-Caveat Lector-
How The US Government Created
The 'Drug Problem' In The USA
By Michael E. Kreca
http://www.lewrockwell.com/or ig/kreca1.html
4-20-1
"The bottom line on this whole business has not yet
been written."
--Dr. Sidney Gottlieb CIA Technical Services Staff
director for the MK-ULTRA program
Eighteenth-century German philosopher Georg
Friedrich Hegel long ago developed, among other
things, what he called the principle of "thesis,
antithesis, synthesis" to explain the process of
deliberately enacted social disorder and change as
a road to power. To achieve a desired result, one
deliberately creates a situation ("thesis,") devises a
"solution," to solve the "problems" created by that
situation ("antithesis,") with the final result being the
ultimate goal of more power and control
("synthesis.") It is unsurprising Karl Marx and his
disciples like Lenin and Trotsky, as well as the US
government in its so-called War On Drugs, made
this process a keystone of their drive for total
control of all individual actions that, in their views,
were not, in Mussolini s terms, "inside the state" and
thus controllable by the same.
In September 1942, OSS director and Army Maj.
Gen. William "Wild Bill" Donovan began his search
for an effective "truth serum" to be used on POWs
and captured spies. Beginning with a budget of
$5,000 and the blessing of President Franklin
Roosevelt, he enlisted the aid of a few prominent
physicians and psychiatrists like George Estabrooks
and Harry Murray as well as former Prohibition
agent and notorious Federal Bureau of Narcotics
(FBN) director Harry Anslinger.
The OSS/FBN team first tested a potent marijuana
extract, tetrahydrocannabinol acetate (THCA), a
colorless, odorless substance, lacing cigarettes or
food items with it, and administering them to
volunteer US Army and OSS personnel, all who
eventually acquired the nickname "Donovanís
Dreamers." Testing was also conducted under the
guise of treatment for shell shock.
Donovanís team found that THCA, which they
termed "TD," for "truth drug," induced "a great
loquacity and hilarity," and even, in cases where the
subject didnít feel physically threatened, some
useable "reefer madness." Peyote, morphine and
scopolamine were judged too powerful to be used in
effective interrogation. In light of all this, Donovan
concluded, "The drug defies all but the most expert
and search analysis, and for all practical purposes
can be considered beyond analysis." The OSS did
not, however, end the program. By that time, faced
with the terrifying ship losses the USA was suffering
from German U-boats, Donovan pressed on, hoping
to find some effective chemical means to help
interrogate captured U-boat sailors.
In May 1943, George Hunter White, an Army
captain, OSS officer and former FBN agent, gave
standard cigarettes laced with THCA to an unwitting
August "Augie Dallas" Del Grazio, an influential New
York City gangster. Del Grazio, who had by then
had done prison stretches for assault and murder,
had been one of the Mafiaís most notorious
enforcers and narcotics smugglers. He operated an
opium alkaloid factory in Turkey and was a key
participant in the long-running
Istanbul/Marsellies/NYC heroin pipeline commonly
known as the "French Connection." Influenced by
the THC, Del Grazio (who was also helping to
smuggle spies and Mafiosi into German-occupied
Italy) revealed volumes of vital information about
underworld operations, including the names of
several high ranking city and state officials who took
bribes from the Mob. Donovan was encouraged by
the results of Whiteís tests when he wrote,
"Cigarette experiments indicated that we had a
mechanism offering promise in relaxing prisoners to
be interrogated."
Unsurprisingly, the extensive wartime German
experiments with various hallucinogenic drugs at the
Dachau concentration camp, directed by one Dr.
Hubertus Strughold, later honored as "the father of
aviation medicine," aroused great interest in the
USA especially after an October 1945 Navy
technical mission to Dachau reported in detail on
Strugholdís work. So great, in fact, that when the
OSS and its successor, the CIA, imported 800
German scientists of various specialties under the
auspices of the infamous "Project Paperclip" during
1945-55, it made sure to include Dr. Strughold.
Dr. Strugholdís barbaric "medical experiments," for
which his subordinates were tried and convicted as
war criminals at Nuremburg, were nothing more
than a series of bizarre and unspeakably brutal
tortures. Even so, he learned a lot about human
behavior and a natural alkaloid in the peyote cactus
called mescaline (a substance long central to many
Native American and Australian aborigine religious
rituals.) What is little known to many is that
mescaline (first isolated in 1896) is but one naturally
occurring lysergic acid derivative closely related to
the adrenal hormone epinephrine and the natural
human neurotransmitter, serotonin.
Sandoz Labs chemist Dr. Albert Hofmann also
discovered a lysergic acid derivative called
ergonovine, a medication used to retard excessive
postpartum uterine bleeding. Based on his work
with ergonovine, Dr. Hofmann first derived
d-lysergic acid diethylamide tartrate-25 (LSD, a
refined alkaloidal liquid byproduct of a rye fungus,
ergot) in a series of experiments in Zurich in 1938.
He used the naturally occurring lysergic acid
radical, the common item in all ergot alkaloids, as
the major component of the substance. Further
experiments in this vein yielded psilocybin, derived
from the Mexican Psilocybe cubensis mushroom,
hydergine, essential today in the improvement of
cerebral circulation in geriatric patients, and
dihydroergotamine, an important ingredient in blood
pressure medication.
The well-read and broadly educated Dr. Hofmann
knew ergot had a long natural and cultural history
as both medicine and poison. Ancient Greek
midwives used to give an ergot-based, gruel-like
drink, called kykeon, to their patients about to give
birth. Kykeon was also consumed during the
autumn Eleusinia, the ancient Greek agricultural
festival celebrated in honor of the goddess of
agriculture, Demeter. Across the Atlantic,
sacramental Maya morning glories, beautifully
depicted at the ancient Mayan temple-palace
complex at Teotihuac·n, Mexico, dating to about
1450, also contain ergot-based alkaloids.
However, the mindset the CIA had in its drug
research work was far different from that of Dr.
Hofmannís. To our Cold War spymasters, ex-Nazis
like Dr. Strughold were definitely evil, but they were
definitely useful as well. This pervasive amoral
pragmatism led, of course, to the extensive and
notorious MK-ULTRA experiments in which, for
nearly 25 years, thousands of everyday Americans,
both military and civilian, were heavily dosed with
numerous very potent artificial psychoactive drugs,
often without their knowledge or consent.
This phenomenon of the obsessive "interests of
national security" expediency combined with our
celebrity-obsessed pop culture that gleefully raises
and shamelessly promotes snake oil hustlers as
well as the pharmaceutical industryís pricey "pill for
every ill" philosophy, was a form of incompetence
and arrogance far more hazardous than any
synthetic alkaloid ever developed and came as no
surprise to those like Dr. Hofmann. LSD, invaluable
in psychiatric treatment ñ actor Cary Grant was
cured of alcoholism by carefully administered doses
of the drug under close medical supervision ñ is
thousands of times more potent than the traditional
herbal mixtures. In fact, it is thousands of times
more potent than the milder of the entheogenic
alkaloids. It is effective at doses of as little as a
ten-millionth of a gram, which makes it 5,000 times
more potent than mescaline. It should not be taken
without training or supervision.
The Navy tested mescaline as part of its 1947-53
Project CHATTER. MK-ULTRA was first organized
in 1949 by Richard Helms under the direction of
Allen Dulles as Project ARTICHOKE, named after
one of Dullesís favorite foods. It was renamed
BLUEBIRD two years later and was termed
MK-ULTRA in 1953, and finally became
MK-SEARCH in 1965 until its "official termination"
eight years later.) MK-ULTRA was directly
responsible for the wide underground availability of
LSD, phencyclidine (PCP ñ also called "angel
dust"), dimethyltryptamine (DMT),
dimethoxyphenylethylamine (STP) and other
powerful synthetic psychoactive drugs in the 1960s.
These were distributed via the agencyís sometime
allies in organized crime and through the FBIís
counterintelligence programs (COINTELPROs)
directed against various activist groups of the
period. The actual definition of the term MK-ULTRA
remains unclear but a former Army Special Forces
captain, John McCarthy, who ran the CIAís
Saigon-based Operation Cherry which targeted the
Cambodian ruler Prince Sihanouk for assassination,
claimed that MK-ULTRA stood for "Manufacturing
Killers Utilizing Lethal Tradecraft Requiring
Assassination."
On April 10, 1953, in a speech at Princeton
University, CIA director Allen Dulles (further feeding
the already widespread but misguided fear about
the high effectiveness of the alleged Chinese
"brainwashing" of US POWs in the Korean conflict)
warned that the human mind was a "malleable tool,"
and that the "brain perversion techniques" of the
Reds were "so subtle and so abhorrent" that "the
brain&becomes a phonograph playing a disc put on
its spindle by an outside genius over which it has no
control."
Propaganda, in its simplest form, is condemning
oneís opponent publicly for doing what one is
already doing privately. Dulles, of course, was that
very "outside genius." Three days after warning
assembled Princetonians of the disturbing
ramifications of these techniques, he had directed
MK-ULTRA researchers to perfect them. Dr. Sidney
Gottlieb, the CIAís expert on lethal poisons, (who
reputedly was the inspiration for director Stanley
Kubrickís bizarre "Dr. Strangelove" character played
by Peter Sellers in the 1964 film of the same title)
headed up the operation as director of the Chemical
Division of the Technical Services Staff and, via a
front organization called "The Society For Human
Ecology," distributed $25 million in drug research
grants to Harvard, Stanford, UC Berkeley and other
institutions.
Meanwhile, George Hunter White, of THCA-laced
"Lucky Strikes" fame, had returned to the FBN (now
the DEA) at warís end and continued to research
behavior modifying drugs. In 1955, when
MK-ULTRA was running full throttle, he was a high
ranking FBN administrator who helped the Agency
develop and implement a similar operation called
Midnight Climax. In this infamous scheme,
"safehouses" staffed with prostitutes were
established in San Francisco. The hookers lured
men from local taverns back to these safehouses
after their drinks had been previously spiked with
LSD. Whiteís team secretly filmed the subsequent
events in each house. The purpose of these
so-called "national security brothels" was to enable
the CIA to experiment with the use of sex and mind
altering drugs to extract information from test
subjects, and it was planned, from spies, POWs,
defectors and saboteurs.
Midnight Climax was terminated after eight years
when CIA Inspector General John Earman charged
that "the concepts involved in manipulating human
behavior are found by many people within and
outside the Agency to be distasteful and unethical."
He stated that "the rights and interest of U.S.
citizens were placed in jeopardy." Earman further
noted LSD "had been tested on individuals at all
social levels, high and low, native American and
foreign." Richard Helms, MK-ULTRAís bureaucratic
godfather, summarily rebuffed Earmanís charges,
claiming that "positive operational capacity to use
drugs is diminishing owing to a lack of realistic
testing. Tests," Helms continued, "were necessary
to keep up with the Soviets." However, Helms
reversed himself a year later when testifying before
the Warren Commission investigating the JFK
assassination, claiming that "Soviet research has
consistently lagged five years behind Western
research."
Upon retirement from civil service in 1966, White
wrote a startling farewell letter to Dr. Gottlieb. He
reminisced about his Midnight Climax work. His
comments were frightening:
"I was a very minor missionary, actually a heretic,
but I toiled wholeheartedly in the vineyards because
it was fun, fun, fun. Where else could a red-blooded
American boy lie, kill, cheat, steal, rape and pillage
with the sanction and blessing of the all-highest?"
Where else indeed, but as a member of what would
later become the hypocritical War on (Some)
Drugs?
By the end of the 1950s the CIA was funding just
about every qualified LSD researcher and
psychologist it could find, through such contractors
as the Society for the Study of Human Ecology, the
Josiah Macy, Jr. Foundation, and the Geschichter
Fund for Medical Research. Author John Marks, in
his 1975 book, The Search for the Manchurian
Candidate, identified the CIAís LSD research
pioneers as:
Dr. Robert Hyde at Boston Psychopathic Hospital
Dr. Harold Abramson at Mt. Sinai Hospital and
Columbia University in New York City Dr. Carl
Pfeiffer at the University of Illinois Medical School,
Champaign-Urbana Dr. Harris Isbell of the
NIMH-sponsored Addiction Research Center in
Lexington, Ky. Dr. Louis Jolyon West at the
University of Oklahoma, Stillwater Dr. Harold Hodge
at the University of Rochester (N.Y.)
However, there were prominent critics of the US
governmentís activities, the earliest among them
being Aldous Huxley, the famed author of the
chillingly prescient 1932 novel Brave New World
(which described a totalitarian society whose
population was completely controlled by forcible
administration of a government-mandated
"happiness drug" called "soma.") While taking
mescaline supplied by famed English surgeon Dr.
Humphrey Osmond (who discovered the close
similarities between the molecular structures of
adrenaline and mescaline), Huxley completed
another novel entitled The Doors of Perception in
1954. In that book, the novelist described his
intensely personal vision of the world around him:
"I continued to look at the flowers, and in their living
light I seemed to detect the qualitative equivalent of
breathing - but of a breathing without returns to a
starting point, with no recurrent ebbs but only a
repeated flow from beauty to heightened beauty,
from deeper to ever deeper meaning. Words like
"grace" and "transfiguration" came to my mind.
Those idiots (MK-ULTRAns) want to be Pavlovians;
Pavlov never saw an animal in its natural state, only
under duress. The ëscientificí LSD boys do the
same with their subjects. No wonder they report
psychotics."
Obviously, this isnít a typical CIA spook writing, and,
given Huxleyís incredible mind, creative vision and
compassion, weíre not talking about a moron or a
mental case either. Which means that giving
someone mescaline while theyíre being tortured or
lobotomized or electrocuted at Dachau will only tell
you a lot about torture, lobotomies and
electrocution, not about mescaline.
As author Marks noted:
It would become supreme irony that the CIAís
enormous search for weapons among drugs ñ
fueled by the hope that spies could control life with
genius and machines ñ would wind up helping to
create the wandering, uncontrollable minds of the
counterculture."
Admiralís son and musician Jim Morrison led The
Doors, [of Perception] a quartet of Liverpudlians
sang of "Lucy In the Sky With Diamonds," while the
Rolling Stones dropped transparent hints about
"Motherís Little Helper." To take a lesson from
Orwell, what is more important about the 1960s,
indeed, about any period in history, is not so much
what really happened as how that period is
remembered publicly decades later.
The public memories of that particular era were
carefully manipulated in great part by the deliberate
creation and promotion (via television and the
recording industry) of the phony and in reality quite
small "drug/rock/hippie subculture." The first
underground LSD labs were actually set up by the
FBI in 1963 in both New York City and San
Francisco. Many began to incorrectly confuse the
ancient medical art of herbalism with the
shenanigans of amateur basement "flower-power"
and "biker" chemists. Overenthusiastic pitchmen like
social psychologist Dr. Timothy Leary and Beat poet
Allen Ginsberg sadly failed to sufficiently stress that
key difference, although the technically competent
Leary clearly understood the artificially high potency
of LSD.
Leary (and his longtime associate, psychologist
Richard Alpert) matured professionally in a
CIA-funded research world. In 1948, Leary, then a
UC Berkeley graduate student, attended the yearly
convention of the left-wing American Veteransí
Council in Milwaukee. There he met CIA officer
Cord Meyer. Meyerís professional specialty was
infiltrating and discrediting various organizations
deemed "un-American" or "disloyal." Meyer
persuaded Leary to help him. Leary acknowledged
Meyerís influence, crediting him with "helping me
understand my political-cultural role more clearly."
During 1954-59 Leary was the director of clinical
research and psychology at the Kaiser Foundation
Hospital in Oakland, Calif. The personality test that
made him famous, "The Leary," was actually used
by the CIA to test prospective employees. A grad
school classmate of Learyís, CIA contractor Frank
Barron, worked with the Berkeley Institute for
Personality Assessment and Research, which was
funded and staffed by CIA psychologists. In 1960
Barron, with government funding, founded the
Harvard Psychedelic Drug Research Center. Leary
followed Barron to Harvard, becoming a lecturer in
psychology where he remained for three years.
Learyís Harvard associates included former chief
OSS psychologist Harry Murray, who had monitored
the early OSS "truth serum" experiments, and
numerous other knowing CIA contractors. One of
Dr. Murrayís many test subjects was a Harvard
undergraduate math major named Theodore
Kaczynski.
In the spring of 1963, Leary and Alpert left Harvard
and founded the International Foundation for
Internal Freedom (IFIF) in the small Long Island
community of Millbrook, N.Y. where they continued
their hallucinogenic drug research. Multimillionaire
William Mellon Hitchcock generously bankrolled the
IFIF and later financed a huge black-market LSD
manufacturing operation.
Even so, Leary carefully stressed proper mindset,
setting and dosages in a book he coauthored with
Alpert and Ralph Metzner, The Psychedelic
Experience. It was based on an ancient Tibetan
shamanic manual, The Book of the Dead. The latter
work referred to an herbal tea similar in content to
but far less powerful than LSD, and insisted on
mental discipline as an inherent part of the process.
The Incans of Andean South America, for instance,
were an invaluable source of medical knowledge,
and used whole herbs like ayahuasca and the coca
leaf, not their artificially refined alkaloids, and
spiritual technique was also taught as an key part of
the process.
However, much like the crusading "drys" before and
during Prohibition, the MK-ULTRA inquisitors with
their police state mentality in concert with
misinformed and emotionally distressed LSD users,
had found their "devil drug," (the term used by the
Harrison Tax Act advocates in the 1910s and
Marijuana Tax Act backers in the 1930s) replete
with tragic tales of already emotionally distressed
and lonely young people quite unprepared for such
an artificially powerful entheogen. It was also well
within CIA policy to randomly distribute LSD laced
with the lethal poison strychnine so as to create
"horror stories" useful as propaganda. Dr. Hofmann
himself chemically confirmed the presence of pure
strychnine in several random street samples of LSD.
Consistent with its policy of deliberately confusing
the beneficial ancient herbs with extremely
dangerous synthetic alkaloid derivatives, the CIA
surreptitiously distributed of these synthetic
compounds, termed "psychedelics," to the public.
One of them was STP, originally developed as an
incapacitating agent for the Army in 1964 at Dow
Chemical. Dow even made the STP formula public
information three years later. This potent synthetic
put many unsuspecting people on a three-day trip,
and sent many, hysterical with anxiety, to the
emergency room. That, of course, was the purpose
of its distribution.
During 1955-75, the Army tested LSD (termed
EA-1729) and PCP on several of its enlisted men at
what was then the headquarters of its Chemical
Corps, Edgewood Arsenal in Maryland, something
described in detail by Bill Kurtis in a televised 1995
A&E Investigative Reports segment titled "Bad Trip
to Edgewood." The CIA also tested PCP (in
conjunction with electroshock "therapy" and sleep
deprivation) at Allain Memorial Institute in Montreal
under the direction of the notorious Canadian
psychiatrist Dr. Ewen Cameron. The Chemical
Corps (whose commander in the 1950s, Lt. General
William Creasy, advocated a new military strategy of
LSD-based "nonkill warfare") then stockpiled PCP
for use as a "nonlethal incapacitant." Excess doses
of PCP, reported the CIA, could "lead to convulsions
and death." Soon, PCP was flooding the streets.
Edgewood also received an average of 400 product
"rejects" a month from major US pharmaceutical
firms. These "rejects" were actually drugs found to
be commercially useless because of their
demonstrated hazards and numerous undesirable
side effects. In 1958, Edgewood obtained its first
sample of a "reject" called phenylbenzeneacetic
acid (BZ) developed by pharmaceutical giant
Hoffmann-LaRoche, later known by its street
nickname as "brown acid."
BZ (some 10,000 times as powerful as LSD) inhibits
the production of hormones which aid the brainís
transfer of messages and instructions across nerve
endings (synapses), thereby severely disrupting
normal human perceptual, behavioral and sensory
patterns. Its effects generally last about three days,
although symptoms-migraine headaches, giddiness,
disorientation, auditory and visual hallucinations,
and erratic if not maniacal behavior ñ could persist
for as long as six weeks. "During the period of acute
effects," noted an Army physician, "the person is
completely out of touch with his environment." The
Army also developed artillery shells and rockets with
warheads able to deliver large dosages of BZ to
selected targets.
In the summer of 1964, Beat novelist Ken Kesey
(the author of One Flew Over The Cuckooís Nest
and who had been an MK-ULTRA test subject at
Stanford along with Allen Ginsberg and Grateful
Dead musician Bob Hunter) launched a yearlong
cross-country trip in a Day-Glo painted school bus
filled with friends called "Merry Pranksters." The
Merry Pranksters distributed thousands of doses of
LSD along the way (a phenomenon colorfully
described in author Tom Wolfeís 1969 novel, The
Electric Kool-Aid Acid Test) supplied by one Ronald
Hadley Stark. Stark (who died in 1984) was a CIA
operative fluent in five languages with access to
unlimited public funds and numerous high-level
contacts in business and government throughout
the world.
For instance, when the underground manufacture
and distribution of LSD was suddenly derailed in
1969 due to the scarcity of its key ingredient,
ergotamine tartrate, and increasing federal law
enforcement pressure, Stark, via the Laguna Beach,
Calif.-based Brotherhood of Eternal Love, a small
group of local surfers led by chemist Nicholas Sand,
got it quickly back on track. For five years, Stark,
aided by the Castle Bank of the Bahamas (which
pioneered the art of money laundering for the Mob)
and his contacts in a French pharmaceutical firm,
facilitated the mass production and distribution (via
the Brotherhood and other groups) an even more
powerful strain of LSD nicknamed "orange
sunshine." This firm also manufactured BZ. Stark
(who operated LSD labs in Brussels and Paris as
well) claimed he was going to supply orange
sunshine as an offensive weapon to CIA-backed
Tibetan rebels fighting the Chinese occupation.
Stark also was a close friend of the Los Angeles
founders of a small breakaway Scientology sect
called "The Process Church of the Final
Judgement," English expatriates Robert DeGrimston
Moore and Mary Ann McClean.
Regular attendees of the Process Church included
members of the Beach Boys, the Rolling Stones and
other prominent pop performers as well as an
ex-convict and wannabe rock musician named
Charles Manson. Manson and his followers became
heavy users of orange sunshine ñ the trademark
"bad acid" of the day ñ which they were all on when,
on Mansonís orders, they carried out the brutal
August 1969 Tate-LaBianca murders. When Stark
(who is believed to have distributed an estimated 50
million doses of LSD during his Agency career) was
arrested for drug trafficking in Bologna in 1975,
Italian magistrate Giorgio Floridia ordered his
release on the grounds that he had been a CIA
agent since 1960. Judge Floridia documented and
justified this using a list of Starkís numerous
intelligence contacts.
These were and are all classic government
COINTELPRO-style tricks ñ this is how natural
herbs and their mild, pharmaceutical-grade
derivatives were quickly and easily made lethal and
consequently demonized. How was this done? First,
foolish claims were made that there was no
difference between safe whole herbs and their
potentially deadly ultra-refined alkaloids, next, the
best of the traditional herbs and the milder of the
pharmaceutical-grade alkaloid derivatives were
made unavailable, and finally, the streets were
flooded with potentially deadly synthetics.
Deliberate perversions of science like angel dust
continue to be a great propaganda tool for our
diehard drug warriors, and the worn catchall excuse
of "the interest of national security" is used to justify
appalling covert drug capers ranging from
CIA-sponsored heroin production and trafficking in
Southeast Asia in the 1960s to the
Bush/Clinton/Mena/Nicaragua cocaine-for-arms
smuggling schemes in the 1980s.
These Constitution-shredding police state methods
were adapted from the Nazis and the Soviets by
and large and were applied by the CIA, NSA, DEA,
BATF, IRS and FBI against us. Scores of groups,
ranging from the American Indian Movement and
Black Panthers to militias and religious
organizations like the Branch Davidians in Waco,
Texas (in which the government first falsely charged
as illegal methamphetamine dealers in order to get
a Posse Comitatus Act waiver to use military force
against them) were either disrupted by agents
provocateur-style riots, bombings and armed
standoffs, smeared in the mainstream news media
through the "Reichstag Fire" approach, or, in the
case of the Davidians, physically exterminated. The
War on Some Drugs is merely a horrible extension
and intensification of these tried-and-true Hegelian
methods, a "war" in which we all lose.
Short Bibliography
Bowart, Walter; Operation Mind Control, Dell
Publishing, 1978.
Delgado, Jose, Physical Control of the Mind,
Harper, NYC, 1969.
Huxley, Aldous, The Doors of Perception, Harper,
NYC, 1954.
Lee, Martin; Shalin, Bruce, Acid Dreams, 1986.
Marchetti, Victor, The CIA and the Cult of
Intelligence, New York, 1974.
Marks, John, The Search for the Manchurian
Candidate, New York, 1975.
Masters, Robert & Houston, Jean, The Varieties of
Psychedelic Experience: The Classic Guide to the
Effects of LSD on the Human Psyche, 2000.
McCoy, Alfred, The Politics of Heroin: CIA
Complicity in the Global Drug Trade, Lawrence Hill,
1972, rev. 1991.
Meerloo, Joost, The Rape of the Mind, Crowell,
NYC, 1956.
Skinner, B.F., Beyond Freedom and Dignity," Knopf,
NYC, 1971
Smith, Harris R. OSS: The Secret History of
Americaís First Central Intelligence Agency,
Berkeley, 1972.
Stevens, Jay, Storming Heaven ñ LSD and the
American Dream, 1998.
April 19, 2001
Michael E. Kreca lives in San Diego and has been a
financial reporter for Knight-Ridder, Business Week
and the Financial Times of London.
Copyright © 2001 LewRockwell.com
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