+Before upgrading, you should read the link:release_notes.html[Release Notes] 
for
+the version of Kudu that you are about to install. Pay close attention to the
+incompatibilities, upgrade, and downgrade notes that are documented there.
 
-[[api_compatibility]]
+Additionally, during the beta period:
 
-=== API Compatibility
+- Upgrades are only supported when going from the previous latest version to
+  the newest released version.
 
-In Kudu 0.9 and higher, you must set partitioning options explicitly when
-creating a new table. If you do not specify partitioning options, the table
-creation will fail. This behavior change does not affect existing tables.
+- Rolling upgrades are not supported. Please shut down all Kudu services before
+  upgrading the software.
 
 [[upgrade_procedure]]
-=== Upgrade procedure
+=== Upgrade Procedure
 
 . Stop the Kudu master and tablet server services:
 +

http://git-wip-us.apache.org/repos/asf/kudu/blob/4bf45360/docs/release_notes.adoc
----------------------------------------------------------------------
diff --git a/docs/release_notes.adoc b/docs/release_notes.adoc
index 50e0539..6465cb4 100644
--- a/docs/release_notes.adoc
+++ b/docs/release_notes.adoc
@@ -28,12 +28,12 @@
 :sectlinks:
 :experimental:
 
-=== Introduction
+== Introduction
 
 If you are new to Kudu, check out its list of link:index.html[features and 
benefits].
 
 [[rn_0.10.0]]
-=== Release notes specific to 0.10.0
+== Release notes specific to 0.10.0
 
 Kudu 0.10.0 delivers a number of new features, bug fixes, and optimizations,
 detailed below.
@@ -45,17 +45,17 @@ using new features of Kudu 0.10.0 such as manually 
range-partitioned tables,
 you must first upgrade all clients to this release.
 
 This release does not maintain full Java API or ABI compatibility with
-Kudu 0.9.0 due to a package rename and some other small changes. See below for 
details.
+Kudu 0.9.x due to a package rename and some other small changes. See below for 
details.
 
 See also +++<a 
href="https://issues.apache.org/jira/issues/?jql=project%20%3D%20KUDU%20AND%20status%20%3D%20Resolved
 %20AND%20fixVersion%20%3D%200.10.0">JIRAs resolved
 for Kudu 0.10.0</a>+++ and +++<a 
href="https://github.com/apache/kudu/compare/0.9.1...0.10.0";>Git
-changes between 0.10.0 and 0.10.0</a>+++.
+changes between 0.9.1 and 0.10.0</a>+++.
 
-To upgrade to Kudu 0.10.0, see link:installation.html#upgrade[Upgrade from 
0.9.x to 0.10.0].
+To upgrade to Kudu 0.10.0, see <<rn_0.10.0_upgrade>>.
 
 [[rn_0.10.0_incompatible_changes]]
-==== Incompatible changes and deprecated APIs
+=== Incompatible changes and deprecated APIs in 0.10.0
 
 - link:http://gerrit.cloudera.org:8080/3737[Gerrit #3737] The Java client has 
been repackaged
   under `org.apache.kudu` instead of `org.kududb`. Import statements for Kudu 
classes must
@@ -105,7 +105,7 @@ To upgrade to Kudu 0.10.0, see 
link:installation.html#upgrade[Upgrade from 0.9.x
   the `operation` parameter to `insert`.
 
 [[rn_0.10.0_new_features]]
-==== New features
+=== New features
 
 - Users may now manually manage the partitioning of a range-partitioned table.
   When a table is created, the user may specify a set of range partitions that
@@ -140,7 +140,7 @@ To upgrade to Kudu 0.10.0, see 
link:installation.html#upgrade[Upgrade from 0.9.x
   now the preferred way to write to Kudu tables from Spark.
 
 [[rn_0.10.0_improvements]]
-==== Improvements and optimizations
+=== Improvements and optimizations
 
 - link:https://issues.apache.org/jira/browse/KUDU-1516[KUDU-1516] The 
`kudu-ksck` tool
   has been improved and now detects problems such as when a tablet does not 
have
@@ -173,7 +173,7 @@ To upgrade to Kudu 0.10.0, see 
link:installation.html#upgrade[Upgrade from 0.9.x
   primary keys.
 
 [[rn_0.10.0_fixed_issues]]
-==== Fixed Issues
+=== Fixed Issues
 
 - link:https://gerrit.cloudera.org/#/c/3541/[Gerrit #3541] Fixed a problem in 
the Java client
   whereby an RPC could be dropped when a connection to a tablet server or 
master was forcefully
@@ -192,7 +192,7 @@ To upgrade to Kudu 0.10.0, see 
link:installation.html#upgrade[Upgrade from 0.9.x
   identifiers will no longer be reused.
 
 [[rn_0.10.0_changes]]
-==== Other noteworthy changes
+=== Other noteworthy changes
 
 - This is the first release of Apache Kudu as a top-level (non-incubating)
   project!
@@ -215,8 +215,40 @@ To upgrade to Kudu 0.10.0, see 
link:installation.html#upgrade[Upgrade from 0.9.x
   replication on a previously-unreplicated table. This change is internal and
   should not be visible to users.
 
+[[rn_0.10.0_upgrade]]
+=== Upgrading from 0.9.x to 0.10.0
+
+Before upgrading, see <<rn_0.10.0_incompatible_changes>> and
+<<rn_0.10.0_downgrade>>.
+
+To upgrade from Kudu 0.9.x to Kudu 0.10.0, perform the following high-level
+steps, which are detailed in the installation guide under
+link:installation.html#upgrade_procedure[Upgrade Procedure]:
+
+. Shut down all Kudu services.
+. Install the new Kudu packages or parcels, or install Kudu 0.10.0 from source.
+. Restart all Kudu services.
+
+WARNING: Rolling upgrades are not supported when upgrading from Kudu 0.9.x to
+0.10.0 and they are known to cause errors in this release. If you run into a
+problem after an accidental rolling upgrade, shut down all services and then
+restart all services and the system should come up properly.
+
+NOTE: For the duration of the Kudu Beta, upgrade instructions are generally
+only given for going from the previous latest version to the newly released
+version.
+
+[[rn_0.10.0_downgrade]]
+=== Downgrading from 0.10.0 to 0.9.x
+
+After upgrading to Kudu 0.10.0, it is possible to downgrade to 0.9.x with the
+following exceptions:
+
+. Tables created in 0.10.0 will not be accessible after a downgrade to 0.9.x
+. A multi-master setup formatted in 0.10.0 may not be downgraded to 0.9.x
+
 [[rn_0.9.1]]
-=== Release notes specific to 0.9.1
+== Release notes specific to 0.9.1
 
 Kudu 0.9.1 delivers incremental bug fixes over Kudu 0.9.0. It is fully 
compatible with
 Kudu 0.9.0.
@@ -226,10 +258,20 @@ See also +++<a 
href="https://issues.apache.org/jira/issues/?jql=project%20%3D%20
 for Kudu 0.9.1</a>+++ and +++<a 
href="https://github.com/apache/incubator-kudu/compare/0.9.0...0.9.1";>Git
 changes between 0.9.0 and 0.9.1</a>+++.
 
-To upgrade to Kudu 0.9.1, see link:installation.html#upgrade[Upgrade from 
0.8.0 to 0.9.x].
+[[rn_0.9.1_upgrade]]
+=== Upgrading from 0.9.0 to 0.9.1
+
+Before upgrading to Kudu 0.9.1 from Kudu 0.8.0, please read the <<rn_0.9.0>>.
+
+Upgrading from 0.8.0 or 0.9.0 to 0.9.1 is supported. To upgrade from Kudu 0.8.0
+or Kudu 0.9.0 to Kudu 0.9.1, use the procedure documented in 
<<rn_0.9.0_upgrade>>.
+
+NOTE: For the duration of the Kudu Beta, upgrade instructions are generally
+only given for going from the previous latest version to the newly released
+version.
 
 [[rn_0.9.1_fixed_issues]]
-==== Fixed Issues
+=== Fixed Issues
 
 - link:https://issues.apache.org/jira/browse/KUDU-1469[KUDU-1469] fixed a bug 
in
 our Raft consensus implementation that could cause a tablet to stop making 
progress after a leader
@@ -245,7 +287,7 @@ errors from the Java client would carry an incorrect error 
message.
 - Several other small bug fixes were backported to improve stability.
 
 [[rn_0.9.0]]
-=== Release notes specific to 0.9.0
+== Release notes specific to 0.9.0
 
 Kudu 0.9.0 delivers incremental features, improvements, and bug fixes over the 
previous versions.
 
@@ -254,10 +296,10 @@ See also +++<a 
href="https://issues.apache.org/jira/issues/?jql=project%20%3D%20
 for Kudu 0.9.0</a>+++ and +++<a 
href="https://github.com/apache/incubator-kudu/compare/0.8.0...0.9.0";>Git
 changes between 0.8.0 and 0.9.0</a>+++.
 
-To upgrade to Kudu 0.9.0, see link:installation.html#upgrade[Upgrade from 
0.8.0 to 0.9.x].
+To upgrade to Kudu 0.10.0, see <<rn_0.9.0_upgrade>>.
 
 [[rn_0.9.0_incompatible_changes]]
-==== Incompatible changes
+=== Incompatible changes
 
 - The `KuduTableInputFormat` command has changed the way in which it handles
   scan predicates, including how it serializes predicates to the job 
configuration
@@ -273,7 +315,7 @@ To upgrade to Kudu 0.9.0, see 
link:installation.html#upgrade[Upgrade from 0.8.0
   details.
 
 [[rn_0.9.0_new_features]]
-==== New features
+=== New features
 - link:https://issues.apache.org/jira/browse/KUDU-1002[KUDU-1002] Added 
support for
  `UPSERT` operations, whereby a row is inserted if it does not already exist, 
but
  updated if it does. Support for `UPSERT` is included in Java, C++, and Python 
APIs,
@@ -293,7 +335,7 @@ To upgrade to Kudu 0.9.0, see 
link:installation.html#upgrade[Upgrade from 0.8.0
   to update and insert from Spark using a Kudu datasource.
 
 [[rn_0.9.0_improvements]]
-==== Improvements
+=== Improvements
 
 - link:https://issues.apache.org/jira/browse/KUDU-1415[KUDU-1415] Added 
statistics in the Java
   client such as the number of bytes written and the number of operations 
applied.
@@ -303,7 +345,7 @@ To upgrade to Kudu 0.9.0, see 
link:installation.html#upgrade[Upgrade from 0.8.0
   now cleaned up after they are deleted.
 
 [[rn_0.9.0_fixed_issues]]
-==== Fixed Issues
+=== Fixed Issues
 
 - link:https://issues.apache.org/jira/browse/KUDU-678[KUDU-678] Fixed a leak 
that happened during
   DiskRowSet compactions where tiny blocks were still written to disk even if 
there were no REDO
@@ -315,7 +357,7 @@ To upgrade to Kudu 0.9.0, see 
link:installation.html#upgrade[Upgrade from 0.8.0
   was configured with RLE encoding.
 
 [[rn_0.9.0_changes]]
-==== Other noteworthy changes
+=== Other noteworthy changes
 
 All Kudu clients have longer default timeout values, as listed below.
 
@@ -335,8 +377,33 @@ All Kudu clients have longer default timeout values, as 
listed below.
   link:http://getkudu.io/2016/04/26/ycsb.html[Experiments using YCSB] indicate 
that these
   values will provide better throughput for write-heavy applications on 
typical server hardware.
 
+[[rn_0.9.0_upgrade]]
+=== Upgrading from 0.8.0 to 0.9.x
+
+Before upgrading, see <<rn_0.9.0_incompatible_changes>> and
+<<rn_0.9.0_client_compatibility>>. To upgrade from Kudu 0.8.0 to 0.9.0, perform
+the following high-level steps, which are detailed in the installation guide
+under link:installation.html#upgrade_procedure[Upgrade Procedure]:
+
+. Shut down all Kudu services.
+. Install the new Kudu packages or parcels, or install Kudu 0.9.1 from source.
+. Restart all Kudu services.
+
+It is technically possible to upgrade Kudu using rolling restarts, but it has 
not
+been tested and is not recommended.
+
+NOTE: For the duration of the Kudu Beta, upgrade instructions are only given 
for going
+from the previous latest version to the newest.
+
+[[rn_0.9.0_client_compatibility]]
+=== Client compatibility
+
+Masters and tablet servers should be upgraded before clients are upgraded. For 
specific
+information about client compatibility, see the 
<<rn_0.9.0_incompatible_changes>> section.
+
+
 [[rn_0.8.0]]
-=== Release notes specific to 0.8.0
+== Release notes specific to 0.8.0
 
 Kudu 0.8.0 delivers incremental features, improvements, and bug fixes over the 
previous versions.
 
@@ -348,20 +415,20 @@ changes between 0.7.1 and 0.8.0</a>+++.
 To upgrade to Kudu 0.8.0, see link:installation.html#upgrade[Upgrade from 
0.7.1 to 0.8.0].
 
 [[rn_0.8.0_incompatible_changes]]
-==== Incompatible changes
+=== Incompatible changes
 
 - 0.8.0 clients are not fully compatible with servers running Kudu 0.7.1 or 
lower.
 In particular, scans that specify column predicates will fail. To work around 
this
 issue, upgrade all Kudu servers before upgrading clients.
 
 [[rn_0.8.0_new_features]]
-==== New features
+=== New features
 
 - link:https://issues.apache.org/jira/browse/KUDU-431[KUDU-431] A simple Flume
   sink has been implemented.
 
 [[rn_0.8.0_improvements]]
-==== Improvements
+=== Improvements
 
 - link:https://issues.apache.org/jira/browse/KUDU-839[KUDU-839] Java RowError 
now uses an enum error code.
 
@@ -380,7 +447,7 @@ issue, upgrade all Kudu servers before upgrading clients.
 
 
 [[rn_0.8.0_fixed_issues]]
-==== Fixed Issues
+=== Fixed Issues
 
 - link:https://issues.cloudera.org/browse/KUDU-1337[KUDU-1337] Tablets from 
tables
   that were deleted might be unnecessarily re-bootstrapped when the leader 
gets the
@@ -404,7 +471,7 @@ issue, upgrade all Kudu servers before upgrading clients.
   lingering non-daemon threads.
 
 [[rn_0.8.0_changes]]
-==== Other noteworthy changes
+=== Other noteworthy changes
 
 - link:http://gerrit.cloudera.org:8080/#/c/2239/[Gerrit 2239] The concept of 
"feature flags"
   was introduced in order to manage compatibility between different
@@ -415,13 +482,13 @@ issue, upgrade all Kudu servers before upgrading clients.
   users of the clients or API.
 
 [[rn_0.7.1]]
-=== Release notes specific to 0.7.1
+== Release notes specific to 0.7.1
 
 Kudu 0.7.1 is a bug fix release for 0.7.0.
 
 [[rn_0.7.1_fixed_issues]]
 
-==== Fixed Issues
+=== Fixed Issues
 
 - https://issues.apache.org/jira/browse/KUDU-1325[KUDU-1325] fixes a tablet 
server crash that could
 occur during table deletion. In some cases, while a table was being deleted, 
other replicas would
@@ -446,7 +513,7 @@ restart the affected tablet server.
 which prevented reading rows with `NULL` values.
 
 [[rn_0.7.0]]
-=== Release notes specific to 0.7.0
+== Release notes specific to 0.7.0
 
 Kudu 0.7.0 is the first release done as part of the Apache Incubator and 
includes a number
 of changes, new features, improvements, and fixes.
@@ -459,7 +526,7 @@ changes between 0.6.0 and 0.7.0</a>+++.
 The upgrade instructions can be found at 
link:installation.html#upgrade[Upgrade from 0.6.0 to 0.7.0].
 
 [[rn_0.7.0_incompatible_changes]]
-==== Incompatible changes
+=== Incompatible changes
 
 - The C++ client includes a new API, `KuduScanBatch`, which performs better 
when a
 large number of small rows are returned in a batch. The old API of 
`vector<KuduRowResult>`
@@ -479,13 +546,13 @@ the features already supported by the C++ and Java 
clients. The Python client is
 longer considered experimental.
 
 [[rn_0.7.0_new_features]]
-==== New features
+=== New features
 
 - With the goal of Spark integration in mind, a new `kuduRDD` API has been 
added,
 which wraps `newAPIHadoopRDD` and includes a default source for Spark SQL.
 
 [[rn_0.7.0_improvements]]
-==== Improvements
+=== Improvements
 
 - The Java client includes new methods `countPendingErrors()` and
 `getPendingErrors()` on `KuduSession`. These methods allow you to count and
@@ -498,7 +565,7 @@ for SLES 12.
 
 
 [[rn_0.7.0_fixed_issues]]
-==== Fixed Issues
+=== Fixed Issues
 
 - https://issues.cloudera.org/browse/KUDU-1288[KUDU-1288] fixes a severe file 
descriptor
 leak, which could previously only be resolved by restarting the tablet server.
@@ -507,7 +574,7 @@ leak, which could previously only be resolved by restarting 
the tablet server.
 client when processing an in-flight batch and the previous batch encountered 
an error.
 
 [[rn_0.7.0_changes]]
-==== Other noteworthy changes
+=== Other noteworthy changes
 
 - The file block manager's performance was improved, but it is still not 
recommended for
 real-world use.
@@ -530,18 +597,18 @@ previous link and 
link:http://developerblog.redhat.com/2015/02/05/gcc5-and-the-c
 
 - The Python client is no longer considered experimental.
 
-==== Limitations
+=== Limitations
 
 See also <<beta_limitations>>. Where applicable, this list adds to or 
overrides that
 list.
 
-===== Operating System Limitations
+==== Operating System Limitations
 * Kudu 0.7 is known to work on RHEL 7 or 6.4 or newer, CentOS 7 or 6.4 or 
newer, Ubuntu
 Trusty, and SLES 12. Other operating systems may work but have not been tested.
 
 
 [[rn_0.6.0]]
-=== Release notes specific to 0.6.0
+== Release notes specific to 0.6.0
 
 The 0.6.0 release contains incremental improvements and bug fixes. The most 
notable
 changes are:
@@ -557,35 +624,35 @@ consistent with the C++ client.
 - OSX is now supported for single-host development. Please consult its 
specific installation
 instructions in link:installation.html#osx_from_source[OS X].
 
-==== Limitations
+=== Limitations
 
 See also <<beta_limitations>>. Where applicable, this list adds to or 
overrides that
 list.
 
-===== Operating System Limitations
+==== Operating System Limitations
 * Kudu 0.6 is known to work on RHEL 6.4 or newer, CentOS 6.4 or newer, and 
Ubuntu
 Trusty. Other operating systems may work but have not been tested.
 
-===== API Limitations
+==== API Limitations
 * The Python client is still considered experimental.
 
 
 [[rn_0.5.0]]
-=== Release Notes Specific to 0.5.0
+== Release Notes Specific to 0.5.0
 
-==== Limitations
+=== Limitations
 
 See also <<beta_limitations>>. Where applicable, this list adds to or 
overrides that
 list.
 
-===== Operating System Limitations
+==== Operating System Limitations
 * Kudu 0.5 is known to work on RHEL 7 or 6.4 or newer, CentOS 7 or 6.4 or 
newer, Ubuntu
 Trusty, and SLES 12. Other operating systems may work but have not been tested.
 
-===== API Limitations
+==== API Limitations
 * The Python client is considered experimental.
 
-=== About the Kudu Public Beta
+== About the Kudu Public Beta
 
 This release of Kudu is a public beta. Do not run this beta release on 
production clusters.
 During the public beta period, Kudu will be supported via a
@@ -609,13 +676,13 @@ or contents.
 
 
 [[beta_limitations]]
-==== Limitations of the Kudu Public Beta
+=== Limitations of the Kudu Public Beta
 
 Items in this list may be amended or superseded by limitations listed in the 
release
 notes for specific Kudu releases above.
 
 
-===== Schema Limitations
+==== Schema Limitations
 * Kudu is primarily designed for analytic use cases and, in the beta release,
 you are likely to encounter issues if a single row contains multiple kilobytes 
of data.
 * The columns which make up the primary key must be listed first in the schema.
@@ -629,7 +696,7 @@ primary key definition.
 There is no way to run compaction manually, but dropping the table will 
reclaim the
 space immediately.
 
-===== Ingest Limitations
+==== Ingest Limitations
 * Ingest via Sqoop or Flume is not supported in the public beta. The 
recommended
 approach for bulk ingest is to use Impala’s `CREATE TABLE AS SELECT` 
functionality
 or use the Kudu Java or C++ API.
@@ -639,12 +706,12 @@ link:schema_design.html[Schema Design].
 * Tablets cannot currently be merged. Instead, create a new table with the 
contents
 of the old tables to be merged.
 
-===== Replication and Backup Limitations
+==== Replication and Backup Limitations
 * Replication and failover of Kudu masters is considered experimental. It is
 recommended to run a single master and periodically perform a manual backup of
 its data directories.
 
-===== Impala Limitations
+==== Impala Limitations
 * To use Kudu with Impala, you must install a special release of Impala called
 Impala_Kudu. Obtaining and installing a compatible Impala release is detailed 
in Kudu's
 link:kudu_impala_integration.html[Impala Integration] documentation.
@@ -666,23 +733,23 @@ a string key `name`, the predicate `WHERE ts >= 12345` 
will convert into an
 efficient range scan, whereas `where name > 'lipcon'` will currently fetch all
 data from the table and evaluate the predicate within Impala.
 
-===== Security Limitations
+==== Security Limitations
 
 * Authentication and authorization are not included in the public beta.
 * Data encryption is not included in the public beta.
 
-===== Client and API Limitations
+==== Client and API Limitations
 
 * Potentially-incompatible C++, Java and Python API changes may be required 
during the
 public beta.
 * `ALTER TABLE` is not yet fully supported via the client APIs. More `ALTER 
TABLE`
 operations will become available in future betas.
 
-===== Application Integration Limitations
+==== Application Integration Limitations
 
 * The Spark DataFrame implementation is not yet complete.
 
-===== Other Known Issues
+==== Other Known Issues
 
 The following are known bugs and issues with the current beta release. They 
will
 be addressed in later beta releases.
@@ -696,13 +763,13 @@ to start up. It is recommended to limit the number of 
tablets per server to 100
 Consider this limitation when pre-splitting your tables. If you notice slow 
start-up times,
 you can monitor the number of tablets per server in the web UI.
 
-=== Resources
+== Resources
 
 - link:http://getkudu.io[Kudu Website]
 - link:http://github.com/apache/incubator-kudu[Kudu GitHub Repository]
 - link:index.html[Kudu Documentation]
 
-=== Installation Options
+== Installation Options
 * A Quickstart VM is provided to get you up and running quickly.
 * You can install Kudu using provided deb/yum packages.
 * You can install Kudu, in clusters managed by Cloudera Manager, using parcels 
or deb/yum packages.
@@ -710,7 +777,7 @@ you can monitor the number of tablets per server in the web 
UI.
 
 For full installation details, see link:installation.html[Kudu Installation].
 
-=== Next Steps
+== Next Steps
 - link:quickstart.html[Kudu Quickstart]
 - link:installation.html[Installing Kudu]
 - link:configuration.html[Configuring Kudu]

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