-Caveat Lector-

Long, but very good article about another good man persecuted by the cancer
profiteers. See my website for more information about the suppression of
natural or inexpensive alternatives to sugery, chemotherapy and radiation
treatment.
<a href="http://www.geocities.com/freee80/">Click Here</a>



FAITH, HOPE & FRAUD
Copyright © 1991 by The Times Mirror Company
Appeared in the Sunday, Home Edition of the Los Angeles Times on December 15,
1991.




DESPERATE CANCER VICTIMS SAY JIMMY KELLER IS A MIRACLE WORKER.
THE GOVERNMENT SAYS HE'S A CON MAN.
By Paul Ciotti (Paul Ciotti is a Los Angeles Times Magazine staff writer).

The first time patients saw St. Jude's International Cancer Clinic in
Tijuana, it was a wonder they didn't turn around and leave. The clinic was in
a decrepit two-story building in a desolate hillside neighborhood. The finish
stucco had fallen off the facade in places, and some of the windows were
covered with plastic and tape. To reach the clinic offices, you went down a
long, dark-paneled hallway opening into a small, four-room suite. And nearly
anytime between 9 a.m. and dusk, that's where you'd find the director, Jimmy
Keller, a small, slightly-stooped man with longish gray hair, a
salt-and-pepper beard and thick glasses that always hung at a precarious
angle across his face.

That was a result of his cancer. Twenty-three years ago, he lost his left
ear, part of his neck and his major facial nerves to radical cancer surgery.
The left side of his face sagged. His eyeglasses had nothing to hook onto --
the spot where his ear used to be was a round, gray traumatic scar, the size
of a saucer, with a little black hole in the middle for his ear canal.

But none of this mattered to the people who drove up the steep, potholed
streets to St. Jude's, lining the curb with their cars and vans and U.S.
license plates. Once their oncologists had pronounced the death sentence --
"I'm sorry. There's nothing more I can do" -- they went to Keller. And Keller
was unique. He had a presence. His easy southern drawl inspired trust. "You
feel intensely cared about," said one Redondo Beach family therapist treated
by Keller for cancer of the stomach, cervix and breast.

People would walk in the front door and see a long hall lined with people
sitting in chairs under amino-acid IV drips, laughing, talking and welcoming
the newcomers. "You have cancer? " they'd burble. "Oh, really? What kind?"

It was Keller who set the tone. He was always touching people, putting his
arms around them, telling them he loved them.

"Is this part of the treatment?" a woman asked him once.

"Yes," Keller said.

He gave everyone hugs and kisses. Men, too. People would come to his clinic
and wonder what they were getting into -- his clinic was full of cancer
patients singing songs.

Then on March 18, 1991, the singing stopped. At 9 in the morning, while
Keller was examining patients, men with guns burst into the clinic. "Who are
they?" asked Keller, looking up in surprise. That's when they pulled him out
the door to a waiting van.

"Jimmy has just been kidnaped by four thugs," a patient screamed into the
telephone. "My God! What are we going to do?"

There was nothing they could do. The men were from Mexican immigration. After
taking Keller back to their office, they disappeared, and six other men in
dungarees and blue work shirts, who declined to identify themselves, entered
the room, seized him and walked him across the border to San Ysidro.

There he was arrested by the FBI and arraigned on 12 counts of conspiracy to
commit wire fraud (specifically that he or someone working for him made
telephone calls across interstate lines to attract people to his Mexican
clinic). Keller was flown to Brownsville, Tex., where bail was set at $5
million cash. Then, in August, the judge moved the proceedings 50 miles up
the Rio Grande to McAllen, Tex.

Keller's trial had begun.

Although his friends were shocked and appalled at this dramatic turn of
events, Keller himself was not totally surprised. People had been trying to
put him in jail for the past 15 years. As he saw it, there was too much money
at stake for the " cancer industry" to sit idly by while "alternative
practitioners" increasingly took their clients away. "I had the most
successful clinic that's ever been run," he maintained. "They didn't punish
me for being unsuccessful but for being too successful."

Ridiculous, responded William Jarvis, head of the Loma Linda-based National
Council Against Health Fraud. What people like Keller do, Jarvis says, is
exploit desperate, alienated and guilt-ridden cancer victims, infusing them
with their own paranoia until these people start to believe that "the FDA is
the enemy and that the National Cancer Institute is involved in this giant
conspiracy to withhold these wonderful cures." Keller wasn't a healer, Jarvis
contended -- he was a transparent fraud who dispensed worthless secret serums
and misdiagnosed cancer victims with pseudo-scientific machines. "Those are
so fraudulent on their face it's hard not to judge Keller as a pathological
liar."

McAllen, Tex., a flat, languid farm town of 90,000 people (16% unemployed),
is not an ideal place to spend the summer. Cloudbursts hit without warning in
the middle of the afternoon, and at night warm winds rattle the palm fronds,
bang screen doors and otherwise fray the nerves. The federal marshals in U.S.
District Court Judge Filemon Vela's courtroom were on edge in August for
reasons that went beyond the weather. Seventy-five friends, relatives and
former patients had shown up in McAllen for Keller's trial, and the marshals
at first thought they were dealing with some health-fanatic religious cult.

The prosecutors, too, were confounded by the intensity of support for Keller.
Because they started with the assumption that Keller was the worst and most
obvious kind of fraud, they couldn't explain the fierce loyalty of Keller's
patients except by postulating that he had a charismatic hold on them --
which to Keller's patients was absurd. Far from being some kind of cult
leader, Keller was actually rather shy. He was deferential, easily moved to
tears and, as one man put it, so "profoundly self-effacing" that he found it
difficult to ask patients to pay their bills. It wasn't Keller's alleged
charisma that made him so beloved by his former patients, said Redondo Beach
family therapist Ruth Kerhart; it was his care. "We are dying when we come to
him. We have given up. We are headed for death, and all of a sudden we're
going in the other direction."

Assistant U.S. Attorney Mervyn Mosbacker didn't see it that way. A graduate
of the University of Texas Law School, he was 37 years old, with a pale,
smooth face, a dogged manner and, most important, perhaps, a righteous
conviction that Keller belonged behind bars.

As Mosbacker painted Keller, he was a quack, a con man who'd treated people
with an expensive and allegedly potent wonder drug, Tumorex, which he'd
claimed was a "live-cell polypeptide" smuggled out of West Germany. In fact,
it was mainly water and L-Arginine -- a common, everyday amino acid that,
Mosbacker said, had no efficacy whatsoever in the treatment of cancer.
Although Keller claimed he'd had an 80% to 90% success rate with people whose
immune systems had not been compromised by surgery, radiation or
chemotherapy, his alleged cures, Mosbacker said, were nothing but delusion,
fantasy and outright fraud. The FBI did a study of the 135 or so patients
Keller had treated during the nine months covered by the indictment (from
March though December, 1983). Of the 103 the FBI was able to locate, 91 were
dead, nine were alive but still had cancer, and three were cancer -free.

The case, as the prosecutor hammered it home to the jury, was really very
simple: Keller claimed he could cure cancer and had the chutzpah to charge
cancer patients $3,000 for three weeks' treatment with a watered-down amino
acid, and, in the end, his patients all died anyway.

As Jimmy Keller sat in the courtroom day after day,the story of his life that
the prosecutor told seemed so alien and twisted that when old friends drove
out to see him at the Hildago County Jail, he'd seize their hands and burst
into tears. There was far more to his story than the judge or prosecution
ever dreamed, he said. "If they knew what I knew (about how to stop cancer) ,
they'd dismiss the case."

I am, on this warm Saturday night in late summer, talking to Keller in one of
the jail's small administrative offices at the end of a long corridor next to
an unlocked outside door. If Keller had wanted to, he could have taken three
steps, turned left and fled unnoticed into the humid, bug-filled night.
Instead, he leaned back and began his story in his low-key, casual way, the
same way he always tells it, starting with that fateful summer of 1968 when
he developed a black mole, as big as a golf ball, in his left ear, pressing
on his earlobe. "My doctor said if I had immediate radical surgery, I had a
50-50 chance of living. This mutilation was the price I had to pay to get rid
of my tumor."

Although the operation was successful, it left Keller bitter and depressed.
He owned a thriving water-softener business in Baton Rouge, but with his left
ear gone and left-side facial nerves severed, he felt "hideous," "a monster."
"I was scaring people," he recalls. On top of everything else, within two
months, cancer nodules grew back in his neck, arms and groin. This time, his
doctors recommended the same kind of radiation treatment they had previously
told him wouldn't work. Unwilling to undergo radiation or further surgery,
Keller fell into despair. He began to drink. By December, 1968, he was "in
real bad condition. I had lumps all over me. I was in pain. I had no
appetite. My parents were making novenas to St. Jude."

Then one day his parents got an unsigned letter about an alternative cancer
clinic in Dallas. "And so to please my mom and dad, I went to Dallas and
started on (an herbal anti- cancer) treatment."

To Keller's amazement, after three months his tumors softened and
disappeared, his weight returned to normal and he became an
alternative-treatment zealot. "I was on fire to tell people about other
treatments. I was going into the hospitals to tell other people but no one
was listening."

It was just as well. The government closed the clinic in 1969, leaving Keller
and the others with no place to go for treatment, so Keller's modest house in
Baton Rouge became by default the center of an informal self-help society
where patients gave each other Laetrile shots and chelation therapy. For the
next seven years, Keller openly practiced medicine without a license, giving
injections and megavitamin IV drips, hanging the bottles on clothes hooks,
treating as many as 20 people a day from all over the country.

In the process, Keller also became an outspoken advocate for alternative
health care, giving talks and TV interviews, running letter-writing campaigns
and, as state chairman of the Committee for Freedom of Choice in Cancer,
lobbying the Louisiana Legislature for three straight weeks in the mid-'70s
to legalize Laetrile (an anti- cancer drug derived from apricot pits). The
bill passed 91 to 1 in the House, 34 to 0 in the Senate, and got the
governor's fast-track signature in only three days.

When the Georgia Legislature decided to hold hearings on a similar bill,
Keller showed up to announce that he was "going to commit suicide before the
Georgia House of Representatives." This was in response to early medical
testimony that eating six apricot kernels and half-a-dozen 500-milligram
Laetrile tablets could cause a person to die from cyanide poisoning. When it
was Keller's turn to speak, he first ate half-a-dozen apricot kernels and
Laetrile tablets. "It took me five minutes to chew them up. I was chewing and
chewing." There was total silence in the packed galleries.

When it became clear that Keller wasn't going to drop dead, pandemonium broke
out. Members of the audience started shouting: "They've been lying to us!"
"The enemy is the FDA! That's the real enemy!" Keller said that before he
left, every member of the committee approached him to thank him for exposing
the federal government's bias.

Such tactics didn't endear him to the Louisiana State Board of Medical
Examiners, which had been trying without success to shut him down for the
previous three years. In those days, Keller used to walk around with a .357
magnum on his hip and let it be known that "if anyone tried to stop us I
would take that as a threat on my life." More significant, there were by then
lots of important people among Keller's clients, including the executive
secretary to the governor of Louisiana (who used to show up at Keller's
clinic in an official state car) as well as several friends of the district
attorney of East Baton Rouge parish. "The D.A. wouldn't prosecute me," Keller
said. "I was appearing on TV. I was just as arrogant as ever."

Then in March, 1983, the State Board of Medical Examiners, having failed to
get anywhere with a criminal case, finally reversed field and filed a civil
suit against him for practicing medicine without a license. A judge issued an
injunction and shut Keller down. It was the end of the line in Louisiana,
and, organizing a caravan of cancer patients, Keller moved his operation down
to Matamoros, Mexico, across the border from Brownsville, Tex.

For people used to traditional medical care,Keller's operation came as quite
a shock. Because he believed that poor eating habits weakened the immune
system's ability to fight cancer, he put all his patients on a strict diet of
foods such as whole grains, fresh vegetables, fish, fertile eggs and chicken
breasts. He urged patients to avoid aluminum pots, red meat, canned goods,
alcohol, coffee, white flour and salt. Not only was he suspicious of the
radiation used in cancer treatment, but he also avoided computer screens,
microwave ovens and even battery-powered watches, which, he said, upset the
body's natural energy flow.

Keller deliberately tried to keep his clinic looking as little like a
hospital as possible. "I always wore just plain old clothes," he said. He
didn't merely give injections; he would hold people's hands and pray with
them. A firm believer in the power of positive imagery, he put a plaque above
the mantel: "I do not have cancer. Therefore I am going to live." At the end
of the day, he'd call everyone in to say the words together.

Not surprisingly, some people were put off by Keller. They'd come to Mexico
to be cured of cancer by cutting-edge medical science unavailable in
overcautious U.S. clinics and instead found themselves being treated by a
one-eared shaman with a southern drawl who was dressed in casual old clothes,
praying, hugging his patients and telling them he loved them.

"He doesn't look like a doctor," one woman told her son the first time she
saw Keller.

"Mom, he isn't a doctor," her son said. "He's a healer. That's why we're
here."

But even healers have their failures, and in 1981, Keller's biggest failure
was with himself. A tumor on his neck had began to grow and get hard again.
But this time, his regular remedies seemed powerless to control it. Then at
the annual meeting of the National Health Federation in Dallas, he bought a
supply of Tumorex. When he injected the amino acid solution intravenously, he
was astonished. "I felt a tingling in my tumor areas. They got softer. It was
phenomenal."

Keller became a believer. The instant he gave an injection, people would
start feeling heat in their tumors (a thermometer placed on the tumor, Keller
said, showed a temperature rise of one to two degrees). There was a pulling,
tingling, grabbing sensation. One patient said it felt like a thousand little
fingers pulling at her tumors. People with brain tumors heard popping and
cracking sounds as if fireworks were going off in their heads. Tumorex didn't
always work with everyone, but when it did, Keller said, the results could be
spectacular. Within hours, patients reported, tumors began to soften and
shrink, and within days they began to disappear. "On open tumors," Keller
said, "you could actually see bubbles."

Visitors to the Keller clinic were astounded. They'd come back and tell
stories about having seen people who would come to the clinic near death, and
who, after a few days or few weeks of treatment, would be back on their feet
again, walking, shopping and ready to resume their normal lives. Dr. George
Eisberg, an Albuquerque family physician who testified at Keller's trial,
told of escorting a dying friend to Keller's clinic. "I wheeled him in in a
wheelchair. He couldn't swallow." But as soon as Keller put him on the IV
drip, the patient's chest pain subsided so much that for dinner that night he
went out and ordered a lobster and a pina colada.

Dr. David Steenblock, an El Toro osteopath, testified that he saw dozens of
patients with metastasized cancer make the trip to Keller's clinic -- and
when they came back, no cancer was visible on the bone scan. "He has a lot
more success with cancer patients than I have," Steenblock said.

Joel Wallach, a comparative pathologist from San Ysidro, testified that
Keller worked wonders with people's immune systems. "They come home, gain
weight, their T-cell level comes back up to normal and they go back to work."

But the best advertisements of all for Keller were his former patients,
people like Bonnie Cayer of Huntington Beach, Olga Quijano of Torrance,
Eleanor Dominquez of Culver City, Libby Hodges of Newport Beach, Rosaline Raz
of Tustin, Maxine Bachich from Malibu and Ruth Kerhart of Redondo Beach --
all of whom testified that when they first went to see Keller they were
suffering variously from cancer of the breast, brain, stomach, cervix or
uterus. Keller, they claimed, had stopped their pain, shrunk their tumors and
kept them alive and well for as long as eight years. "I have talked to people
who spent $150,000 on doctors and been told to go home and die," Hodges said.
"I spent $5,000, and he saved my life."

Although much of what Keller did (administering injections, ordering
transfusions and prescribing vitamins and diets) fell well within the realm
of conventional medical practice, his use of the Digitron D Spectrometer to
diagnose and treat cancer dwelt in another realm entirely. This was a kind of
automated biofeedback machine (common in Europe) that, according to Keller,
operated on the body's "energy field." As he explained it, "Every disease has
its particular frequency." By having the patient hold an electric coil and
dialing in the right numbers, he could, he asserted, diagnose cancer without
the need for biopsies, blood tests, CAT scans or X-rays.

Not that it was any simple matter. Operating the Digitron was a calling that
required a kind of intuitive skill, a sixth sense, even a kind of grace.
"Truly, he is a born healer," said Quijano, a Torrance grandmother. "There
are times I have felt such healing energy."

And that was another thing Keller's patients liked about him. He didn't
simply dispense serums and vitamins on some predetermined schedule; he used
the Digitron to test every person every day to determine what kind of therapy
or serums were needed at that moment and in what amounts. He would make the
diagnosis even if the patient wasn't physically present. A mere Polaroid
photo would suffice. Nor was the Digitron limited only to the treatment of
cancer. Keller also used it to test Tumorex and even five-gallon jugs of
bottled drinking water. If he got a bad reading, he'd send them right back.

Keller wished he could do as much with the FBI, which, on Dec. 7, 1983, sent
agent Claude Hildreth and Texas attorney general investigator Nora Dominguez
to Keller's Matamoros clinic with a hidden tape recorder. The two claimed
claiming to be the parents of a sick boy. But Keller got suspicious when they
specifically asked him how he "cured" leukemia, and he refused to be drawn
into a discussion.

The FBI wasn't the only institution with an interest in Keller's alleged
ability to successfully treat cancer. On Dec. 14, 1983, the Brownsville
Herald ran a major investigative piece on Keller's clinic, prompting the
Matamoros Health Department to temporarily seal the front door (flexible, as
always, Mexican authorities left the back door open). Frantic, Keller called
his U.S. patient representative and contact person, Maxine Lowder.

"Have you seen anything in the newspapers about us up there?"

"No, why?"

"It's in the newspapers and on TV that we have a quack clinic and we're
robbing people."

That wasn't the half of it. The Brownsville Herald story (based in part on
confidential investigative reports provided by state authorities) concluded
that Keller's clinic was an out-and-out fraud that robbed terminal patients
of both their money and their dignity. It described Keller's sales pitch as
"so ridiculous" as to be "funny" and reported that the Baton Rouge district
attorney who protected Keller all those years was under investigation by a
federal grand jury for taking bribes.

As soon as Maxine Lowder got off the telephone with Keller, she called a CIA
agent who had been treated at the clinic.

The agent, who lived in Florida, urged that Keller be sent to him
immediately. "I'll get him out of the country," he said.

Keller left that day for Florida, slumped down in the back seat of car. But
by the time he got to Baton Rouge, Keller had a change of heart. You couldn't
just start patients on Tumorex and suddenly leave them high and dry.

"Jimmy, you got to get out of there," Lowder told him.

"I can't. I can't."

"Jimmy, you can't help them if you are in jail."

It was no use. Keller flew back to Texas, where he finished his patients'
treatment in a Brownsville motel.

"It was a mistake to go to Matamoros," Keller said after closing the clinic.
"People weren't used to us. We were sitting ducks."

By early 1984, Keller was back in operation again,this time on the water at
Rosarito Beach. According to Keller, the U.S. attorney in Brownsville wanted
to extradite him, but it was impossible under Mexican law -- nothing Keller
was doing was illegal in Mexico (officially, Keller was simply the director
of a clinic that employed Mexican doctors).

Then, over the Easter weekend, 1984, two FBI agents, Scott Weigmann and
Walter Lamar, in the company of Mexican police officials, showed up at his
clinic in flowered shirts, straw hats and sunglasses. While the FBI raided
his clinic, Keller hid in a cottage nearby. Knowing that it was just a matter
of time until someone found him there, Keller and his nurse casually walked
out the door, past the clinic and up the beach, laughing and cutting up, as
if they were lovers. Keller later heard that the FBI had been hunting for him
all over Baja.

Although Keller decided to stay in Mexico, the rest of 1984 turned out to be
a disaster. He was forced to abandon his clinic. Maxine Lowder was convicted
of failure to report a felony (she subsequently spent 19 months in the
federal prison at Pleasanton, Calif.), and without his contact in the United
States, Keller lost track of all his patients.

In late 1984, Keller set up his clinic again. This time he located it in a
poor hillside neighborhood in Tijuana. Although temporarily beyond the reach
of the FBI (one senior Mexican police official had, according to Keller,
warned the FBI that if he caught agents harassing Keller in Mexico again,
he'd throw them into jail), Keller was hardly home free. Because of the now
well-advertised indictment against him, and the fact that his clinic
generated large amounts of cash, he had become a walking target of
opportunity.

In the fall of 1985, two Mexican policemen picked up Keller and his nurse,
Junie Douglas, and literally tried to push them across the border (Keller
gave them $2,500 to let them go). Two years later, he was attacked by men
carrying a machete and a nightstick. There was so much blood on the walls
that a rumor went around that he had been beheaded. And in 1989, Keller was
kidnaped and robbed by two Mexican police officers, one of whom carried a
pistol and the other a sawed-off shotgun. Finally, on March 18, 1991, Keller
was dragged out of his office by Mexican immigration and turned over to the
FBI to stand trial on the wire fraud charges.

To head his defense team, Keller hired Gerald Goldstein, a highly esteemed,
curly-haired San Antonio attorney who, only days before the start of the
trial, had been named Lawyer of the Year by the National Assn. of Criminal
Defense Lawyers. A virtuoso when it came to illegal-search cases, he had
recently persuaded a Colorado judge to dismiss five felony counts of sexual
assault and drug and weapons possession against gonzo journalist Hunter
Thompson. Afterward, a grateful Thompson described him in Rolling Stone as a
"maestro of motions."

The easiest part of Keller's defense was disproving the government's
contention that the L-Arginine serum used by Keller was "ineffective as a
cancer treatment." To refute that assertion, one of Keller's attorneys (he
had five) put several health researchers on the stand. They testified that
computer searches of the standard medical databases showed some 20 to 25
articles, several of which were done at the National Cancer Institute itself,
demonstrating that L-Arginine either prevented cancerous tumors in the first
place or, in the case of existing tumors, made them significantly shrink or
disappear entirely. The papers ranged from a 1943 study showing that in 83%
of the animals tested, rat tumors disappeared within two to three weeks when
injected with L-Arginine, to a 1991 Lancet study showing that when human
volunteers were injected with large doses of L-Arginine over a three-day
period, their "natural killer-cell activity rose a mean of 91%." If
L-Arginine is so good for treating cancer, asked the judge, why don't more
doctors use it?

It was a good question, and one answer, suggested Bryan Smith Finkle, a
pharmacologist-toxicologist from the University of Utah Medical Center who
led the successful development of human growth hormone, was one of economics.
FDA approval of a new cancer drug traditionally took seven to 10 years and
cost the manufacturer $80 million to $120 million.

This is why the drug companies don't want to have anything to do with
L-Arginine, Keller later said. "They have to make a profit for their
stockholders. So they go after the things that are profitable." No drug
company is going to jump the hurdles of FDA approval for a common amino acid
you couldn't even get a patent on.

Before the trial started, Keller supporters had been alarmed by Judge Vela, a
heavy-set, round-faced man with thinning, slicked-back hair and large Lyndon
Johnson ears that gave him the look of an unreconstructed south-Texas
cracker. In fact, he was a genial, grandfatherly Latino with an open, fair
attitude and unabashed curiosity. As the trial progressed, he became so
interested in alternative-health-care issues that at times he would interrupt
the attorneys and question the witnesses himself.

Assistant U.S. Attorney Mosbacker was fuming. The defense put on a Stanford
professor of engineering to testify that the Digitron machine was a
"radionics" device that worked like "instrumented prayer" in "another
dimension" using "subtle energy" at the "level of the mind." And yet when
Mosbacker objected to letting what he regarded as drivel into the trial
record, the judge hushed him with a wave and leaned over his bench to chat
with the professor in a friendly, informal way, the two of them talking like
a couple of old codgers sipping root beer on a wooden bench outside the
general store.

Bill Moore, an longtime Savannah lawyer who handled the examination of the
witnesses regarding L-Arginine and radionics, was elated. "This judge lets in
triple hearsay. We've got a golden window of opportunity."

Other people were not so sure. The prosecution was careful to keep the focus
of the trial narrow and limited to specific charges of fraud: Keller promised
people a cancer cure, took their money and then failed to deliver ("All his
patients died").

And the defense had to admit that the great majority of Keller's patients
from those early Matamoros days had, in fact, died by the summer of 1991. Not
that anyone (except, maybe, Mosbacker) really blamed Keller. By Keller's
reckoning, perhaps as many as 95% of the patients were terminal by the time
they first walked in the door. That's the reason they had gone to Mexico in
the first place. Their own doctors had given up on them. They'd had so much
radiation and toxic chemotherapy that their immune systems were shot, their
inner organs destroyed. Of course, Keller couldn't save such people; no one
could. What he could do was reduce their tumors, relieve their pain and, as
in the case of Brenda Laughlin, make their remaining days more rewarding.

Laughlin had originally come to see Keller expecting to live just another few
weeks. In fact, she lived 2 1/2 years, and had a baby in the interim. When
she did die, it was from pneumonia, not cancer. Most people would have gladly
paid thousands of dollars for a chance to bear a child and live an extra 2
1/2 years. "I never charged her anything," said Keller. Although Mosbacker
portrayed him as a money-grubbing fraud, perhaps as many as one-third of his
patients never paid anything at all, Keller said, and many more paid less
than the standard charge of $3,000 for three weeks. Keller gave food to some
patients and even allowed people to stay in his apartment so they wouldn't
have to rent a motel room. Once, when he accidentally overcharged a woman, he
mailed her a refund. "Let's face it," Goldstein told the jury. "Do con
artists send money back? When was the last time you got a refund from a
doctor?"


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