-Caveat Lector-
I guess the question should be, does anyone NOT fit this profile?
flw
"NO Equal Justice: Race and Class in the American Criminal
Justice System," by Georgetown University law professor
David Cole, analyzes the nature and extent of racial
disparities in the criminal justice system and the dynamics
that contribute to them
. On pages 48-49, Cole lists drug courier
"profiles" that drug enforcement agents have presented as
"probable cause" for conducting searches:
arrived late at night
arrived early in the morning
arrive in afternoon
one of first to deplane
one of last to deplane
deplaned in the middle
purchased ticket at airport
made reservation on short notice
bought coach ticket
bought first-class ticket
used one-way ticket
used round-trip ticket
paid for ticket with cash
paid for ticket with small denomination currency
paid for ticket with large denomination current
made local telephone call after deplaning
made long-distance telephone call after deplaning
pretended to make telephone call
traveled from New York to Los Angeles
traveled to Houston
carried no luggage
carried brand-new luggage
carried a small bag
carried a medium-sized bag
carried two bulky garment bags
carried two heavy suitcases
carried four pieces of luggage
overly protective of luggage
disassociated self from luggage
traveled alone
traveled with a companion
acted too nervous
acted too calm
made eye contact with officer
avoided making eye contact with officer
wore expensive clothing and gold jewelry
dressed casually
went to restroom after deplaning
walked quickly through airport
walked slowly through airport
walked aimlessly through airport
left airport by taxi
left airport by limousine
left airport by private car
left airport by hotel courtesy van
suspect was Hispanic
suspect was black female
Cole explains that "[s]uch profiles do not so much focus an
investigation as provide law enforcement officials a ready-
made excuse for stopping whomever they please. The Supreme
Court has warned that the mere fact that someone fits a
drug-courier profile does not automatically constitute
reasonable suspicion justifying a stop. In practice,
however, courts frequently defer to the profile and equate
it with reasonable suspicion. As one judge said after
conducting a comprehensive review of drug-courier profile
decisions, '[m]any courts have accepted the profile, as well
as the Drug Enforcement Agency's scattershot enforcement
efforts, unquestioningly, mechanistically, and
dispositively.'"
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