xiangfu0 commented on code in PR #19825:
URL: https://github.com/apache/pinot/pull/19825#discussion_r4245005645


##########
pinot-core/src/main/java/org/apache/pinot/core/data/table/IndexedTable.java:
##########
@@ -108,6 +109,29 @@ public boolean upsert(Record record) {
     return upsert(new Key(keyValues), record);
   }
 
+  /// Upserts an already-extracted result into a table with exactly one 
aggregation function.
+  /// The table may retain the key and result; callers must not modify them 
after this call.
+  /// A null result follows the aggregation function's existing merge 
semantics.
+  public boolean upsertSingleAggregationResult(Key key, @Nullable Object 
result) {
+    assert _aggregationFunctions.length == 1;
+    return upsert(key, createSingleAggregationRecord(key, result));
+  }
+
+  protected Record createSingleAggregationRecord(Key key, @Nullable Object 
result) {
+    Object[] values = Arrays.copyOf(key.getValues(), _numKeyColumns + 1);
+    values[_numKeyColumns] = result;
+    return new Record(values);
+  }
+
+  protected Record updateSingleAggregationRecord(Record record, @Nullable 
Object result) {
+    Object[] values = record.getValues();
+    values[_numKeyColumns] = !_hasFinalInput

Review Comment:
   The shared API continues to support final inputs, checks their Comparable 
representation before insertion, and documents that contract. Added integer 
DISTINCTCOUNT final-input coverage so final-result addition is observably 
different from intermediate set union. Fixed in 
[d4034a5c37](https://github.com/apache/pinot/commit/d4034a5c37d6969d8a45970b6b54f91bd30f4687).



##########
pinot-core/src/main/java/org/apache/pinot/core/data/table/IndexedTable.java:
##########
@@ -108,6 +109,29 @@ public boolean upsert(Record record) {
     return upsert(new Key(keyValues), record);
   }
 
+  /// Upserts an already-extracted result into a table with exactly one 
aggregation function.

Review Comment:
   Documented that the method returns true even when it rejects new groups, 
because existing groups still accept updates. This preserves the table 
implementations’ existing upsert behavior. Fixed in 
[d4034a5c37](https://github.com/apache/pinot/commit/d4034a5c37d6969d8a45970b6b54f91bd30f4687).



##########
pinot-core/src/main/java/org/apache/pinot/core/data/table/ConcurrentIndexedTable.java:
##########
@@ -48,6 +50,26 @@ public boolean upsert(Key key, Record record) {
     return true;
   }
 
+  @Override
+  public boolean upsertSingleAggregationResult(Key key, @Nullable Object 
result) {
+    assert _aggregationFunctions.length == 1;
+    if (_hasOrderBy) {
+      return super.upsertSingleAggregationResult(key, result);
+    }
+    BiFunction<Key, Record, Record> mergeResult = (k, record) -> record == null

Review Comment:
   The saturated update helper now checks whether the key exists before 
constructing its capturing callback. Rejected absent groups avoid that 
allocation, while admitted groups still update atomically through 
computeIfPresent. Fixed in 
[d4034a5c37](https://github.com/apache/pinot/commit/d4034a5c37d6969d8a45970b6b54f91bd30f4687).



##########
pinot-core/src/test/java/org/apache/pinot/core/data/table/UnboundedConcurrentIndexedTableTest.java:
##########
@@ -0,0 +1,299 @@
+/**
+ * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
+ * or more contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file
+ * distributed with this work for additional information
+ * regarding copyright ownership.  The ASF licenses this file
+ * to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
+ * "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
+ * with the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *   http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing,
+ * software distributed under the License is distributed on an
+ * "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY
+ * KIND, either express or implied.  See the License for the
+ * specific language governing permissions and limitations
+ * under the License.
+ */
+package org.apache.pinot.core.data.table;
+
+import com.clearspring.analytics.stream.cardinality.HyperLogLog;
+import it.unimi.dsi.fastutil.ints.IntArrayList;
+import it.unimi.dsi.fastutil.ints.IntOpenHashSet;
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.HashMap;
+import java.util.Iterator;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.Map;
+import java.util.Objects;
+import java.util.concurrent.CountDownLatch;
+import java.util.concurrent.ExecutionException;
+import java.util.concurrent.ExecutorService;
+import java.util.concurrent.Executors;
+import java.util.concurrent.Future;
+import java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit;
+import java.util.concurrent.TimeoutException;
+import java.util.function.Supplier;
+import org.apache.pinot.common.utils.DataSchema;
+import org.apache.pinot.common.utils.DataSchema.ColumnDataType;
+import org.apache.pinot.core.query.request.context.QueryContext;
+import 
org.apache.pinot.core.query.request.context.utils.QueryContextConverterUtils;
+import org.apache.pinot.segment.local.customobject.AvgPair;
+import org.testng.annotations.DataProvider;
+import org.testng.annotations.Test;
+
+import static org.testng.Assert.assertEquals;
+import static org.testng.Assert.assertNotSame;
+import static org.testng.Assert.assertSame;
+import static org.testng.Assert.assertTrue;
+
+
+/// Verifies unordered group insertion and atomic updates using independent 
concurrent writers.
+public class UnboundedConcurrentIndexedTableTest {
+  @DataProvider(name = "inputModes")
+  public Object[][] inputModes() {
+    return new Object[][]{{false, false}, {true, false}, {false, true}, {true, 
true}};
+  }
+
+  @DataProvider(name = "singleAggregations")
+  public Object[][] singleAggregations() {
+    Supplier<Object[]> numericInputs = () -> new Object[]{3d, 5d};
+    Supplier<Object[]> avgInputs = () -> new Object[]{new AvgPair(9, 3), new 
AvgPair(11, 1)};
+    Supplier<Object[]> distinctInputs = () -> new Object[]{new 
IntOpenHashSet(new int[]{1, 2}),
+        new IntOpenHashSet(new int[]{2, 3})};
+    Supplier<Object[]> hllInputs = () -> {
+      HyperLogLog first = new HyperLogLog(8);
+      first.offer(1);
+      first.offer(2);
+      HyperLogLog second = new HyperLogLog(8);
+      second.offer(2);
+      second.offer(3);
+      return new Object[]{first, second};
+    };
+    Supplier<Object[]> arrayInputs = () -> new Object[]{new IntArrayList(new 
int[]{1, 2}),
+        new IntArrayList(new int[]{2, 3})};
+    return new Object[][]{
+        {"SUM(metric)", false, numericInputs, 8d, null},
+        {"SUM(metric)", true, numericInputs, 8d, null},

Review Comment:
   Added DISTINCTCOUNT final-input coverage using integer partial results. It 
exercises mergeFinalResult addition rather than the intermediate set-union 
merge. Fixed in 
[d4034a5c37](https://github.com/apache/pinot/commit/d4034a5c37d6969d8a45970b6b54f91bd30f4687).



##########
pinot-core/src/test/java/org/apache/pinot/core/data/table/UnboundedConcurrentIndexedTableTest.java:
##########
@@ -0,0 +1,299 @@
+/**
+ * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
+ * or more contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file
+ * distributed with this work for additional information
+ * regarding copyright ownership.  The ASF licenses this file
+ * to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
+ * "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
+ * with the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *   http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing,
+ * software distributed under the License is distributed on an
+ * "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY
+ * KIND, either express or implied.  See the License for the
+ * specific language governing permissions and limitations
+ * under the License.
+ */
+package org.apache.pinot.core.data.table;
+
+import com.clearspring.analytics.stream.cardinality.HyperLogLog;
+import it.unimi.dsi.fastutil.ints.IntArrayList;
+import it.unimi.dsi.fastutil.ints.IntOpenHashSet;
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.HashMap;
+import java.util.Iterator;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.Map;
+import java.util.Objects;
+import java.util.concurrent.CountDownLatch;
+import java.util.concurrent.ExecutionException;
+import java.util.concurrent.ExecutorService;
+import java.util.concurrent.Executors;
+import java.util.concurrent.Future;
+import java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit;
+import java.util.concurrent.TimeoutException;
+import java.util.function.Supplier;
+import org.apache.pinot.common.utils.DataSchema;
+import org.apache.pinot.common.utils.DataSchema.ColumnDataType;
+import org.apache.pinot.core.query.request.context.QueryContext;
+import 
org.apache.pinot.core.query.request.context.utils.QueryContextConverterUtils;
+import org.apache.pinot.segment.local.customobject.AvgPair;
+import org.testng.annotations.DataProvider;
+import org.testng.annotations.Test;
+
+import static org.testng.Assert.assertEquals;
+import static org.testng.Assert.assertNotSame;
+import static org.testng.Assert.assertSame;
+import static org.testng.Assert.assertTrue;
+
+
+/// Verifies unordered group insertion and atomic updates using independent 
concurrent writers.
+public class UnboundedConcurrentIndexedTableTest {
+  @DataProvider(name = "inputModes")
+  public Object[][] inputModes() {
+    return new Object[][]{{false, false}, {true, false}, {false, true}, {true, 
true}};
+  }
+
+  @DataProvider(name = "singleAggregations")
+  public Object[][] singleAggregations() {
+    Supplier<Object[]> numericInputs = () -> new Object[]{3d, 5d};
+    Supplier<Object[]> avgInputs = () -> new Object[]{new AvgPair(9, 3), new 
AvgPair(11, 1)};
+    Supplier<Object[]> distinctInputs = () -> new Object[]{new 
IntOpenHashSet(new int[]{1, 2}),
+        new IntOpenHashSet(new int[]{2, 3})};
+    Supplier<Object[]> hllInputs = () -> {
+      HyperLogLog first = new HyperLogLog(8);
+      first.offer(1);
+      first.offer(2);
+      HyperLogLog second = new HyperLogLog(8);
+      second.offer(2);
+      second.offer(3);
+      return new Object[]{first, second};
+    };
+    Supplier<Object[]> arrayInputs = () -> new Object[]{new IntArrayList(new 
int[]{1, 2}),
+        new IntArrayList(new int[]{2, 3})};
+    return new Object[][]{
+        {"SUM(metric)", false, numericInputs, 8d, null},
+        {"SUM(metric)", true, numericInputs, 8d, null},
+        {"MIN(metric)", false, numericInputs, 3d, null},
+        {"MIN(metric)", true, numericInputs, 3d, null},
+        {"MAX(metric)", false, numericInputs, 5d, null},
+        {"MAX(metric)", true, numericInputs, 5d, null},
+        {"AVG(metric)", false, avgInputs, 5d, null},
+        {"DISTINCTCOUNT(metric)", false, distinctInputs, 3, 0},
+        {"DISTINCTCOUNTHLL(metric)", false, hllInputs, 3L, 0L},
+        {"ARRAYAGG(metric, 'INT')", false, arrayInputs, new IntArrayList(new 
int[]{1, 2, 2, 3}), new IntArrayList()}
+    };
+  }
+
+  @Test(dataProvider = "singleAggregations")
+  public void testSingleAggregationParity(String expression, boolean 
hasFinalInput, Supplier<Object[]> inputSupplier,
+      Object mergedResult, Object emptyResult) {
+    ExecutorService executor = Executors.newSingleThreadExecutor();
+    try {
+      Map<Key, Object> eagerResults =
+          singleAggregationResults(expression, hasFinalInput, inputSupplier, 
false, executor);
+      Map<Key, Object> scalarResults =
+          singleAggregationResults(expression, hasFinalInput, inputSupplier, 
true, executor);
+      assertEquals(eagerResults.size(), 3);
+      assertEquals(scalarResults.keySet(), eagerResults.keySet());
+      for (String group : List.of("null-first", "null-last", "all-null")) {
+        Key key = new Key(new Object[]{group, 1d});
+        assertTrue(eagerResults.containsKey(key));
+        Object expectedResult = group.equals("all-null") ? emptyResult : 
mergedResult;
+        assertTrue(Objects.deepEquals(eagerResults.get(key), expectedResult), 
expression + ": " + group);
+        assertTrue(Objects.deepEquals(scalarResults.get(key), 
eagerResults.get(key)), expression + ": " + group);
+      }
+    } finally {
+      executor.shutdownNow();
+    }
+  }
+
+  @Test(dataProvider = "inputModes", timeOut = 30_000)
+  public void testConcurrentCountsWithHashCollisions(boolean scalarInput, 
boolean hasFinalInput)
+      throws InterruptedException, ExecutionException, TimeoutException {
+    int numThreads = 4;
+    int iterations = 1_000;
+    assertEquals(new Key(new Object[]{"Aa", 1d}).hashCode(), new Key(new 
Object[]{"BB", 1d}).hashCode());
+    ExecutorService executor = Executors.newFixedThreadPool(numThreads);
+    CountDownLatch ready = new CountDownLatch(numThreads);
+    CountDownLatch start = new CountDownLatch(1);
+    try {
+      IndexedTable table = newTable(Integer.MAX_VALUE, hasFinalInput, 
executor);
+      List<Future<?>> futures = new ArrayList<>();
+      for (int threadIndex = 0; threadIndex < numThreads; threadIndex++) {
+        String distinctKey = "thread-" + threadIndex;
+        futures.add(executor.submit(() -> {
+          ready.countDown();
+          start.await();
+          for (int i = 0; i < iterations; i++) {
+            upsert(table, new Record(new Object[]{"Aa", 1d, 1L}), scalarInput);
+            upsert(table, new Record(new Object[]{"BB", 1d, 1L}), scalarInput);
+            upsert(table, new Record(new Object[]{distinctKey, 1d, 1L}), 
scalarInput);
+          }
+          return null;
+        }));
+      }
+      assertTrue(ready.await(10, TimeUnit.SECONDS), "Writers did not become 
ready");
+      start.countDown();
+      for (Future<?> future : futures) {
+        future.get(10, TimeUnit.SECONDS);
+      }
+      Map<Key, Long> counts = counts(table, hasFinalInput);
+      assertEquals(counts.size(), numThreads + 2);
+      assertEquals(counts.get(new Key(new Object[]{"Aa", 1d})), 
Long.valueOf(numThreads * iterations));
+      assertEquals(counts.get(new Key(new Object[]{"BB", 1d})), 
Long.valueOf(numThreads * iterations));
+      for (int threadIndex = 0; threadIndex < numThreads; threadIndex++) {
+        assertEquals(counts.get(new Key(new Object[]{"thread-" + threadIndex, 
1d})), Long.valueOf(iterations));
+      }
+    } finally {
+      start.countDown();
+      executor.shutdownNow();
+    }
+  }
+
+  @Test(dataProvider = "inputModes")
+  public void testMaterializedKeyEquality(boolean scalarInput, boolean 
hasFinalInput) {
+    ExecutorService executor = Executors.newSingleThreadExecutor();
+    try {
+      IndexedTable table = newTable(Integer.MAX_VALUE, hasFinalInput, 
executor);
+      Object[][] keys = {{null, null}, {"", 0d}, {null, 0d}, {"", null}, 
{"zero", 0d}, {"zero", -0d},
+          {"nan", Double.NaN}, {"nan", 
Double.longBitsToDouble(0x7ff8000000000001L)}};
+      for (Object[] key : keys) {
+        upsert(table, new Record(new Object[]{key[0], key[1], 1L}), 
scalarInput);
+        upsert(table, new Record(new Object[]{key[0], key[1], 1L}), 
scalarInput);
+      }
+      assertEquals(counts(table, hasFinalInput), Map.of(new Key(new 
Object[]{null, null}), 2L,
+          new Key(new Object[]{"", 0d}), 2L, new Key(new Object[]{null, 0d}), 
2L,
+          new Key(new Object[]{"", null}), 2L, new Key(new Object[]{"zero", 
0d}), 2L,
+          new Key(new Object[]{"zero", -0d}), 2L, new Key(new Object[]{"nan", 
Double.NaN}), 4L));
+    } finally {
+      executor.shutdownNow();
+    }
+  }
+
+  @Test(dataProvider = "inputModes")
+  public void testGroupLimitAndRecordOwnership(boolean scalarInput, boolean 
hasFinalInput) {
+    ExecutorService executor = Executors.newSingleThreadExecutor();
+    try {
+      IndexedTable table = newTable(1, hasFinalInput, executor);
+      Record first = new Record(new Object[]{"Aa", 1d, 3L});
+      Record rejected = new Record(new Object[]{"BB", 1d, 7L});
+      Record duplicate = new Record(new Object[]{"Aa", 1d, 5L});
+      upsert(table, first, scalarInput);
+      Record retained = table._lookupMap.get(new Key(new Object[]{"Aa", 1d}));
+      if (scalarInput) {
+        assertNotSame(retained, first);
+      } else {
+        assertSame(retained, first);
+      }
+      assertEquals(retained.getValues(), first.getValues());
+      upsert(table, rejected, scalarInput);
+      upsert(table, duplicate, scalarInput);
+      table.finish(false, hasFinalInput);
+      assertEquals(table.size(), 1);
+      assertSame(table.iterator().next(), retained);
+      assertEquals(retained.getValues(), new Object[]{"Aa", 1d, 8L});
+      if (scalarInput) {
+        assertEquals(first.getValues(), new Object[]{"Aa", 1d, 3L});
+      }
+      assertEquals(duplicate.getValues(), new Object[]{"Aa", 1d, 5L});
+      assertEquals(rejected.getValues(), new Object[]{"BB", 1d, 7L});
+    } finally {
+      executor.shutdownNow();
+    }
+  }
+
+  @Test(dataProvider = "inputModes")
+  public void testScalarFallbacksRespectTableLimits(boolean scalarInput, 
boolean hasFinalInput) {
+    ExecutorService executor = Executors.newSingleThreadExecutor();
+    try {
+      QueryContext queryContext = QueryContextConverterUtils.getQueryContext(
+          "SELECT COUNT(*) FROM testTable GROUP BY tv_id, weights");
+      QueryContext orderedQueryContext = 
QueryContextConverterUtils.getQueryContext(
+          "SELECT COUNT(*) FROM testTable GROUP BY tv_id, weights ORDER BY 
COUNT(*) DESC");
+      IndexedTable[] tables = {
+          new SimpleIndexedTable(newDataSchema(), hasFinalInput, queryContext, 
1, Integer.MAX_VALUE,
+              Integer.MAX_VALUE, 1, executor),
+          new DeterministicConcurrentIndexedTable(newDataSchema(), 
hasFinalInput, queryContext, 1,
+              Integer.MAX_VALUE, Integer.MAX_VALUE, 1, executor),
+          new ConcurrentIndexedTable(newDataSchema(), hasFinalInput, 
orderedQueryContext, 1, 1, 2, 1, executor)
+      };
+      for (int i = 0; i < tables.length; i++) {
+        IndexedTable table = tables[i];
+        upsert(table, new Record(new Object[]{"BB", 1d, 7L}), scalarInput);
+        upsert(table, new Record(new Object[]{"Aa", 1d, 3L}), scalarInput);
+        upsert(table, new Record(new Object[]{"BB", 1d, 5L}), scalarInput);
+        Map<Key, Long> expected = i == 1
+            ? Map.of(new Key(new Object[]{"Aa", 1d}), 3L)
+            : Map.of(new Key(new Object[]{"BB", 1d}), 12L);
+        assertEquals(counts(table, hasFinalInput), expected);
+      }
+    } finally {
+      executor.shutdownNow();
+    }
+  }
+
+  private IndexedTable newTable(int resultSize, boolean hasFinalInput, 
ExecutorService executor) {
+    QueryContext queryContext = QueryContextConverterUtils.getQueryContext(
+        "SELECT COUNT(*) FROM testTable GROUP BY tv_id, weights");
+    return new UnboundedConcurrentIndexedTable(newDataSchema(), hasFinalInput, 
queryContext, resultSize, 1, executor);
+  }
+
+  private Map<Key, Object> singleAggregationResults(String expression, boolean 
hasFinalInput,
+      Supplier<Object[]> inputSupplier, boolean scalarInput, ExecutorService 
executor) {
+    QueryContext queryContext = QueryContextConverterUtils.getQueryContext(
+        "SET enableNullHandling=true; SELECT " + expression + " FROM testTable 
GROUP BY tv_id, weights");
+    ColumnDataType resultType = hasFinalInput
+        ? queryContext.getAggregationFunctions()[0].getFinalResultColumnType()
+        : 
queryContext.getAggregationFunctions()[0].getIntermediateResultColumnType();
+    DataSchema dataSchema = new DataSchema(new String[]{"tv_id", "weights", 
expression},
+        new ColumnDataType[]{ColumnDataType.STRING, ColumnDataType.DOUBLE, 
resultType});
+    IndexedTable table = new UnboundedConcurrentIndexedTable(dataSchema, 
hasFinalInput, queryContext, 3, 1, executor);
+    Object[] nullFirstInputs = inputSupplier.get();
+    Object[] nullLastInputs = inputSupplier.get();
+    upsert(table, new Record(new Object[]{"null-first", 1d, null}), 
scalarInput);
+    upsert(table, new Record(new Object[]{"null-last", 1d, 
nullLastInputs[0]}), scalarInput);
+    upsert(table, new Record(new Object[]{"all-null", 1d, null}), scalarInput);
+    upsert(table, new Record(new Object[]{"rejected", 1d, 
inputSupplier.get()[0]}), scalarInput);
+    upsert(table, new Record(new Object[]{"null-first", 1d, 
nullFirstInputs[0]}), scalarInput);
+    upsert(table, new Record(new Object[]{"null-first", 1d, 
nullFirstInputs[1]}), scalarInput);
+    upsert(table, new Record(new Object[]{"null-last", 1d, 
nullLastInputs[1]}), scalarInput);
+    upsert(table, new Record(new Object[]{"null-last", 1d, null}), 
scalarInput);
+    upsert(table, new Record(new Object[]{"all-null", 1d, null}), scalarInput);
+    table.finish(false, true);

Review Comment:
   Added intermediate-state parity checks before final extraction: AVG 
sum/count, distinct set contents, and HLL serialized registers. The existing 
independent final-value assertions remain. Fixed in 
[d4034a5c37](https://github.com/apache/pinot/commit/d4034a5c37d6969d8a45970b6b54f91bd30f4687).



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