-Caveat Lector-
Bibliography is at the end of the document...where it belongs, naturally...
How The US Government Created
The 'Drug Problem' In The USA
By Michael E. Kreca
http://www.lewrockwell.com/or ig/kreca1.html
4-20-1
"The bottom line on this whole business has not yet been written."
--Dr. Sidney Gottlieb CIA Technical Services Staff director for the
MK-ULTRA program
Eighteenth-century German philosopher Georg Friedrich Hegel long ago
developed, among other things, what he called the principle of "thesis,
antithesis, synthesis" to explain the process of deliberately enacted social
disorder and change as a road to power. To achieve a desired result, one
deliberately creates a situation ("thesis,") devises a "solution," to solve
the "problems" created by that situation ("antithesis,") with the final
result being the ultimate goal of more power and control ("synthesis.") It
is unsurprising Karl Marx and his disciples like Lenin and Trotsky, as well
as the US government in its so-called War On Drugs, made this process a
keystone of their drive for total control of all individual actions that, in
their views, were not, in Mussolini s terms, "inside the state" and thus
controllable by the same.
In September 1942, OSS director and Army Maj. Gen. William "Wild Bill"
Donovan began his search for an effective "truth serum" to be used on POWs
and captured spies. Beginning with a budget of $5,000 and the blessing of
President Franklin Roosevelt, he enlisted the aid of a few prominent
physicians and psychiatrists like George Estabrooks and Harry Murray as well
as former Prohibition agent and notorious Federal Bureau of Narcotics (FBN)
director Harry Anslinger.
The OSS/FBN team first tested a potent marijuana extract,
tetrahydrocannabinol acetate (THCA), a colorless, odorless substance, lacing
cigarettes or food items with it, and administering them to volunteer US
Army and OSS personnel, all who eventually acquired the nickname "Donovan�s
Dreamers." Testing was also conducted under the guise of treatment for
shell shock.
Donovan�s team found that THCA, which they termed "TD," for "truth drug,"
induced "a great loquacity and hilarity," and even, in cases where the
subject didn�t feel physically threatened, some useable "reefer madness."
Peyote, morphine and scopolamine were judged too powerful to be used in
effective interrogation. In light of all this, Donovan concluded, "The drug
defies all but the most expert and search analysis, and for all practical
purposes can be considered beyond analysis." The OSS did not, however, end
the program. By that time, faced with the terrifying ship losses the USA
was suffering from German U-boats, Donovan pressed on, hoping to find some
effective chemical means to help interrogate captured U-boat sailors.
In May 1943, George Hunter White, an Army captain, OSS officer and former
FBN agent, gave standard cigarettes laced with THCA to an unwitting August
"Augie Dallas" Del Grazio, an influential New York City gangster. Del
Grazio, who had by then had done prison stretches for assault and murder,
had been one of the Mafia�s most notorious enforcers and narcotics
smugglers. He operated an opium alkaloid factory in Turkey and was a key
participant in the long-running Istanbul/Marsellies/NYC heroin pipeline
commonly known as the "French Connection." Influenced by the THC, Del
Grazio (who was also helping to smuggle spies and Mafiosi into
German-occupied Italy) revealed volumes of vital information about
underworld operations, including the names of several high ranking city and
state officials who took bribes from the Mob. Donovan was encouraged by the
results of White�s tests when he wrote, "Cigarette experiments indicated
that we had a mechanism offering promise in relaxing prisoners to be
interrogated."
Unsurprisingly, the extensive wartime German experiments with various
hallucinogenic drugs at the Dachau concentration camp, directed by one Dr.
Hubertus Strughold, later honored as "the father of aviation medicine,"
aroused great interest in the USA especially after an October 1945 Navy
technical mission to Dachau reported in detail on Strughold�s work. So
great, in fact, that when the OSS and its successor, the CIA, imported 800
German scientists of various specialties under the auspices of the infamous
"Project Paperclip" during 1945-55, it made sure to include Dr. Strughold.
Dr. Strughold�s barbaric "medical experiments," for which his subordinates
were tried and convicted as war criminals at Nuremburg, were nothing more
than a series of bizarre and unspeakably brutal tortures. Even so, he
learned a lot about human behavior and a natural alkaloid in the peyote
cactus called mescaline (a substance long central to many Native American
and Australian aborigine religious rituals.) What is little known to many
is that mescaline (first isolated in 1896) is but one naturally occurring
lysergic acid derivative closely related to the adrenal hormone epinephrine
and the natural human neurotransmitter, serotonin.
Sandoz Labs chemist Dr. Albert Hofmann also discovered a lysergic acid
derivative called ergonovine, a medication used to retard excessive
postpartum uterine bleeding. Based on his work with ergonovine, Dr. Hofmann
first derived d-lysergic acid diethylamide tartrate-25 (LSD, a refined
alkaloidal liquid byproduct of a rye fungus, ergot) in a series of
experiments in Zurich in 1938. He used the naturally occurring lysergic
acid radical, the common item in all ergot alkaloids, as the major component
of the substance. Further experiments in this vein yielded psilocybin,
derived from the Mexican Psilocybe cubensis mushroom, hydergine, essential
today in the improvement of cerebral circulation in geriatric patients, and
dihydroergotamine, an important ingredient in blood pressure medication.
The well-read and broadly educated Dr. Hofmann knew ergot had a long natural
and cultural history as both medicine and poison. Ancient Greek midwives
used to give an ergot-based, gruel-like drink, called kykeon, to their
patients about to give birth. Kykeon was also consumed during the autumn
Eleusinia, the ancient Greek agricultural festival celebrated in honor of
the goddess of agriculture, Demeter. Across the Atlantic, sacramental Maya
morning glories, beautifully depicted at the ancient Mayan temple-palace
complex at Teotihuac�n, Mexico, dating to about 1450, also contain
ergot-based alkaloids.
However, the mindset the CIA had in its drug research work was far different
from that of Dr. Hofmann�s. To our Cold War spymasters, ex-Nazis like Dr.
Strughold were definitely evil, but they were definitely useful as well.
This pervasive amoral pragmatism led, of course, to the extensive and
notorious MK-ULTRA experiments in which, for nearly 25 years, thousands of
everyday Americans, both military and civilian, were heavily dosed with
numerous very potent artificial psychoactive drugs, often without their
knowledge or consent.
This phenomenon of the obsessive "interests of national security" expediency
combined with our celebrity-obsessed pop culture that gleefully raises and
shamelessly promotes snake oil hustlers as well as the pharmaceutical
industry�s pricey "pill for every ill" philosophy, was a form of
incompetence and arrogance far more hazardous than any synthetic alkaloid
ever developed and came as no surprise to those like Dr. Hofmann. LSD,
invaluable in psychiatric treatment � actor Cary Grant was cured of
alcoholism by carefully administered doses of the drug under close medical
supervision � is thousands of times more potent than the traditional herbal
mixtures. In fact, it is thousands of times more potent than the milder of
the entheogenic alkaloids. It is effective at doses of as little as a
ten-millionth of a gram, which makes it 5,000 times more potent than
mescaline. It should not be taken without training or supervision.
The Navy tested mescaline as part of its 1947-53 Project CHATTER. MK-ULTRA
was first organized in 1949 by Richard Helms under the direction of Allen
Dulles as Project ARTICHOKE, named after one of Dulles�s favorite foods. It
was renamed BLUEBIRD two years later and was termed MK-ULTRA in 1953, and
finally became MK-SEARCH in 1965 until its "official termination" eight
years later.) MK-ULTRA was directly responsible for the wide underground
availability of LSD, phencyclidine (PCP � also called "angel dust"),
dimethyltryptamine (DMT), dimethoxyphenylethylamine (STP) and other powerful
synthetic psychoactive drugs in the 1960s.
These were distributed via the agency�s sometime allies in organized crime
and through the FBI�s counterintelligence programs (COINTELPROs) directed
against various activist groups of the period. The actual definition of the
term MK-ULTRA remains unclear but a former Army Special Forces captain, John
McCarthy, who ran the CIA�s Saigon-based Operation Cherry which targeted the
Cambodian ruler Prince Sihanouk for assassination, claimed that MK-ULTRA
stood for "Manufacturing Killers Utilizing Lethal Tradecraft Requiring
Assassination."
On April 10, 1953, in a speech at Princeton University, CIA director Allen
Dulles (further feeding the already widespread but misguided fear about the
high effectiveness of the alleged Chinese "brainwashing" of US POWs in the
Korean conflict) warned that the human mind was a "malleable tool," and that
the "brain perversion techniques" of the Reds were "so subtle and so
abhorrent" that "the brain&becomes a phonograph playing a disc put on its
spindle by an outside genius over which it has no control."
Propaganda, in its simplest form, is condemning one�s opponent publicly for
doing what one is already doing privately. Dulles, of course, was that very
"outside genius." Three days after warning assembled Princetonians of the
disturbing ramifications of these techniques, he had directed MK-ULTRA
researchers to perfect them. Dr. Sidney Gottlieb, the CIA�s expert on
lethal poisons, (who reputedly was the inspiration for director Stanley
Kubrick�s bizarre "Dr. Strangelove" character played by Peter Sellers in
the 1964 film of the same title) headed up the operation as director of the
Chemical Division of the Technical Services Staff and, via a front
organization called "The Society For Human Ecology," distributed $25 million
in drug research grants to Harvard, Stanford, UC Berkeley and other
institutions.
Meanwhile, George Hunter White, of THCA-laced "Lucky Strikes" fame, had
returned to the FBN (now the DEA) at war�s end and continued to research
behavior modifying drugs. In 1955, when MK-ULTRA was running full throttle,
he was a high ranking FBN administrator who helped the Agency develop and
implement a similar operation called Midnight Climax. In this infamous
scheme, "safehouses" staffed with prostitutes were established in San
Francisco. The hookers lured men from local taverns back to these
safehouses after their drinks had been previously spiked with LSD. White�s
team secretly filmed the subsequent events in each house. The purpose of
these so-called "national security brothels" was to enable the CIA to
experiment with the use of sex and mind altering drugs to extract
information from test subjects, and it was planned, from spies, POWs,
defectors and saboteurs.
Midnight Climax was terminated after eight years when CIA Inspector General
John Earman charged that "the concepts involved in manipulating human
behavior are found by many people within and outside the Agency to be
distasteful and unethical." He stated that "the rights and interest of U.S.
citizens were placed in jeopardy." Earman further noted LSD "had been
tested on individuals at all social levels, high and low, native American
and foreign." Richard Helms, MK-ULTRA�s bureaucratic godfather, summarily
rebuffed Earman�s charges, claiming that "positive operational capacity to
use drugs is diminishing owing to a lack of realistic testing. Tests,"
Helms continued, "were necessary to keep up with the Soviets." However,
Helms reversed himself a year later when testifying before the Warren
Commission investigating the JFK assassination, claiming that "Soviet
research has consistently lagged five years behind Western research."
Upon retirement from civil service in 1966, White wrote a startling farewell
letter to Dr. Gottlieb. He reminisced about his Midnight Climax work. His
comments were frightening:
"I was a very minor missionary, actually a heretic, but I toiled
wholeheartedly in the vineyards because it was fun, fun, fun. Where else
could a red-blooded American boy lie, kill, cheat, steal, rape and pillage
with the sanction and blessing of the all-highest?"
Where else indeed, but as a member of what would later become the
hypocritical War on (Some) Drugs?
By the end of the 1950s the CIA was funding just about every qualified LSD
researcher and psychologist it could find, through such contractors as the
Society for the Study of Human Ecology, the Josiah Macy, Jr. Foundation,
and the Geschichter Fund for Medical Research. Author John Marks, in his
1975 book, The Search for the Manchurian Candidate, identified the CIA�s LSD
research pioneers as:
Dr. Robert Hyde at Boston Psychopathic Hospital Dr. Harold Abramson at Mt.
Sinai Hospital and Columbia University in New York City Dr. Carl Pfeiffer at
the University of Illinois Medical School, Champaign-Urbana Dr. Harris
Isbell of the NIMH-sponsored Addiction Research Center in Lexington, Ky. Dr.
Louis Jolyon West at the University of Oklahoma, Stillwater Dr. Harold Hodge
at the University of Rochester (N.Y.)
However, there were prominent critics of the US government�s activities, the
earliest among them being Aldous Huxley, the famed author of the chillingly
prescient 1932 novel Brave New World (which described a totalitarian society
whose population was completely controlled by forcible administration of a
government-mandated "happiness drug" called "soma.") While taking mescaline
supplied by famed English surgeon Dr. Humphrey Osmond (who discovered the
close similarities between the molecular structures of adrenaline and
mescaline), Huxley completed another novel entitled The Doors of Perception
in
1954. In that book, the novelist described his intensely personal vision of
the world around him:
"I continued to look at the flowers, and in their living light I seemed to
detect the qualitative equivalent of breathing - but of a breathing without
returns to a starting point, with no recurrent ebbs but only a repeated flow
from beauty to heightened beauty, from deeper to ever deeper meaning. Words
like "grace" and "transfiguration" came to my mind. Those idiots
(MK-ULTRAns) want to be Pavlovians; Pavlov never saw an animal in its
natural state, only under duress. The �scientific� LSD boys do the same
with their subjects. No wonder they report psychotics."
Obviously, this isn�t a typical CIA spook writing, and, given Huxley�s
incredible mind, creative vision and compassion, we�re not talking about a
moron or a mental case either. Which means that giving someone mescaline
while they�re being tortured or lobotomized or electrocuted at Dachau will
only tell you a lot about torture, lobotomies and electrocution, not about
mescaline.
As author Marks noted:
It would become supreme irony that the CIA�s enormous search for weapons
among drugs � fueled by the hope that spies could control life with genius
and machines � would wind up helping to create the wandering, uncontrollable
minds of the counterculture."
Admiral�s son and musician Jim Morrison led The Doors, [of Perception] a
quartet of Liverpudlians sang of "Lucy In the Sky With Diamonds," while the
Rolling Stones dropped transparent hints about "Mother�s Little Helper." To
take a lesson from Orwell, what is more important about the 1960s, indeed,
about any period in history, is not so much what really happened as how that
period is remembered publicly decades later.
The public memories of that particular era were carefully manipulated in
great part by the deliberate creation and promotion (via television and the
recording industry) of the phony and in reality quite small
"drug/rock/hippie subculture." The first underground LSD labs were actually
set up by the FBI in 1963 in both New York City and San Francisco. Many
began to incorrectly confuse the ancient medical art of herbalism with the
shenanigans of amateur basement "flower-power" and "biker" chemists.
Overenthusiastic pitchmen like social psychologist Dr. Timothy Leary and
Beat poet Allen Ginsberg sadly failed to sufficiently stress that key
difference, although the technically competent Leary clearly understood the
artificially high potency of LSD.
Leary (and his longtime associate, psychologist Richard Alpert) matured
professionally in a CIA-funded research world. In 1948, Leary, then a UC
Berkeley graduate student, attended the yearly convention of the left-wing
American Veterans� Council in Milwaukee. There he met CIA officer Cord
Meyer. Meyer�s professional specialty was infiltrating and discrediting
various organizations deemed "un-American" or "disloyal." Meyer persuaded
Leary to help him. Leary acknowledged Meyer�s influence, crediting him with
"helping me understand my political-cultural role more clearly."
During 1954-59 Leary was the director of clinical research and psychology at
the Kaiser Foundation Hospital in Oakland, Calif. The personality test that
made him famous, "The Leary," was actually used by the CIA to test
prospective employees. A grad school classmate of Leary�s, CIA contractor
Frank Barron, worked with the Berkeley Institute for Personality Assessment
and Research, which was funded and staffed by CIA psychologists. In 1960
Barron, with government funding, founded the Harvard Psychedelic Drug
Research Center. Leary followed Barron to Harvard, becoming a lecturer in
psychology where he remained for three years. Leary�s Harvard associates
included former chief OSS psychologist Harry Murray, who had monitored the
early OSS "truth serum" experiments, and numerous other knowing CIA
contractors. One of Dr. Murray�s many test subjects was a Harvard
undergraduate math major named Theodore Kaczynski.
In the spring of 1963, Leary and Alpert left Harvard and founded the
International Foundation for Internal Freedom (IFIF) in the small Long
Island community of Millbrook, N.Y. where they continued their
hallucinogenic drug research. Multimillionaire William Mellon Hitchcock
generously bankrolled the IFIF and later financed a huge black-market LSD
manufacturing operation.
Even so, Leary carefully stressed proper mindset, setting and dosages in a
book he coauthored with Alpert and Ralph Metzner, The Psychedelic
Experience. It was based on an ancient Tibetan shamanic manual, The Book of
the Dead. The latter work referred to an herbal tea similar in content to
but far less powerful than LSD, and insisted on mental discipline as an
inherent part of the process. The Incans of Andean South America, for
instance, were an invaluable source of medical knowledge, and used whole
herbs like ayahuasca and the coca leaf, not their artificially refined
alkaloids, and spiritual technique was also taught as an key part of the
process.
However, much like the crusading "drys" before and during Prohibition, the
MK-ULTRA inquisitors with their police state mentality in concert with
misinformed and emotionally distressed LSD users, had found their "devil
drug," (the term used by the Harrison Tax Act advocates in the 1910s and
Marijuana Tax Act backers in the 1930s) replete with tragic tales of already
emotionally distressed and lonely young people quite unprepared for such an
artificially powerful entheogen. It was also well within CIA policy to
randomly distribute LSD laced with the lethal poison strychnine so as to
create "horror stories" useful as propaganda. Dr. Hofmann himself
chemically confirmed the presence of pure strychnine in several random
street samples of LSD.
Consistent with its policy of deliberately confusing the beneficial ancient
herbs with extremely dangerous synthetic alkaloid derivatives, the CIA
surreptitiously distributed of these synthetic compounds, termed
"psychedelics," to the public. One of them was STP, originally developed as
an incapacitating agent for the Army in 1964 at Dow Chemical. Dow even made
the STP formula public information three years later. This potent synthetic
put many unsuspecting people on a three-day trip, and sent many, hysterical
with anxiety, to the emergency room. That, of course, was the purpose of
its distribution.
During 1955-75, the Army tested LSD (termed EA-1729) and PCP on several of
its enlisted men at what was then the headquarters of its Chemical Corps,
Edgewood Arsenal in Maryland, something described in detail by Bill Kurtis
in a televised 1995 A&E Investigative Reports segment titled "Bad Trip to
Edgewood." The CIA also tested PCP (in conjunction with electroshock
"therapy" and sleep deprivation) at Allain Memorial Institute in Montreal
under the direction of the notorious Canadian psychiatrist Dr. Ewen Cameron.
The Chemical Corps (whose commander in the 1950s, Lt. General William
Creasy, advocated a new military strategy of LSD-based "nonkill warfare")
then stockpiled PCP for use as a "nonlethal incapacitant." Excess doses of
PCP, reported the CIA, could "lead to convulsions and death." Soon, PCP was
flooding the streets.
Edgewood also received an average of 400 product "rejects" a month from
major US pharmaceutical firms. These "rejects" were actually drugs found to
be commercially useless because of their demonstrated hazards and numerous
undesirable side effects. In 1958, Edgewood obtained its first sample of a
"reject" called phenylbenzeneacetic acid (BZ) developed by pharmaceutical
giant Hoffmann-LaRoche, later known by its street nickname as "brown acid."
BZ (some 10,000 times as powerful as LSD) inhibits the production of
hormones which aid the brain�s transfer of messages and instructions across
nerve endings (synapses), thereby severely disrupting normal human
perceptual, behavioral and sensory patterns. Its effects generally last
about three days, although symptoms-migraine headaches, giddiness,
disorientation, auditory and visual hallucinations, and erratic if not
maniacal behavior � could persist for as long as six weeks. "During the
period of acute effects," noted an Army physician, "the person is completely
out of touch with his environment." The Army also developed artillery
shells and rockets with warheads able to deliver large dosages of BZ to
selected targets.
In the summer of 1964, Beat novelist Ken Kesey (the author of One Flew Over
The Cuckoo�s Nest and who had been an MK-ULTRA test subject at Stanford
along with Allen Ginsberg and Grateful Dead musician Bob Hunter) launched a
yearlong cross-country trip in a Day-Glo painted school bus filled with
friends called "Merry Pranksters." The Merry Pranksters distributed
thousands of doses of LSD along the way (a phenomenon colorfully described
in author Tom Wolfe�s 1969 novel, The Electric Kool-Aid Acid Test) supplied
by one Ronald Hadley Stark. Stark (who died in 1984) was a CIA operative
fluent in five languages with access to unlimited public funds and numerous
high-level contacts in business and government throughout the world.
For instance, when the underground manufacture and distribution of LSD was
suddenly derailed in 1969 due to the scarcity of its key ingredient,
ergotamine tartrate, and increasing federal law enforcement pressure, Stark,
via the Laguna Beach, Calif.-based Brotherhood of Eternal Love, a small
group of local surfers led by chemist Nicholas Sand, got it quickly back on
track. For five years, Stark, aided by the Castle Bank of the Bahamas
(which pioneered the art of money laundering for the Mob) and his contacts
in a French pharmaceutical firm, facilitated the mass production and
distribution (via the Brotherhood and other groups) an even more powerful
strain of LSD nicknamed "orange sunshine." This firm also manufactured BZ.
Stark (who operated LSD labs in Brussels and Paris as well) claimed he was
going to supply orange sunshine as an offensive weapon to CIA-backed Tibetan
rebels fighting the Chinese occupation.
Stark also was a close friend of the Los Angeles founders of a small
breakaway Scientology sect called "The Process Church of the Final
Judgement," English expatriates Robert DeGrimston Moore and Mary Ann
McClean.
Regular attendees of the Process Church included members of the Beach Boys,
the Rolling Stones and other prominent pop performers as well as an
ex-convict and wannabe rock musician named Charles Manson. Manson and his
followers became heavy users of orange sunshine � the trademark "bad acid"
of the day � which they were all on when, on Manson�s orders, they carried
out the brutal August 1969 Tate-LaBianca murders. When Stark (who is
believed to have distributed an estimated 50 million doses of LSD during his
Agency career) was arrested for drug trafficking in Bologna in 1975, Italian
magistrate Giorgio Floridia ordered his release on the grounds that he had
been a CIA agent since 1960. Judge Floridia documented and justified this
using a list of Stark�s numerous intelligence contacts.
These were and are all classic government COINTELPRO-style tricks � this is
how natural herbs and their mild, pharmaceutical-grade derivatives were
quickly and easily made lethal and consequently demonized. How was this
done? First, foolish claims were made that there was no difference between
safe whole herbs and their potentially deadly ultra-refined alkaloids, next,
the best of the traditional herbs and the milder of the pharmaceutical-grade
alkaloid derivatives were made unavailable, and finally, the streets were
flooded with potentially deadly synthetics. Deliberate perversions of
science like angel dust continue to be a great propaganda tool for our
diehard drug warriors, and the worn catchall excuse of "the interest of
national security" is used to justify appalling covert drug capers ranging
from CIA-sponsored heroin production and trafficking in Southeast Asia in
the 1960s to the Bush/Clinton/Mena/Nicaragua cocaine-for-arms smuggling
schemes in the 1980s.
These Constitution-shredding police state methods were adapted from the
Nazis and the Soviets by and large and were applied by the CIA, NSA, DEA,
BATF, IRS and FBI against us. Scores of groups, ranging from the American
Indian Movement and Black Panthers to militias and religious organizations
like the Branch Davidians in Waco, Texas (in which the government first
falsely charged as illegal methamphetamine dealers in order to get a Posse
Comitatus Act waiver to use military force against them) were either
disrupted by agents provocateur-style riots, bombings and armed standoffs,
smeared in the mainstream news media through the "Reichstag Fire" approach,
or, in the case of the Davidians, physically exterminated. The War on Some
Drugs is merely a horrible extension and intensification of these
tried-and-true Hegelian methods, a "war" in which we all lose.
Short Bibliography
Bowart, Walter; Operation Mind Control, Dell Publishing, 1978.
Delgado, Jose, Physical Control of the Mind, Harper, NYC, 1969.
Huxley, Aldous, The Doors of Perception, Harper, NYC, 1954.
Lee, Martin; Shalin, Bruce, Acid Dreams, 1986.
Marchetti, Victor, The CIA and the Cult of Intelligence, New York, 1974.
Marks, John, The Search for the Manchurian Candidate, New York, 1975.
Masters, Robert & Houston, Jean, The Varieties of Psychedelic Experience:
The Classic Guide to the Effects of LSD on the Human Psyche, 2000.
McCoy, Alfred, The Politics of Heroin: CIA Complicity in the Global Drug
Trade, Lawrence Hill, 1972, rev. 1991.
Meerloo, Joost, The Rape of the Mind, Crowell, NYC, 1956.
Skinner, B.F., Beyond Freedom and Dignity," Knopf, NYC, 1971
Smith, Harris R. OSS: The Secret History of America�s First Central
Intelligence Agency, Berkeley, 1972.
Stevens, Jay, Storming Heaven � LSD and the American Dream, 1998.
April 19, 2001
Michael E. Kreca lives in San Diego and has been a financial reporter for
Knight-Ridder, Business Week and the Financial Times of London.
Copyright � 2001 LewRockwell.com
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