-Caveat Lector- Excerpt: "As it was originally written, the Constitution was the supreme law of the land. The laws of the United States had to be "in pursuance thereof," or subservient to the Constitution. Likewise, treaties could only be made "under the Authority of the United States." Since the authority of the United States comes from the sovereign people who delegated it to the U.S. Constitution, treaties also had to be subservient to it. " Unconstitutional origins of the Endangered Species Act Michael Coffman, Ph.D. http://eco.freedom.org/el/20010901/mike.shtml To most American citizens the Endangered Species Act (ESA), and many other environmental laws are a noble effort to save species from extinction, and to protect the environment from reckless destruction by man. The human tragedy caused by the ESA and other environmental laws is rarely reported, hence most Americans also do not realize that hundreds of thousands of their fellow citizens, primarily in rural areas, are needlessly being stripped of their livelihoods and decimated economically by these laws as our government uses them to nationalize their property. The Endangered Species Act of 1973, the granddaddy of all these anti-human U.S. laws, derives its authority and power from five international treaties, the most prominent being the Western Convention. Section 2, paragraph (4) of the Endangered Species Act of 1973 states; "the United States has pledged itself as a sovereign state in the international community to conserve to the extent practicable the various species of fish or wildlife and plants facing extinction, pursuant to- * A. migratory bird treaties with Canada and Mexico; * B. the Migratory and Endangered Bird Treaty with Japan; * C. the Convention on Nature Protection and Wildlife Preservation in the Western Hemisphere; * D. the International Convention for the Northwest Atlantic Fisheries; * E. the International Convention for the High Seas Fisheries of the North Pacific Ocean; * F. the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora; and * G. other international agreements; and..." The ESA even extols the fact that it cedes sovereignty to the international community by saying its purpose is to "develop and maintain conservation programs which meet national and international standards." These in turn are "key to meeting the Nation's international commitments." (Bold and italics added for emphasis) The Western Convention and the ESA Even if they did not know of its existence, most Americans who live in rural America will recognize with alarm some of the key language in The Western Convention because they have witnessed it being applied in their area through the ESA. The goal of The Western Convention is to "protect and preserve in their natural habitat representatives of all species and genera of their native flora and fauna...in sufficient numbers and over areas extensive enough to assure them from becoming extinct through any agency within man's control...." (Bold and italics added for emphasis) Some citizens have even experienced the ESA horror as it has stripped them personally of their right to use their own land. Under the ESA, private property can be condemned by the federal government to create the habitat needed, or that possibly could be needed, by an endangered fly, sucker fish or beetle, as well as more glamorous species like the bald eagle. The Western Convention also provides for the establishment and total protection of National Parks, National Reserves, Nature Monuments and Wilderness Reserves. Within these protected areas, Section 4 of the Western Convention requires the host nation, "to the maximum extent prudent and determinable - shall... designate any habitat of such species which is then considered to be critical habitat." Not surprisingly, in language identical to the Western Convention, Section 4 of the ESA states, "to the maximum extent prudent and determinable-shall...designate any habitat of such species which is then considered to be critical habitat." (Bold and italics added for emphasis) According to Article VIII of the Western Convention, all endangered species "shall be protected as completely as possible, and their hunting, killing, capturing, or taking, shall be allowed only with the permission of the appropriate government authorities in the country." Not surprisingly, the concept of full protection, critical habitat and takings is also found in the ESA. Under Section 9 of the ESA, it is unlawful to "take any" endangered "species within the United States or the territorial sea of States," or "take any such species upon the high seas." If only National Parks, Reserves, Monuments and wilderness areas received this kind of protection, the treaty would accomplish what most Americans desire. But, it goes far beyond protecting these political designations. Article V also includes " the protection and preservation of flora and fauna within their (the nation's) national boundaries but not included in the national parks, national reserves, nature monuments, or strict wilderness reserves...." (bold and italics added for emphasis) Hence all land, public and private is under the jurisdiction of this UN treaty through the ESA. The usurpation of the U.S. Constitution The UN-administered Western Convention has provided the hammer for denying landowners of their property rights in the U.S. by superseding the Fifth Amendment of the U.S. Constitution: "....No person shall be deprived of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor shall private property be taken for public use, without just compensation." (bold and italics added for emphasis) Most if not all of U.S. environmental natural resource laws have their authority derived from Article VI of the U.S. Constitution, not Article I that defines the eighteen enumerated powers of Congress. Article 1, Section 8 of the United States Constitution states: Congress shall have power to: * 1.Collect Taxes and Duties * 2.Borrow Money * 3.Regulate Commerce * 4.Naturalize Citizens * 5.Print Money * 6.Punishment of Counterfeiting * 7.Build Post Offices & Post Roads * 8.Promote Inventions * 9.Constitute Lower Courts * 10.Punish High Seas Offences * 11.Declare War * 12.Raise an Army * 13.Provide a Navy * 14.Make Rules for Military * 15.Call Militia and Suppress Insurrections & Invasions * 16.Organize and Arm Militia * 17.District of Columbia * 18.To Make All Laws for Above Powers, and Powers Vested by the Constitution According to the U.S. Constitution, Congress has no power to legislate anything other than in the eighteen areas listed above, and none of those allow Congress to pass environmental law, except number 18, which is defined in Article VI, Clause 2: This Constitution, and the Laws of the United States which shall be made in Pursuance thereof; and all Treaties made, or which shall be made, under the Authority of the United States, shall be the supreme Law of the Land; and the Judges in every State shall be bound thereby, any Thing in the Constitution or Laws of any State to the Contrary notwithstanding. (Bold and italics added for emphasis) As it was originally written, the Constitution was the supreme law of the land. The laws of the United States had to be "in pursuance thereof," or subservient to the Constitution. Likewise, treaties could only be made "under the Authority of the United States." Since the authority of the United States comes from the sovereign people who delegated it to the U.S. Constitution, treaties also had to be subservient to it. Although the founders thought it obvious and therefore did not include it in the original U.S. Constitution, the sovereignty of the people was spelled out in the first ten amendments to the Constitution. For instance, Amendment IX states, "The enumeration in the Constitution, of certain rights, shall not be construed to deny or disparage others retained by the people." Just to make sure future courts understood this, Amendment X states, "The powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the States, are reserved to the States respectively, or to the people." It was the people's ironclad contract that they would never become serfs to the state. (Bold and italics added for emphasis) Needless to say, the U.S. Constitution stopped the globalists from implementing their one-world plan dead in their tracks. They knew that something had to be done to override the sovereignty of the individual. In the case of property rights and natural resources, international treaties were used. The Constitution began to be reinterpreted in the case of Missouri vs. Holland 252 U.S. 416, 40 S. Ct. 3822, 64 L.Ed 641 (1920). In that decision the U.S. Supreme Court held that the federal government may preempt state control over wildlife under federal legislation implementing the Migratory Bird Treaty. By putting liberal and corrupt judges into lower courts and the Supreme Court, Article 6.2 of the Constitution was gradually reinterpreted to mean: "...all Treaties made, or which shall be made, under the Authority of the United States, shall be the supreme Law of the Land...." Such an interpretation fits perfectly within the globalist's agenda. By redefining Article 6 of the U.S. Constitution, all globlists now have to do is ratify international treaties that, in total, subvert the Constitution and put all power into their hands. As a consequence, Americans are systematically coming under the control of international law and the United Nations, and flies and suckerfish have more legal rights than people. ("Although they claimed to be wise, they became fools and exchanged the glory of the immortal God for images made to look like mortal man and birds and animals and reptiles." (Romans 1:22-23)) [Forwarded For Information Purposes Only - Not Necessarily Endorsed By The Sender - A.K. 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