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lukaszlenart pushed a commit to branch WW-5537-classloader-leak-fixes
in repository https://gitbox.apache.org/repos/asf/struts.git

commit cfda44b3b55004664897eb31dc06ae1388eee139
Author: Lukasz Lenart <[email protected]>
AuthorDate: Mon Mar 23 09:54:09 2026 +0100

    WW-5537 ContainerHolder: ThreadLocal with AtomicLong generation counter
    
    Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 4.6 <[email protected]>
---
 .../apache/struts2/dispatcher/ContainerHolder.java | 53 ++++++++++++---
 .../struts2/dispatcher/PrepareOperations.java      |  1 +
 .../struts2/dispatcher/ContainerHolderTest.java    | 78 ++++++++++++++++++++++
 3 files changed, 124 insertions(+), 8 deletions(-)

diff --git 
a/core/src/main/java/org/apache/struts2/dispatcher/ContainerHolder.java 
b/core/src/main/java/org/apache/struts2/dispatcher/ContainerHolder.java
index 5e0b0ceb1..708d897f0 100644
--- a/core/src/main/java/org/apache/struts2/dispatcher/ContainerHolder.java
+++ b/core/src/main/java/org/apache/struts2/dispatcher/ContainerHolder.java
@@ -20,28 +20,65 @@ package org.apache.struts2.dispatcher;
 
 import org.apache.struts2.inject.Container;
 
+import java.util.concurrent.atomic.AtomicLong;
+
 /**
- * Simple class to hold Container instance per thread to minimise number of 
attempts
- * to read configuration and build each time a new configuration.
+ * Per-thread cache for the Container instance, minimising repeated reads from
+ * {@link org.apache.struts2.config.ConfigurationManager}.
  * <p>
- * As ContainerHolder operates just per thread (which means per request) there 
is no need
- * to check if configuration changed during the same request. If changed 
between requests,
- * first call to store Container in ContainerHolder will be with the new 
configuration.
+ * WW-5537: Uses a ThreadLocal for per-request isolation with an AtomicLong 
generation
+ * counter for cross-thread invalidation during app undeploy. When
+ * {@link #invalidateAll()} is called, all threads see the updated generation 
on their
+ * next {@link #get()} and return {@code null}, forcing a fresh read from
+ * ConfigurationManager. This prevents classloader leaks caused by idle pool 
threads
+ * retaining stale Container references after hot redeployment.
  */
 class ContainerHolder {
 
-    private static final ThreadLocal<Container> instance = new ThreadLocal<>();
+    private static final ThreadLocal<CachedContainer> instance = new 
ThreadLocal<>();
+
+    /**
+     * Incremented on each {@link #invalidateAll()} call. Threads compare 
their cached
+     * generation against this value to detect staleness.
+     */
+    private static final AtomicLong generation = new AtomicLong();
 
     public static void store(Container newInstance) {
-        instance.set(newInstance);
+        instance.set(new CachedContainer(newInstance, generation.get()));
     }
 
     public static Container get() {
-        return instance.get();
+        CachedContainer cached = instance.get();
+        if (cached == null) {
+            return null;
+        }
+        if (cached.generation() != generation.get()) {
+            instance.remove();
+            return null;
+        }
+        return cached.container();
     }
 
+    /**
+     * Clears the current thread's cached container reference.
+     * Used for per-request cleanup.
+     */
     public static void clear() {
         instance.remove();
     }
 
+    /**
+     * Invalidates all threads' cached container references by advancing the 
generation
+     * counter. Each thread will detect the stale generation on its next 
{@link #get()}
+     * call and clear its own ThreadLocal. Also clears the calling thread 
immediately.
+     * <p>
+     * Used during application undeploy ({@link Dispatcher#cleanup()}) to 
ensure idle
+     * pool threads do not pin the webapp classloader via retained Container 
references.
+     */
+    public static void invalidateAll() {
+        generation.incrementAndGet();
+        instance.remove();
+    }
+
+    private record CachedContainer(Container container, long generation) {}
 }
diff --git 
a/core/src/main/java/org/apache/struts2/dispatcher/PrepareOperations.java 
b/core/src/main/java/org/apache/struts2/dispatcher/PrepareOperations.java
index 09df2c15f..eb37b4812 100644
--- a/core/src/main/java/org/apache/struts2/dispatcher/PrepareOperations.java
+++ b/core/src/main/java/org/apache/struts2/dispatcher/PrepareOperations.java
@@ -77,6 +77,7 @@ public class PrepareOperations {
             } finally {
                 ActionContext.clear();
                 Dispatcher.clearInstance();
+                ContainerHolder.clear();
                 devModeOverride.remove();
             }
         });
diff --git 
a/core/src/test/java/org/apache/struts2/dispatcher/ContainerHolderTest.java 
b/core/src/test/java/org/apache/struts2/dispatcher/ContainerHolderTest.java
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..a11717dbc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/core/src/test/java/org/apache/struts2/dispatcher/ContainerHolderTest.java
@@ -0,0 +1,78 @@
+/*
+ * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
+ * or more contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file
+ * distributed with this work for additional information
+ * regarding copyright ownership.  The ASF licenses this file
+ * to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
+ * "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
+ * with the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *  http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing,
+ * software distributed under the License is distributed on an
+ * "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY
+ * KIND, either express or implied.  See the License for the
+ * specific language governing permissions and limitations
+ * under the License.
+ */
+package org.apache.struts2.dispatcher;
+
+import org.apache.struts2.inject.Container;
+import org.junit.After;
+import org.junit.Test;
+
+import java.util.concurrent.atomic.AtomicReference;
+
+import static org.assertj.core.api.Assertions.assertThat;
+import static org.mockito.Mockito.mock;
+
+public class ContainerHolderTest {
+
+    @After
+    public void tearDown() {
+        ContainerHolder.clear();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void storeAndGet() {
+        Container c = mock(Container.class);
+        ContainerHolder.store(c);
+        assertThat(ContainerHolder.get()).isSameAs(c);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void clearRemovesCurrentThread() {
+        ContainerHolder.store(mock(Container.class));
+        ContainerHolder.clear();
+        assertThat(ContainerHolder.get()).isNull();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void invalidateAllMakesOtherThreadsSeeNull() throws Exception {
+        Container c = mock(Container.class);
+
+        // Another thread stores a container
+        Thread t = new Thread(() -> ContainerHolder.store(c));
+        t.start();
+        t.join();
+
+        // Invalidate on main thread
+        ContainerHolder.invalidateAll();
+
+        // Other thread's cached value should now be stale
+        AtomicReference<Container> otherThreadResult = new AtomicReference<>();
+        Thread t2 = new Thread(() -> 
otherThreadResult.set(ContainerHolder.get()));
+        t2.start();
+        t2.join();
+
+        assertThat(otherThreadResult.get()).isNull();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void invalidateAllClearsCallingThread() {
+        ContainerHolder.store(mock(Container.class));
+        ContainerHolder.invalidateAll();
+        assertThat(ContainerHolder.get()).isNull();
+    }
+}

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